Kind Of Substitution Research Articles

In search of a substitution model for coca in Colombia: Buffalo, cocoa, and coffee in Peasant Reserve Zones

AbstractFor years Colombia has been the world's largest coca producer. Its public management of crops for illicit use has swung between eradication, substitution, and, recently legalization. Forced eradication has been shown to be ineffective, and legalization is an incipient option, so the Peace Agreement puts forward substitution as the path to follow. Yet, what kind of substitution does it suggest? This article analyzes voluntary substitution projects in Peasant Reserve Zones. While some projects have evolved locally due in part to strong peasant associations, they have not gained traction nationally. In general, the difficulties inherent in any business play a role, but there are also structural limitations such as continued fumigations, obligations of prior eradication, the costs of production and transportation due to the lack of infrastructure and public services, and the issue of land rights, which limits peasants' access to the formal funding established by the Peace Agreement.

COSMO-RS evaluation as a tool for prediction of solvents in dispersive liquid-phase microextraction: Evaluation of conventional solvents and ionic liquids as extractants

This work assesses the prediction capability of COSMO-RS for solvent selection in dispersive liquid phase microextraction systems. The assessment is performed by comparing experimental partition ratios from previous works and calculated ones for different systems, including pesticides, herbicides, polyaromatic aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogen-containing pollutants from water samples. Results indicate that COSMO-RS mainly overestimates the partition ratios. Despite this, a priori analysis was carried out for conventional solvents used as extractants. Results showed that for pesticides and herbicides, COSMO-RS predictions agree just for a few extractants. For polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the ring structure is a crucial parameter in extractants’ selection, and for Halogenated pollutants, the halogen content and kind of substitution are crucial to correct trend prediction. Besides this, ILs also were studied, finding that COSMO-RS overestimates the use of ILs, and higher deviations are found for longer alkyl chain cations. However, the Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolite extraction with ILs is well predicted. Dispersants were also evaluated, but depending on the kind of pollutant, different deviations were found.

“For She Loved Much”: Reason Clauses in Translation

This article discusses translation issues that arise in dealing with reason clauses of the types introduced in English by the conjunctions because and for. Because, in its subordinating usage, introduces AT-ISSUE reason clauses, in which both the propositional content of the reason clause and the causal relation itself are part of the main point that is being asserted or questioned. Causal for introduces SUPPLEMENTAL reason clauses, which provide secondary or background-type information. An at-issue reason clause expresses a literal causal relation between two propositions (“real-world causation”), whereas supplemental reason clauses allow a wider range of uses, such as providing evidential/epistemic validation (Mark 14:70 “Surely you are one of them, for you too are a Galilean”) and speech act modification (Luke 12:17 “What shall I do, for I have nowhere to store my crops”). Moreover, at-issue reason clauses can have ambiguous interpretations when the main clause is negated, questioned, or contains quantifier words like few and many. This kind of ambiguity does not arise with supplemental reason clauses. Because of these differences, translating a supplemental reason clause in the SL with an at-issue reason clause in the RL, or vice versa, will affect the information packaging of the verse, since the reason clause is interpreted as being part of the main point of the utterance in one type, but not in the other. This kind of substitution will also add to or restrict the range of possible meanings of the sentence. In some cases, this can introduce ambiguity into the RL that is not present in the SL. In others, it may even remove the correct, intended meaning of the verse as a potential reading of the RL version.

Duplex digital droplet PCR for the determination of apricot kernels in marzipan

Marzipan is a mixture of almonds, sugar, and water. Almonds can be replaced by apricot kernels, which results in a similar product called persipan. Depending on the prices of almonds, profit can be maximized using apricot kernels instead of almonds. If not specified on the product, this kind of substitution is illegal and is prosecuted by official food control authorities. Likewise, also commercial buyers would like to know which product they bought. Real-time PCR systems for the determination of apricot DNA are already available, however, real-time PCR requires the use of external standards, which have a direct impact on the accuracy of the measurement. Currently, such standards are not available. In contrast to real-time PCR, digital PCR does not require external standards and exhibits a smaller measurement uncertainty as shown in recent publications. Therefore, we developed a duplex droplet digital PCR system to measure the proportion of apricot in marzipan without the use of external standards. We present validation data and results of an international proficiency test, underlining the applicability of this system.

SUBSTITUTION ON THE FAMOUS INDONESIAN NOVEL “AYAT AYAT CINTA” WRITTEN BY HABIBURRAHMAN SAEROZI

After being explained about substitution by one of my lecturers, professor Sumarlam, I am interested in investigating the substitution on a famous novel. I choose “Ayat Ayat Cinta” a novel written by Habiburrahman Saerozi. It is very famous in Indonesia and it is not only interesting to read but also it gives us education and the way to love someone seen from Moslem side. There are so many some moral values given there. The novel tells us about true love, honesty, pride, and struggle. The data which I analyzed was only in the sub title “Gadis Mesir Itu Bernama Maria”. The aim of this study is to describe the substitution used by the great writer. I am definitely sure that it will give good contribution on understanding about substitution. The ground theory which I use is from (Sudaryanto, 1993:15). He stated that there were four kinds of substitution, such as: equal quality substitution, definite readdressing substitution, nominal predicative substitution, pronominal substitution. I analyzed the data by describing the substitution used based on substitution theory. There are four findings which I can get after investigating the substitution used in the novel, namely: 1) there is no nominal predicative substitutions but the pronominal substitution is mostly used, 2) one word can substitute two words, 3) the writer differs the calling between friends and teachers to show respect, 4) aku (I) as subject sometimes are not fully written in Indonesian.

Scrutinizing the substituent effect on Mo-based electrocatalysts for molecular hydrogen release through axial-equatorial decomposition: a DFT study.

Based on the experimental precedent discovered by Kuranadasa and coworkers [H. I. Karunadasa et al., Nature, 2010, 464, 1329] to produce dihydrogen from water electrocatalyzed by 2,6-bis[1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-pyridine oxo-molybdenum complexes, we performed an extensive analysis to study the substituent group effect of derivatised compounds coming from the before mentioned Mo-based metal-organic cations in terms of two kinds of substitutions: axial and equatorial at the para-position of pyridine rings; several conceptual tools were used to back up our conclusions. We found that each type of substituent group (electron-withdrawing and electron-donating ones) exerts an independent influence on energetic parameters (energy barrier and overall energy). This opens the chance to search for a synergistic effect by combining these opposite behaviours of these substituents located in the equatorial and axial para-positions of pyridine rings to computationally modulate the aforementioned energetic parameters. This procedure will make easier the proposal of new catalysts to favour either kinetically or thermodynamically or in both ways the production of dihydrogen from water. Additionally, we encompassed a key point: the number of solvent molecules, so that including their presence in further investigations is mandatory.

An Adaptive Data Distribution Through Tree Rules in Frequent Pattern Mining

Information sharing among the associations is a general development in a couple of zones like business headway and exhibiting. As bit of the touchy principles that ought to be kept private may be uncovered and such disclosure of delicate examples may impacts the advantages of the association that have the data. Subsequently the standards which are delicate must be secured before sharing the data. In this paper to give secure information sharing delicate guidelines are bothered first which was found by incessant example tree. Here touchy arrangement of principles are bothered by substitution. This kind of substitution diminishes the hazard and increment the utility of the dataset when contrasted with different techniques. Examination is done on certifiable dataset. Results shows that proposed work is better as appear differently in relation to various past strategies on the introduce of evaluation parameters.

Design Optimization Approach of a Large-Scale Moving Framework for a Large 5-Axis Machining Center

The traditional machine tool design method with metal materials makes large-scale moving structures very heavy, which seriously impacts dynamic performance and results in significant energy consumption. Using sandwich structures of composite materials to replace metal materials is an important strategy for lightweight large-scale moving structures. However, this kind of substitution is generally believed to be difficult because foam-filled sandwich structures usually show nonlinear characteristics and must balance the moving mass, material costs, and structural stiffness. In the present study, we proposed a design optimization approach for a large-scale moving framework in a large 5-axis machining center (L5AMC) considering large dimensions in the x, y, and z work space and high machining speed with the aim of minimizing the displacements of the milling head. An improved approach, named the 3-step design optimization, was executed to obtain the optimum framework structures to solve the contradiction between the moving mass, material costs, and structural stiffness. This approach was based on multi-objective optimization and finite element analysis. The structural stiffness of the framework after optimization increased by 89% compared with before optimization although the mass increased by 6% and the material costs increased by 9%. A finite element simulation under four given operational loads showed that the displacements of the milling head were all less than the design requirement of 0.25 mm. The results indicated that the proposed 3-step design optimization approach for the optimal design of a large-scale moving framework was feasible and successful. A 40 m × 6 m × 4 m L5AMC prototype was manufactured, and the actual verification results indicated that the large-scale moving framework fully met the design requirements of the L5AMC and reduced energy consumption.

Design and synthesis of indolopyridone hybrids as new antituberculosis agents

Tuberculosis continues to be the most dangerous infectious disease globally and need for development of new therapies is of utmost importance. In this study we describe the rationale design for synthesis using molecular hybridization and subsequent in-vitro antimycobacterial activity of various indolo-pyridone hybrid molecules against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. A total of 16 indolo-pyridone hybrid molecules were synthesized with 85–90% yields and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Four compounds were ineffective with MIC >256 μg/ml (highest concentration tested), six exhibited poor activity with MIC > 100 μg/ml, four showed moderate activity with MIC > 50 μg/ml and two had notable anti-TB activity with MIC values 32 μg/ml. Interestingly the last two compounds were observed equally effective against drug susceptible and various drug resistant strains including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, thereby clearly demonstrating their potential against MDR-TB. Our results showed that un-substituted aryl rings posses better antituberculosis activity than those having any kind of substitution and derivatives with small sized electron withdrawing groups in aryl ring exhibited activity while bigger groups lead to considerable loss in activity. The results of this study open up a new door for further SAR guided synthesis on one hand and on the other hand provide a promising opportunity that may lead to the discovery of a new class of antituberculosis agents.

A robust platform based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography Quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry with a two-step data mining strategy in the investigation, classification, and identification of chlorogenic acids in Ainsliaea fragrans Champ

The chlorogenic acids are the major bioactive constituents of the whole plant of Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. (Xingxiang Tuerfeng). These compounds are usually present as isomeric forms in Xingxiang Tuerfeng. Therefore, an efficient approach should be developed for the rapid discovery and identification of chlorogenic acids isomers through the fragmentation pathway and rules. In this study, the collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) fragmentation routes of chlorogenic acids were systematically investigated by UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS in the negative ion mode using eight chlorogenic acids standards. As a result, diagnostic product ions for rapid discovery and classification of chlorogenic acids isomers were determined according to their MS/MS fragmentation patterns and intensity analysis. Based on these findings, a novel two-step data mining strategy was established. The first key step was to screen different kinds of substitution and the skeleton of the quinic acid using the characteristic product ions and neutral losses. The second key step was to screen and classify different types of chlorogenic acids using their diagnostic product ions. It was apply to the rapid investigation, classification, and identification of chlorogenic acids. And the same carbon skeletons from a complex extract of Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. were effectively identified. 88 constituents, including 14 chlorogenic acids types, were rapidly discovered and identified, and in particular, 12 types of chlorogenic acids, including p-CoQC, FQA, BQC, CQA-Glu, CFQA, p-Co-CQC, di-p-CoQC, BCQA, di-CQA-Glu, PCQA, tri-QCA, and P-di-CQA, were first discovered in Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. In conclusion, UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method together with a systematic two-step data mining strategy was established as a feasible, effective, and rational technique for analyzing chlorogenic acids. Additionally, this study laid a foundation for the study of the active substances and quality control of Ainsliaea fragrans Champ.

Some Properties of Iterated Languages

A special kind of substitution on languages called iteration is presented and studied. These languages arise in the application of semantic automata to iterations of generalized quantifiers. We show that each of the star-free, regular, and deterministic context-free languages are closed under iteration and that it is decidable whether a given regular or determinstic context-free language is an iteration of two such languages. This result can be read as saying that the van Benthem/Keenan `Frege Boundary' is decidable for large subclasses of natural language quantifiers. We also determine the state complexity of iteration of regular languages.

Effect of substituents on the cyclization pattern of 2-pyridylhydrazones

Homologous hydrazones formed by addition of substituted 2-hydrazinylpyridines to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate undergo under reflux in acetic acid different types of cyclizations depending on the kind of substitution. Whereas 3-chloro-hydrazinylpyridine leads finally to derivatives of the pyrido[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazinone skeleton, starting from 3-nitro-2-hydrazinylpyridine gives rise to regioisomeric pyrido[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazinone derivatives. The finding is discussed in terms of substituent effects on the reaction behaviour which requires an N–N cleavage to give access to these heterocycles.

The Role of Aluminum Substitution on the Stability of Substituted Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes

Abstract A first principles density functional theory calculation has been carried out to study the energetics and structural properties of substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as a function of the POSS cage size. The substitution of Si atom in the POSS molecules has been performed in three different ways, namely (i) both Si and an adjacent H atom are replaced by an Al atom, (ii) only a Si atom is replaced by an Al atom, and (iii) a Si atom is replaced by an Al and a Na/K atom. For the first and third kind of substitution, the net spin state is the same (i.e. closed shell), while the structures corresponding to the second kind of substitution are characterized by an excess spin (i.e. open shell). The structures of substituted POSS for the first and second kind of substitution are greatly distorted and always energetically less stable than the parent structure, while for the third kind of substitution, the stability depends on the cage size of POSS molecule, as also shown in a previous work (Asaduzzaman et al. [1]).

Analysis of functionality free CASE-tools databases design

The introduction in the educational process of database design CASEtechnologies requires the institution of significant costs for the purchase of software. A possible solution could be the use of free software peers. At the same time this kind of substitution should be based on even-com representation of the functional characteristics and features of operation of these programs. The purpose of the article – a review of the free and non-profi t CASE-tools database design, as well as their classifi cation on the basis of the analysis functionality. When writing this article were used materials from the offi cial websites of the tool developers. Evaluation of the functional characteristics of CASEtools for database design made exclusively empirically with the direct work with software products. Analysis functionality of tools allow you to distinguish the two categories CASE-tools database design. The first category includes systems with a basic set of features and tools. The most important basic functions of these systems are: management connections to database servers, visual tools to create and modify database objects (tables, views, triggers, procedures), the ability to enter and edit data in table mode, user and privilege management tools, editor SQL-code, means export/import data. CASE-system related to the first category can be used to design and develop simple databases, data management, as well as a means of administration server database. A distinctive feature of the second category of CASE-tools for database design (full-featured systems) is the presence of visual designer, allowing to carry out the construction of the database model and automatic creation of the database on the server based on this model. CASE-system related to this categories can be used for the design and development of databases of any structural complexity, as well as a database server administration tool. The article concluded that the qualitative training of specialists in the field of information technology is impossible without an understanding of the students of the principles of construction of the database, practical development of modern methods of design and development database. Instrumental basis of database design information technology are modern CASE-tools. Today, on the software market presented a large number of commercial CASE-systems database design, which differ in their characteristics. The limiting factor is widely used in the Russian universities CASE-technologies database design is the high cost of the software. We have in its review of the free and non-profi t CASE-tools database design, their systematization to help teachers and students in the choice of available tools design and development database.

Approaching the double-faceted nature of the CX bond in halobenzenes with a bifunctional probe

In halobenzenes, the CX bond (X=Cl, Br) is doubly faceted, electron-deficient along the CX direction, and electron-rich on its flanks. We have recently shown that both features could be enhanced by appropriate electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, respectively. In this letter we further highlight this dual character by approaching a bifunctional probe, N-methylformamide, to both regions in representative substituted halobenzenes. We report the results of interaction energy computations, ELF, and NCI analyses. These methods used in conjunction show the responsiveness of the CX bond to both kinds of substitutions, enabling significant interaction energy gains with respect to the parent compound.

On the 6- and 7-substituted chromone system. A computational study

We calculated multiple series of chromones 6- and 7-substituted in the benzene ring with substituents of different σ- and π-electron donor–acceptor properties at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level. For two kinds of substitutions, we found and analyzed the correlations between the pEDA descriptor of the substituent effect on π-electron systems, the energy of the homodesmotic reaction of the chromone formation, the ν(CO) and ν(CC) stretching vibrations in the pyranone ring, the aromaticity of the chromone rings, and the NBO charge of the pyranone ring O atoms. It has been hypothesized that by modifying the substituent at the 6- and 7-positions of the benzene ring, one can probably modify the interactions of chromones with pharmacological targets.

ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Conversion of Propargyl Acetates to E‐α,β‐Unsaturated Amides via Ketenimine Formation with Sulfonyl Azides.

The reaction between readily accessible propargyl acetates and sulfonyl azides in the presence of CuI catalyst yields trans-α,β-unsaturated N-tosylamides via N-sulfonyl ketenimine formation followed by a probable 1,3-OAc migration ([3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement). The reaction is very general, allowing all kinds of substitution, including alkyl, aryl (electron-donating, -withdrawing, and -neutral), heteroaryl, and vinyl groups, on the C-terminal of acrylamide. Also, the method affords the products at ambient temperature with excellent diastereoselectivity in moderate to good yields.

Effects of buffering mineral mixtures on milk yield, milk composition, rumen pH and some blood biochemical parameters in heat stressed dairy cows

The objective of the work was to investigate the influence of partial substitution of magnesium oxide with natural bentonite in feed mixtures used in feeding of cows during their exposure to heat stress. The investigation lasted 30 days and was carried out during last ten days of may and first twenty days of June when average air temperature in stables was 36.6?2.5oC. In the experiment there were included 30 cows of Holstein breed in first phase of lactation, which were divided into two groups of 15 cows: control (C) and experimental (E). Group C was fed with experimental mineral mixture that contained 60% of magnesium oxide during the whole investigation period. Group E was fed with experimental mineral mixture that contained 40% of magnesium oxide as well as 20% of natural bentonite. Remaining ingredients in both control and experimental mineral mixtures were the same and also contained 20% of sodium bicarbonate and 20% of zeolite in the same quantities. The control and experimental mineral mixtures were mixed into complete feed mixture (18% UP) in the amount of 1%. At tne end of the investigation period, on the 30th day, there were taken samples of rumens contents for determining pH, and after that blood samples, in which, after the separation of blood serum, were determined glucose concentration, total proteins, albumin, globulin, urea, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total bilirubin, calcium and phosphorus, as well as the activity of ALT and AST. By computation there was calculated the ratio between albumin and globulin, ALT and AST, and the ratio between calcium and phosphorus. Daily allowance and milk chemical composition ( percentage of fat, proteins and dry substance) were determined at the end of the investigation period, that is on the 30th day of lactation, for each cow individually. Partial substitution of magnesium oxide with bentonite influenced milk production increase, but it was statistically insignificant. Besides that, in E group of cows, percentage of fat and dry substance in milk was significantly increased (p<0.05 and 0.01 respectively), while percentage of protein increase was insignificant. The substitution of magnesium oxide with bentonite had no impact on the values of examined parameters of metabolic profile, but it led to statistically significant increase of rumen contents pH values (p<0.05). From the obtained results it can be concluded that substitution of magnesium oxide with bentonite in feed mixtures that are used for feeding cows during summer period, can prevent rumen acidosis, which high yielding cows incline to under the conditions of elevated external temperatures. Besides that, this kind of substitution leads to improvement of milk composition, especially when percentage of fat and dry substance in milk is concerned.

Cu-Catalyzed Conversion of Propargyl Acetates to E-α,β-Unsaturated Amides via Ketenimine Formation with Sulfonyl Azides

The reaction between readily accessible propargyl acetates and sulfonyl azides in the presence of CuI catalyst yields trans-α,β-unsaturated N-tosylamides via N-sulfonyl ketenimine formation followed by a probable 1,3-OAc migration ([3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement). The reaction is very general, allowing all kinds of substitution, including alkyl, aryl (electron-donating, -withdrawing, and -neutral), heteroaryl, and vinyl groups, on the C-terminal of acrylamide. Also, the method affords the products at ambient temperature with excellent diastereoselectivity in moderate to good yields.

For the wages of sin is… banishment: An unexplored substitutionary motif in Leviticus 16 and the ritual of the scapegoat

The ritual of the scapegoat in Leviticus 16 has often been understood through the lens of substitution. Whereas substitution is typically thought of in terms of death, I wish to argue for a different kind of substitution – substitutionary banishment. By highlighting banishment as a consequence for sin, the scapegoat ritual can be read as a substitutionary act in which the goat receives the consequences meant for the Israelites – not death but banishment. Furthermore, using the categories of ‘psychological’ and ‘ontological’, I wish to show that God’s reasoning for the consequences is not related to an emotional wrath but is instead necessitated by his holy nature and the assumption that holy and unholy cannot coexist thus requiring the removal of one or the other. Instead of the removal of the Israelites, the scapegoat is removed – and along with it, the sins of Israel.