Kind Of Speech Research Articles

The First Amendment in a Time of Media Proliferation: Does Freedom of Speech Entail a Private Right to Censor?

Modern information technology offers not only more speech, but more ways to deliver that speech. Through the media, every kind of speech is readily available, sometimes with no more than the push of a finger. Many Internet users spend as much time avoiding speech as retrieving it. It is not unfeasible, therefore, that in an age of over-abundant information, freedom of speech may not have the same connotations as it did fifty years ago.

Some influences on the realization of for and four in American English

Words in fluent speech frequently differ from their citation forms. This paper investigates some factors influencing the realization of the preposition for and the number four. Realizations of these words in read and spontaneous speech show that instead of viewing function words as having discrete weak, strong, or even intermediate allomorphs, a continuum resulting from gestural interaction better represents the facts. In the speech examined here, numerous factors influence different aspects of the realization of for and four. The duration of the onset /f/ is affected by the preceding prosodic boundary while the duration and composition of the rime is affected by foot structure and segmental content. The preposition exhibits extreme reduction possibilities not seen in the number. In even this small set of studies, the read and spontaneous speech highlight different generalizations, pointing out the need to examine both kinds of speech. While this paper cannot locate all factors responsible for the variation in these words, it begins to unravel some of them and their effects on different portions of function words.

Choosing the Wasteland

Choosing the Wasteland

Symbolic Speeches in the U.S. Senate and Their Representational Implications

We document multiple forms of symbolic behavior by members of the U.S. Senate and then offer systematic tests intended to account for variations in such behavior. Our measures of symbolic behavior are developed from floor speeches in the Senate, and we demonstrate, first, that the major types of speeches match particular home style activities and other commonly recognized behaviors of legislators. Our empirical tests provide evidence that the frequency with which senators give particular kinds of speeches is predictable by theoretically grounded expectations about their representational, positional, and strategic interests. Our results provide support for the prospect of systematic analysis of symbolic behavior and representation and for developing integrated theory that takes account of symbolic and policy representation simultaneously.

The Speech-ing of Sexual Harassment

Although a great deal of sexual harassment takes place without words, even more of it does not. Whether it be the words that are used to make the kind of quid pro quo proposition that characterizes the classic if-you-sleep-with-me-you-will-not-get fired form of sexual harassment, or the catcalls and other words of taunting that create the archetypal hostile environment, a vast amount of what uncontroversially counts as sexual harassment under the law takes place through the use of what would be called in the ordinary, non-technical, non-legal, non-First-Amendment sense of that word. Traditionally, sexual harassment using words was treated as sexual harassment and not the kind of speech with which the First Amendment was concerned. More recently, however, what had previously been treated as pure sexual harassment has been sociologically transformed into the kind of speech that implicates the First Amendment, and this paper explores the way in which the transformation has occurred, and the consequences of the transformation.

Plato's Disappointment with his Phaedran Characters and its Impact on his Theory of Psychology

In the Phaedrus scientific psychology is an integral part of Plato's outline of scientific rhetoric. An accomplished rhetorician must know all types of human souls (ψυχς γένη, 271b1–2), he must know what kind of soul is affected by what kind of speech, and he must be able to apply this theoretical knowledge in front of an audience, so as to achieve the intended persuasion with unfailing certainty. This knowledge is an essential qualification of a philosopher; it enables him to choose a soul of the right type (λαβῲν ψνχήν προσήκουσαν, 276e6) and plant in it words of wisdom. His words, that is the authentic logos, acquire new life in the soul of the recipient, who in his turn sows their progeny in other suitable souls (276e5–277a3). In the dialogue, Socrates implants the words of wisdom in the soul of Phaedrus, and wishes that Phaedrus may similarly influence Lysias (257ab).Socrates’ work on Phaedrus permeates the whole dialogue, giving it its dramatic unity, and yet interpreters disagree on it. The late dating of the dialogue, which has been accepted as axiomatic throughout this century, stands in the way of seeing it clearly. Phaedrus in the Protagoras and in the Symposium does not appear like a man who would appropriate the exalted ideal raised before him in the Phaedrus. The majority of modern interpreters therefore cannot see Phaedrus’ conversion to philosophy in the Phaedrus as anything but ironic. I shall argue that Plato in the dialogue does enact his Phaedran ideal of the authentic communication of philosophy, and that this precludes the ironical reading of the dialogue.

A formal framework of multi-agent systems with requirement/service cooperative style

Adopting three kinds of speech acts: request, promise, and inform, this paper analyses the interaction among aents in a kind of multi-agent systems with requirements/services cooperation style (MASr-s). The paper gives the objective model the theoretic satisfaction conditions of three kinds of speech acts in MASr-s. The formal definition of MASr-s has been presented. To evaluate concrete implementation architecture and mechanism of the variant MASr-s, including client/server computing architecture and mechanism, a spectrum of MASr-s has been proposed, which capturesdirect request/passive service mechanism,direct request/active service mechanism,indirect request/active service mechanism, and peerto-peer request/service mechanism. The spectrum shows a thread to improve traditional client/server computing.

Righting the Balance: An Inquiry into the Foundations and Limits of Freedom of Expression

Contemporary disputes over the First Amendment often result in deadlock. One side stresses the paramount value of free speech, while the other side points to the harms that particular kinds of speech can cause. It is difficult to see how this impasse can be broken without a more general account of the scope of free expression: a view that integrates both the justifications and the limits of freedom of speech into a coherent whole. This Article makes a start toward developing such a theory. Its central thesis is that freedom of speech is a right that is limited by the fundamental rights of other individuals and the community as a whole. As Part I shows, this idea was regarded as axiomatic at the time the First Amendment was adopted. Eighteenth-century Americans understood freedom of speech in the context of natural-rights and social-contract theory. Free speech was regarded as an inherent right of human nature and republican citizenship. Like all such rights, however, it was bounded by the rights of others. This view provided a standard by which to assess the legitimacy of laws regulating speech. The possibility of such a standard was undermined, however, by the rise of legal positivism and utilitarianism, which repudiated the concept of natural rights. In modern jurisprudence, First Amendment issues were reconceptualized not as conflicts of rights, but as clashes between free speech and interests: a term within which the rights of others have been absorbed. When the problem is understood in this way, strong protection for freedom of speech results -- unintentionally but necessarily -- in sacrificing the rights of others, while upholding state interests results in sacrificing freedom of speech. Modern First Amendment theory offers no coherent way out of this dilemma. This is a major reason why contemporary free speech disputes are so difficult to resolve, and why the participants seem condemned to talk past each other. The intractability of such issues suggests that we should consider returning to a rights-based conception of the foundations and limits of freedom of speech. Part II develops the main outlines of such a view, drawing on the liberal natural rights tradition of Locke and Kant as well as on our modern understanding of fundamental rights. The discussion begins with an account of rights as grounded in human liberty. Rights represent what it means to be a free person in various spheres of life -- not only in relation to the external world, but also in one's inner life and its expression to others, in social relationships and participation in the community, and in the intellectual and spiritual realm. These four elements of liberty correspond to the major justifications that have been advanced for freedom of speech: that it is an aspect of external freedom; that it is essential for individual self realization; that it is central to democratic self-government; and that it safeguards the search for truth. But the same principles that underlie freedom of expression also give rise to other rights, such as personal security, privacy, reputation, citizenship, and equality. Because they derive from the same grounds as free speech itself, these rights have the same fundamental status and value. It follows that speech generally must respect these rights. In some instances, however, the value of free speech justifies overriding the rights of others. Part III develops a three-part approach to analyzing such conflicts of rights, using the constitutional law of defamation as an example. Finally, Part IV brings the rights-based theory to bear on two major controversies: whether the First Amendment should protect insults or fighting words, and whether it should protect hate speech based on race, religion, gender, or other invidious grounds.

Rhythm in speech: What rhythmic organizations reveal about cognitive processes in spontaneous speech production versus reading aloud

The rhythm of speech can be defined from two different standpoints: a metric one and a rhythmic one. Considered as an assimilation tendency involving the regulation of intervals, speech rhythm becomes a metric concept; considered as a dissimilatory tendency involving the production of events, it becomes a rhythmic concept. The illusion of the measurable regularity of speech is supported by the study of reading aloud, erroneously considered to be a ‘neutral’ kind of speech. Because of its improvised nature, spontaneous speech favors a rhythmic organization. Reading aloud, on the other hand, favors a metric organization because of the structured nature of text. Metric analysis is based on the premise that a temporal continuum can be analyzed by quantification, while rhythmic analysis approaches temporal organization through the mechanisms of perception. The metric/rhythumic opposition is linked to the existence/non-existence of units in speech production and perception. The choice of the corpus is highly important: as we have shown, the rhythmic theory depends on that choice.

Reading the Nonverbal: The Indices of Space, Time, Tactility and Taciturnity in Joy Kogawa's Obasan

In Obasan, as the popular adage goes, silence speaks, and often louder than words. But, in the words of Obasan's protagonist, Naomi Nakane, how to that (289)? Much critical attention has been accorded to Obasan, and a lot of it has focused upon the strangely silent nature of the text.(1) However, as King-Kok Cheung has shown, this critical energy has, by and large, reproduced an anglicizing tendency to read the silence of the text--and characters--of Obasan in relation to a paradigmatic dichotomy of speech and silence, whereby speech is valorized as self-assertion and silence regarded as a negative absence.(2) Furthermore, critical analyses of the taciturnity of Obasan, although offering sometimes useful discussions of the role of silence, have failed to pay adequate attention to the many other aspects of nonverbal communication which speak in the text. In this essay, I do not wish to add to the silence/vocalization readings of Obasan, which have been executed well elsewhere. Rather, here I want to attend a different kind of speech in the text, namely those other forms of nonverbal communication hitherto ignored in critical exegeses. In his innovative study, Literature's Silent Language: Nonverbal Communication, Stephen R. Portch applies a multidisciplinary theoretical approach to nonverbal communication to readings of several well-known fictional texts. Portch identifies nine different categories of nonverbal communication. According to his categorisation, these include: physical appearance and body clues (often read together), emblems (intentional, explicit gestures, which stand in for the verbal message, like a shake of the head), illustrators (which accompany the verbal message, like hand-waving), regulators (raised eyebrows or averted eyes, which may also replace the verbal message), vocal tones (within a verbal message), touch (with or without an accompanying verbal statement), space and time. In literary textual terms, emblems, illustrators and regulators all tend to accompany speech, and we are well versed in reading this additional information, so that, for example, we could be told that a character exclaimed, raising their eyebrows, information which may help us to deduce surprise. As readers, we are adept at drawing conclusions from physical appearance, for example, reading a luxuriance of hair as an index of sexuality, or a florid complexion as an indicator of high living. These forms of nonverbal communication function in a predominantly supplementary way-within the text. Far more novel, however, is the study of touch, space and time as nonverbal intercourses in literature. Furthermore, these codes of nonverbal communication offer broader scope than Portch's other categories for interpretation. These forms of communication may constitute a useful lexicon of analysis when applied to Obasan, a text whose quietude, although widely recognised, constantly defies and cannot be explained by the language of nonverbally-blind critical approaches.(3) Moreover, the nonverbal repertoire of Obasan may provide more fruitful ground for exploration than the better-trodden terrain of its enunciative facets. Naomi Nakane, the narrator of Obasan, is highly attentive to the non-verbal lexicons of touch, space and time. In the sequel to Obasan, Itsuka, Naomi is described as N. Watcher Nakane by her aunt because of her tendency to watch the actions of others closely (9).(4) And she tells us early on in the text: Beneath the grass the speaking dreams and beneath the dreams is a sensate sea (preface). Naomi learns how to read speech as throughout the novel she demonstrates her ability to read nonverbal communication. The dominance of nonverbal information in the text is a result of the interiority of Naomi's narration, as she slides back and forth through time, her memories governed by sensory perceptions and hers and others' speech often only reported. Naomi inhabits a semi-dreamworld, a telepathic world where tactility, nuance, tonality, as well as spatial and olfactory awareness provide the main indices of communication and information (35). …

Freedom of Speech and Injunctions in Intellectual Property Cases

Preliminary injunctions against libel, obscenity, and other kinds of speech are generally considered unconstitutional prior restraints. Never mind that a libel may inflict truly irreparable harm on you: The most you can hope for is damages, or perhaps a permanent injunction after final adjudication -- not preliminary relief.And yet in copyright and other intellectual property cases, preliminary injunctions are routine. We argue that the prior restraint doctrine has something to say about that, too. Though copyright law (like libel and obscenity law), is a constitutionally permissible speech restriction, the Amendment Due Process rule against prior restraints applies even to such permissible restrictions.We argue that preliminary injunctions in copyright cases are generally unconstitutional; the one exception is cases where there's no controversy over substantial similarity of expression or fair use (for instance, where the question turns only on whether defendant had the requisite license). We also argue the same about right of publicity cases, trademark cases, and trade secret cases, except possibly cases (such as many trademark cases) that involve commercial advertising. We believe this conclusion is dictated by the Court's prior restraint doctrine, and also makes good First Amendment policy sense.

Freedom of Speech and Injunctions in Intellectual Property Cases

Preliminary injunctions against libel, obscenity, and other kinds of speech are generally considered unconstitutional prior restraints. Never mind that a libel may inflict truly irreparable harm on you: The most you can hope for is damages, or perhaps a permanent injunction after final adjudication -- not preliminary relief.And yet in copyright and other intellectual property cases, preliminary injunctions are routine. We argue that the prior restraint doctrine has something to say about that, too. Though copyright law (like libel and obscenity law), is a constitutionally permissible speech restriction, the Amendment Due Process rule against prior restraints applies even to such permissible restrictions.We argue that preliminary injunctions in copyright cases are generally unconstitutional; the one exception is cases where there's no controversy over substantial similarity of expression or fair use (for instance, where the question turns only on whether defendant had the requisite license). We also argue the same about right of publicity cases, trademark cases, and trade secret cases, except possibly cases (such as many trademark cases) that involve commercial advertising. We believe this conclusion is dictated by the Court's prior restraint doctrine, and also makes good First Amendment policy sense.

Sound propagation and speech hearing in a curved reverberant tunnel.

Transmission of correct speech in underground is essential to keep people safe in case of emergency. On the other hand, sound propagation characteristics is influenced by acoustical conditions of the sound field. From the viewpoints, sound propagation experiments, hearing tests of speech by subjects and measurements of RASTI are conducted in a reverberant curved tunnel. From measurements of pink noise propagation, relative attenuations less than 315Hz are much small, and those at higher frequencies rapidly increase with distance. The attenuations may be influenced by not only absorption characteristics but also the curved feature of the tunnel. While hearing scores of speech decrease with distance, differences between the scores are observed and may depend on the kinds of speech. From analyzing the hearing results, mistakes are occurred by influences of both reverberant condition near the sound source and degradation of signal-to-noise ratio of speech signal due to many times of reflection at further points. Positive correlation is observed between RASTI and scores of the articulation syllables. Relationships between RASTI and scores of the other speech are indicated through the results of articulation tests. Possibility on prediction of speech transmission by the objective physical measurements is suggested.

Organization of repair in Chinese conversation

This study examines the organization of repair in Chinese conversation. First, six major patterns are established which characterize how the repair source is redone, i.e., whether it is a morpheme, a word, a phrase, or a clause being recast, and whether it repeats, replaces, adds to, or abandons the original construction. Then, to investigate the potential constraint on organizing this kind of speech, the repair pattern, the syntax of the repaired segment, and the extent of recycling are analyzed. Although repair is accomplished within the syntactic environment, the findings suggest that the way in which it is done is conditioned by neither syntax nor the repair pattern. Rather, the extent of recycling is subject to quantity and lexical-form complexity. On the one hand, a repair tends to recycle only the word immediately prior to the repair source, despite its category; on the other hand, the recycling tends to be blocked if the preceding word is in complex NP form. Both constraints are significant for the speaker attempting to resume the conversation as soon as possible and to keep it going. Moreover, they also reflect the speech preference of Chinese speakers, thus indicating a facet of conversational Chinese

DC component of the stops for speech training

AbstractThe expired air used in the generation of speech is released with the speech and produces a unipolar pressure variation of the air. This pressure fluctuation is considered as a kind of speech and is called the dc component. the dc component is composed of the expired air affected by the articulation organ and is considered to contain the articulation information.This study aims at the use of the dc component in the utterance training. Using the variable reactance pressure sensor, the relation between the dc component of the stop and the articulation is examined. the following results are revealed.The dc component of the stop is radiated from the mouth with a sharp directivity specific to each stop. the dc component of the stop is a sharp triangular pulse wave, with the peak value (i.e., the maximum of dc component) and the peak position related to the articulation position and the utterance intensity. In order to learn the utterance of the stop, it is required to master the correct articulation, especially the articulation position, but it is fairly difficult to determine the articulation position from the speech wave. On the other hand, it is easy to estimate the articulation position from the peak value and the peak position of the triangular pulse of the dc component, together with the direction of radiation of the dc component. In other words, it is seen that the dc component can be utilized in the utterance training.

Gender and the Discourse of Decay in El burlador de Sevilla

This study focuses on the kinds of speech used for perverse purposes, characterizing the ethical and moral decay of the period. It begins with Don Juan's control of other men and their views on the feminine gender. It continues with Don Juan's manipulation of women by the use of seductive discourse and their comments on the male of the species. It shows that Don Juan's deceitful practice of proposing matrimony and then reneging does not invalidate the premise set forth by the proponents of the Speech-Act Theory that speech is action. It argues that the verbal promises merely assist the rogue to gain access to sexual pleasure and the subsequent enjoyment of seeing others suffer. The discourses of decay consist of many forms of rhetoric summarized in the conclusion. Both genders, but especially the masculine, must share the burden of the moral, social and political decadence of the period.

Free Speech in the United States and Canada

This comparison of freedom of speech in the United States and Canada concentrates on Supreme Court decisions in the two countries and on kinds of speech mainly engaged in extreme dissenters and political outsiders. After brief comments about constitutional language and general approaches, I discuss subversive speech and other speech that encourages criminal acts, hate speech, symbolic speech, and public demonstrations.' In both countries, a major premise of modern adjudication is that freedom of expression is a central feature of liberal democracy. Government by the people, even in the extended sense of government representatives, requires that citizens openly debate the merits of candidates and policies. Under prevailing liberal democratic theory, open discourse is more conducive to discovering truth than is government selection of what the public hears. Free statement of personal beliefs and feelings is an important aspect of individual autonomy. In recent years, some critics of the liberal democratic theory have claimed that existing liberty of speech reinforces false consciousness, social inequality, and domination protecting the expression of those already in power and failing to open channels for the dispossessed.2 The particular areas I consider are significant ones in response to that critique.

Voice conversion and its applications

This approach depends on assumptions and previously proposed conclusions [D. G. Childers et al., Proc. ICASSP 85, 748–751]. Some corresponding voiced phonemes are extracted from the source speech and target speech to compare spectrum differences for vocal tracts of these two kinds of speech. Vocal tract lengths mainly determine spectrum distributions; they do not change greatly and are assumed to have the same varying tendencies from segment to segment while terminal radiation, etc. slightly influence spectrum distribution. These imply that there is a non‐time‐varying nonlinear frequency‐shifting function obtained by comparing corresponding spectrum parts (especially formants) of corresponding phonemes for source and target voices. Changes of vocal tract areas based on physiological acoustics and terminal radiations for two voices are assumed to have the same tendencies for influencing the corresponding spectra from phoneme to phoneme. A non‐time‐varying filtering function therefore needs to be fixed by a...

Pornography and Cognition: A Reply to Cass Sunstein

In Pornography and the First Amendment 2 Cass Sunstein argues that government censorship of pornography is constitutionally permissible under the first amendment. As Professor Sunstein himself points out, his argument in favor of regulation is relatively simple.3 First, pornography is entitled to only a level of first amendment solicitude; under any standard, pornography is far afield from the kind of speech that the first amendment conventionally protects. Second, the harms that pornographic materials produce are sufficient to justify regulation.4 This reply to Professor Sunstein is not directed to the second part of the argument-that pornography is harmful5-but rather to the first. In short, this essay challenges the way Professor Sunstein categorizes pornography as low speech. As Professor Sunstein openly concedes, the structure of high and value speech is not easy to apply to pornography under the current terms of debate. The contemporary feminist critique of pornography is rooted in the proposition that pornography is ideological-that it fosters a world-view in which women are at best second-class citizens, and at worst victims. However repulsive such an ideology may be, it falls within a category of speech that seeks to persuade and thus would be

The Margin at the Center: On Testimonio (Testimonial Narrative)

The Margin at the Center:On Testimonio (Testimonial Narrative)1 John Beverley (bio) The deformed Caliban-enslaved, robbed of his island, taught the language by Prospero-rebukes him thus: "You taught me language and my profit on it / Is, I know how to curse." -Roberto Fernández Retamar, Caliban Do Social Struggles Give Rise to new forms of literature, or is there more a question of the adequacy of their representation in existing narrative forms like the short story or the novel as in, for example, Gayatri Spivak's articulations of the stories of the Bengali writer Mahasweta Devi or the debate around Fredric Jameson's notion of national allegory in Third World writing?2 What happens when, as in the case of Western Europe since the Renaissance, there has been a complicity between the rise of "literature" as a secular institution and the development of forms [End Page 11] of colonial and imperialist oppression against which many of these struggles are directed? Are there experiences in the world today that would be betrayed or misrepresented by the forms of literature as we know it? Raymond Williams formulated a similar question in relation to British working class writing: Very few if any of us could write at all if certain forms were not available. And then we may be lucky, we may find forms which correspond to our experience. But take the case of the nineteenth century working-class writers, who wanted to write about their working lives. The most popular form was the novel, but though they had marvelous material that could go into the novel very few of them managed to write good or any novels. Instead they wrote marvelous autobiographies. Why? Because the form coming down through the religious tradition was of a witness confessing the story of his life, or there was the defence speech at a trial when a man tells the judge who he is and what he had done, or of course other kinds of speech. These oral forms were more accessible forms centered on "I," on the single person. . . . The novel with its quite different narrative forms was virtually impenetrable to working-class writers for three or four generations, and there are still many problems in using the received forms for what is, in the end, very different material. Indeed the forms of working-class consciousness are bound to be different from the literary forms of another class, and it is a long struggle to find new and adequate forms. (25) Let me set the frame of the discussion a bit differently than Williams does. In the period of what Marx describes as the primitive accumulation in Western Europe-say 1400 to 1650-which is also the age of the formation of the great colonial empires, there appears or reappears, under the impetus of humanism, a series of literary forms like the essay, the short story of novela ejemplar, the picaresque novel, the various kinds of Petrarchan lyric including the sonnet, the autobiography, and the secular theater. These forms, as ideological practices, are also a means of these economic developments (in the sense that they contribute to the creation of the subject form of "European Man"). By the same token, then, we should expect an age such as our own-also one of transition or the potential for transition from one mode or production to another-to experience the emergence of new forms of cultural and literary expression that embody, in more or less thematically explicit and formally articulated ways, the social forces contending for power in the world today. I have in mind here, by analogy to the role of the bourgeoisie in the transition from feudalism to capitalism, not only the struggle of working people everywhere against exploitation, but also in contingent ways movements of ethnic or national liberation, the women's liberation movement, poor and oppressed peoples' organizations of all types, the gay rights movement, the peace movement, ecological activism, and the like. One of these new forms in embryo, I will argue, is the kind of narrative text that in Latin American Spanish has come to be called testimonio. By testimonio I mean a novel or novella-length...