Kinds Of Plates Research Articles

High-efficiency silver-halide sensitized gelatin holograms with low absorption and scatter

We report for the first time the results of a comparative performance study of silver-halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) holograms recorded in the familiar Agfa 8E75 HD plates and the new BB-640 plates manufactured by Holographic Recording Technologies. High diffraction efficiency (∼ 90%) and low absorption and scatter (∼5.4%) are the distinguishing features of the BB-640 plates, given the fact that both kinds of plates have been prepared and processed under identical conditions. Thus, in summary, our investigation reveals that high quality SHSG holograms could obtained using the new BB-640 plates.

Voltammetric determination of heavy metals leached from ceramics

Anodic stripping voltammetry using a mercury film electrode (MFE) and hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) was applied for the determination of trace amounts of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper leached from plates by 4% acetic acid standard solution. The use of a MFE, the fast scan rate (1000 mV/s) by DC voltammetry with subtraction of background current allowed to determine low concentrations of heavy metals. The amounts of metals leached from ware were Pb: 0.1 to 25, Cd: 0.015 to 0.44, Zn: 0.07 to 1.06, Cu: 0.14 to 0.40 μg/mL, depending on the kind of plate and manufacture. Determinations of copper and zinc were carried out using the HMDE electrode in the leachate, determination of tin after medium exchange, and thallium after complexing of lead by EDTA. A significant decrease of metals leached during the second leaching and after washing with detergent solution was found for plates with overglaze decoration.

A new approach to the reduction of "Carte du Ciel” plates

A new procedure for the reduction of Carte du Ciel plates is presented. A typical Carte du Ciel plate corresponding to the Bordeaux zone has been taken as an example. It shows triple exposures for each object and the modelling of the data has been performed by means of a non-linear least squares fitting of the sum of three bivariate Gaussian distributions. A number of solutions for the problems present in this kind of plates (optical aberrations, adjacency photographic effects, presence of grid lines, emulsion saturation) have been investigated. An internal accuracy of 0.1'' in x and y was obtained for the position of each of the individual exposures. The external reduction to a catalogue led to results with an accuracy of 0.16'' in x and 0.13'' in y for the mean position of the three exposures. A photometric calibration has also been performed and magnitudes were determined with an accuracy of 0.09 mags.

Joint Program for Automatic Analysis of Astrographic Plates

Pulkovo and Valencia observatories are developing measuring machines based on the “Ascorecord” microscope that allow to undertake automatic measuring programs of different kind of plates (Ortiz et al., 1993). All aspects of astrometry work are covered now by our software: field maps and plate files creation from the PPM and the GSC; precise ephemeris calculation of minor planets and comets, including planetary perturbations; image identification and automatic plate measurement and reduction (Lopez et al., 1994a). For these tasks, correction tables for GSC catalogue vs. PPM, systematic errors (Lopez et al., 1994b) have been obtained. Observing programs using plates and CCD devices at telescope focus are planned (the search of new asteroids and comets, big planets satellites observation, new high density photographic catalogues and some other projects).

New Airborne Ultrasonic Transducer with High Output Sound Pressure Level

To design a higher output ultrasonic sensor, reduction of stress in a piezoelectric element is required. For this purpose, a new transducer with vibrating parts for an ultrasonic sensor is proposed in this paper, in which we utilize an annular piezoelectric element bonded on three kinds of plates, stainless steel, titanium and aluminum, vibrating at its fundamental flexural mode. Our fabricated model gave a 10 to 20 dB higher output sound pressure level compared with a conventional enclosed-type ultrasonic transducer. From the results of our study, the output sound pressure level can be increased much more by selecting the material of the vibrating plate.

Use of the Washburn equation for surface free energy determination

The thin-layer wicking technique was used to determine the solid surface free energy components for thin-layer chromatography silica (Merck) by the Washburn equation. It has been found that wick-wetting is a reproducible process and the results of the wetting rates expressed as the relationship of the penetrated distances squared, x2 , are a linear function of time, t. However, in some systems an inflection appeared at a distance 3 5 x 5 5 cm, giving thus two straight-line sections with somewhat different slopes. nAlkanes, diiodomethane, water, and formamide were used as the penetrating liquids. Van Oss et al.'s approach to the surface free energy was applied. Thus, apolar, ysLw, and polar electron donor, ys, and electron acceptor, ys+, components were determined for both the laboratory-made glass plates with a deposited Si02 thin layer as well as commercial ones. Practically the same value of ysLw was obtained for both kinds of plates. However, the commercial plates showed higher values of the yscomponent. It is probably due to the presence of some adhesive additives. The polar ys+ component is small for both plates. It is believed that this technique and the approach to the surface free energy components are very useful for testing the wetting properties of solids by liquids.

塗装鋼板の塗膜加工性に及ぼすめっき種類,量の影響

塗装鋼板の塗膜加工性に及ぼすめっき種類,量の影響

Thick rectangular plates with free edges on elastic foundations

In this paper an accurate solution for the thick rectangular plate with free edges laid on elastic foundation is presented. The superposition method of trigonometric series is used. The method can solve this kind of plates directly and simply. Its results completely satisfy the boundary conditions of the four free edges and nicely agree with the solutions by Wang Ke-lin and Huang Yi[2].

On buckling of orthotropic compressed plates with circular holes

Buckling and post-buckling behaviour of square plates having central circular holes is analysed with the aid of the finite element method. Four different degrees of orthotropy pertinent to real materials are examined. Both uniaxial and biaxial compression are considered for various types of boundary conditions. Also, buckling of polar orthotropic annular plates is analysed for different boundary conditions and material properties. In the case of small holes a perturbation method is applied to both kinds of plates.

Reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography of hematoporphyrin and its nickel, copper and zinc complexes

The thin-layer chromatographic mobility of hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) and its metal complexes on octyl (C8)- or octadecyl (C18)-bonded silica gel plate is described. The mobility order for those compounds is regular on both kinds of plate with various compositions of methanol-phosphate buffer mixtures as the developing solvents; thus, Cu-complex < Ni-complex < Hp (free acid) < Zn-complex. The combination of a C18-plate with an 85∶15 (vol/vol) mixture of methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 3) is recommended for the successful separation of these four compounds.

Application of the Rayleigh-Ritz method to the free vibration analysis of plates with variable thickness.

This paper presents an analytical method of free vibrations of plates with variable thicknesses. The method proposed is based on the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure using Lagrange multipliers. The plate is divided into triangular elements having a linear variation thickness in two coordinate directions. The strain and kinetic energies are evaluated by the sum of single integrals along the boundary of the triangular elements. Frequency parameters are calculated for three kinds of plates having variable thicknesses and are compared to values obtained by other investigators. The comparison shows that the method proposed is useful to analyze the free vibration of plates with variable thicknesses.

Shell-and-Plate-Type Heat Exchangers for OTEC Plants

New titanium, shell-and-plate type heat exchangers for ocean-thermal-energy-conversion (OTEC) plants have been developed which include three different plate types (fluted, impinging, and porous-surface) for the evaporator and two kinds of plates (No. 1 and No. 2) for the condenser. Performance tests with fresh water show that the overall heat transfer coefficient U of the evaporator using the porous plate is the highest among the three plates; it can reach 4000–4500 W/m2K using ammonia as the working fluid and 3500–4000 W/m2K for a Freon, R-22. The U of the condenser using the No. 2 plate is higher than that using the No. 1 plate; it can reach 3800–4500 W/m2K for ammonia and 2000–3500 W/m2K for R-22.

Incipient Phenomena of Frost Formation

Experiments have been performed to investigate the effect of cooled-plate characteristic on frost formation under the condition of forced convection. Two kinds of plates having the different contact angles to water, were utilized. Special attention was focused on the incipient phenomena of the effect of the plate contact angle to water on the frost forming on the cooled plate. It was found that when the temperature difference between the cooled plate and the dew point of air stream, was less than about 1.50c the frost thickness might never build up greater than 0.5mm.

ChemInform Abstract: SELF‐DISCHARGE AND PASSIVATION PHENOMENA IN LEAD‐ACID BATTERIES DURING STORAGE

During storage of partially wet-charged and dry-charged lead-acid batteries, processes take place which lead to self-discharge and passivation of the plates. In the case of partially wet-charged batteries, PbSO/sub 4/ crystals form in the separators during storage. When the battery is subjected to charge and overcharge they transform into Pb and PbO/sub 2/ and cause short circuits between the plates and the failure of the battery. Self-discharge reactions are presented for the two kinds of plates. The capacity loss during storage is reversed upon charge of the battery. The passivation phenomena are determined by the structure of the two kinds of plates. The passivation of the positive plate manifests itself by an abrupt fall of its discharge potential. It is assumed that this is due to the formation of a nonstoichiometric oxide following a reaction between the grid and PbO/sub 2/ of the corrosion layer. 13 refs.

Self‐Discharge and Passivation Phenomena in Lead‐Acid Batteries during Storage

During storage of partially wet‐charged and dry‐charged lead‐acid batteries, processes take place which lead to self‐discharge and passivation of the plates. In the case of partially wet‐charged batteries, crystals form in the separators during storage. When the battery is subjected to charge and overcharge they transform into Pb and and cause short circuits between the plates and the failure of the battery. Self‐discharge reactions are presented for the two kinds of plates. The capacity loss during storage is reversed upon charge of the battery. The passivation phenomena are determined by the structure of the two kinds of plates. The passivation of the positive plate manifests itself by an abrupt fall of its discharge potential. It is assumed that this is due to the formation of a nonstoichiometric oxide following a reaction between the grid and of the corrosion layer. This oxide has a high electric resistivity. Upon charge it is oxidized to by the O atoms and O− radicals which have first formed upon anodic polarization. They penetrate through the corrosion layer and oxidize it. The plate is depassivated with a sharp rise of its discharge potential. The passivation of the negative plate brings about the shortening of the discharge time without changing substantially the discharge potential. It is assumed that passivation is caused by the formation of a film at the interface between the skeleton and energetic structures of the lead active mass. These films interrupt the electric contact thus decreasing the plate capacity. Upon charge the film is reduced to lead and the electronic contact between the two structures is restored. The plate capacity increases and the latter is depassivated.

Experimental determination of transverse vibration modes of thin I-shaped plates

The natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of clamped thin I-shaped plates were experimentally determined by time-averaged holographic interferometry. The test plate was shaped as shown in Fig. 1, and eight kinds of plates were tested by taking a dimensionless length parameter ξ as a parameter. The natural-vibration modes exceeding 200 were identified using the real-time method. The corresponding natural frequencies ranged from 172 to 5606 Hz. In addition, in the case of a rectangular plate, the experimental results were shown to be good agreement with the theoretical ones.

ステンレス鋼の表面処理とはんだ付部のはく離強さ

The purpose of this study is to improve solderability of stainless steel with various kinds of electro plating such as Sn, Cu, Ni, Ag, and Au of thickness from 0.5μ to 10μ.At first we have tried to investigate the solderability of plated or not plated stainless steel sheet with special designed speading machine. Next we have carried out peel test of soldered joint which seems to be most suitable method to examine the mechanical property of soldered joint. Results of our investigation are summerised as follows:1) Among various electroplating of stainless steel, Sn plating shows best spreading.2) It was found in the peel test that the kind of plating and the soldering temperature affects the peel strength. It decreases in the following turn in terms of plating metals Cu, Ni, Ag, So, and Au from 48 kg/cm in case of Cu to 12 kg/cm in case of Au.3) In So plating, bright plating contributes to the peel strength by 20% lower than dull plating.4) In Ag pating the peel strength decreases with the soldering temperature. In Au plating it is affected by the degree of diffusion between Au and Sn-Pb solder. The more the diffusion proceeds the greater the strength is.5) The platingthickness does not affect much the peel strength in such kind of metal as Cu and Ni with little solubility. On the other hand in such metals as Ag and Au with rapid diffusion in solder, it has an remarkable influence.6) Concluding from fracture study by micro-scopic and E.P.M.A. examination, it could be made clear that the peel strength lowers when the plated layer disappears during soldering process.

Kinetics of growth of platelike precipitates

In order to resolve existing difficulties in the interpretation of the lengthening and thickening kinetics of platelike precipitates, these kinetics have been measured on θ' and η plates in Al-4 % Cu alloy and Al-0.2% Au alloy respectively, in conjunction with extensive observations of the ledge and misfit dislocation structures at the broad faces of the plates. Thickening has been found, in agreement with a well established theory of morphology, to occur by a ledge mechanism, where the migration rates of the ledges were diffusion controlled. Surprisingly, the lengthening rates of coherent plates were found to be much greater than those of the same kinds of plates when semicoherent. In the latter condition, lengthening rates approximate those to be expected on the basis of volume diffusion control. This result is explained by the role of the broad face coherency strain field which accelerates the lengthening. Thus a previous suggestion that such accelerated kinetics are due to diffusional short circuit is shown to be invalid.

The Method to Determine Airy's Stress Function by Bending of Plate

When the moments are given to a thin plate along its boundaries, the deflection function is biharmonic. And, if the boundary conditions of the plate are mathematically similar to those to be satisfied by Airy's stress function, we can find the Airy's stress function as the deflection of the plate. We make use of this mathematical similarity as a mean for experimental stress analysis. For this purpose we have to prepare an elastic plate satisfying the several necessary conditions and to device a method by which the deflection can be measured precisely. We made an experiment with several kinds of plates and concluded that the glass plate is the most suitable. We tried to measure the deflection, the first and the second derivative of the plate surface by various methods, and we found that the roughness meter may by used for measuring the deflection with high accuracy. Using the glass plate and the roughness meter, we analysed the stress distribution in plates having notches or fillets.

The “Wellcome” Photographic Exposure Record and Diary

THIS well-known pocket-book has all its usual features, in spite of the exigencies of the times. The main article has been rewritten, and gives concise but sufficient directions for the use of “tabloids” in all the usual photographic operations. It includes development by time and temperature, tank development, factorial development, fixing, intensification and reduction, and printing processes, the use of various development papers, carbon printing, and oil pigment printing, the making of lantern slides, various toning and staining processes, and colour photography by means of autochrome, Dufay and Paget colour plates. The mechanical calculator attached to the cover, with the necessary tables and lists, from which the photographer will select those details that apply in his particular case, has established its trustworthiness and convenience by many years of experience. A useful diary, plenty of space for recording exposures, a copious index, sundry tables, etc., and two illustrations “from the front,” or very near it, complete the volume. It is interesting to note that in the classified lists of photographic materials there are given considerably more than two hundred different kinds of plates and films, forty-five kinds of bromide paper, and twenty-nine kinds of lantern plates, although German and Austrian goods are excluded.