Kinds Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Development of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composites with high thermal oxidation stability using Chrysanthemum morifolium extract as a natural additive

AbstractPoly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) is one of the solutions to the energy crisis and white pollution. However, the poor thermo‐oxidative stability limits its wide applications. In this work, Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (CME) as a natural additive was used to modify the PBAT. The oxidation onset temperature (OOT) results showed that the CME could provide PBAT with high thermal oxidation stability. By the presence of 2.5 wt% CME, the OOT value of PBAT‐CME2.5 increased by 52°C compared with the neat PBAT. The outstanding antioxidant capacity is attributed to the excellent free radical quenching capacity of CME, whose main components consist of six kinds of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the PBAT‐CME1.5 composite could achieve the balance between the mechanical property and thermo‐oxidative stability, the OOT result of PBAT‐CME1.5 increased by 42°C, the tensile strength reached 103.1%, and the elongation at break could retain 91.4% of that of neat PBAT. Besides, the processing property, degradation performance, and surface hydrophobic nature of modified PBAT samples were all improved. This work proposes a facile method to obtain completely natural biodegradable composites to expand the practical applications of PBAT.Highlights The main components in CME are phenolic compounds. CME showed high free radical scavenging efficiency. CME improved the thermal oxidation stability of the PBAT matrix. The addition of CME could still maintain good mechanical properties of PBAT. The introduction of CME promoted the degradation of PBAT films.

Effect of Calcium Salts on the Firmness and Physicochemical and Sensorial Properties of Iranian Black Olive Cultivars.

Black olive has become one of the most prestigious olives processed in the olive industry, and its processing has been increased recently in different countries. The firmness of black olives may be changed by the processing methods, fermentation, and solution salts. In this study, the employment of CaCl2, Ca-acetate, and Ca-lactate during the processing of some Iranian black olive cultivars, including Mari, Zard, Rowghani, Shengeh, Dakal, Dezful, and Fishomi, was evaluated in terms of physicochemical and phenolic compounds and textural attributes. The results showed that Ca-lactate improved the firmness of the Mari cultivar from 1455 to 1765 N/100 g in the pitted olive, and the same trend was obtained for the other cultivars. Ca-acetate improved the black shiny color of the Mari cultivar from 4.36 to 4.85 and the sensorial properties of the black olives, including gustatory and kinesthetic sensations, were improved by using a Ca-lactate solution. The application of calcium salts in the salt-free preservation solutions imparted neither bitterness to the olives nor discoloration. The highest amounts of acid (1.42-1.56%), fructose to mannitol ratio (1-1.2), and phenolic compounds (955-963 mg/kg) were found for the Zard cultivar. Furthermore, the residual content of oleuropein was higher when CaCl2 was employed (357 mg/kg). All of the calcium salts improved the firmness of the black olives, although the maximum firmness was observed for the Ca-lactate. Consequently, the formation of a black shiny color is related to the diffusion of phenolic compounds; however, this needs further investigation to determine which kind of phenolic compound is responsible for its black color.

Gastrodin promotes the regeneration of peripheral nerves by regulating miR-497/BDNF axis

BackgroundGastrodin (GAS), is a kind of phenolic compound extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB). This study was aimed at probing into the protective effect of GAS on peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and the underlying mechanism.MethodsA rat model with PNI was established, followed by intraperitoneal injection of GAS (20 mg/kg/day). Sciatic nerve function index (SFI) was used to analyze the function of sciatic nerve. The amplitude and latency of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were examined by electrophysiology. Schwann cells (SCs) were isolated from fetal rats and treated with GAS 200 μg/mL, and H2O2-induced model of oxidative stress injury was established. EdU and Transwell assays were adopted to detect the viability and migration of SCs. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were applied to verify the binding site between miR-497 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 3’UTR. MiR-497 expression was probed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). BDNF, neurofilament-200 (NF-200) and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression levels were detected by Western blotting. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione content (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity in SCs were also measured.ResultsGAS treatment could significantly increase the SFI and amplitude of CMAP, shorten the refractory period, and ameliorate muscle atrophy of the rats with PNI. GAS treatment could markedly restrain miR-497 expression and increase the expression levels of BDNF, NF-200 and MBP in SCs. BDNF was confirmed as the target of miR-497 and BDNF overexpression could reverse the impacts of miR-497 overexpression on the proliferation, migration, and oxidative stress response of SCs.ConclusionsGAS promotes the recovery of PNI via modulating miR-497 / BDNF axis and inhibiting oxidative stress.Graphical abstract

Determination of 18 phenolic compounds in water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction

At present, the kinds and the hazards of phenolic compounds in water were unclear. Research aimed at methods for the simultaneous detection of multiple phenolic compounds is still in its nascent stages. It is necessary to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in water. An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the 18 phenolic compounds in water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE). The phenolic compounds in water were enriched and separated on an SPE column. The optimal pretreatment method was established by optimizing the chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions. The effects of the initial pH of the water sample, type of eluting solvent, and dosage of the washing solution were investigated. Then, the 18 phenolic compounds in the water samples were determined. The optimal pretreatment extraction conditions were determined to be as follows:final pH of water sample, 3.0; eluting solvent, ethyl acetate (10 mL); and elution rate, 1 mL/min. The phenolic compounds enriched and purified by SPE were finally determined by GC-MS/MS with an electrospray ionization (EI) source. The phenolic compounds were then quantitatively analyzed by the external standard method. The average recoveries of the 18 phenolic compounds were in the range of 51.7%-117.3% at four spiked levels, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 3.1%-7.4%. The limits of detections (LODs) were 0.04-0.6 μg/L. Good linear relationships were observed for the phenolic compounds in their corresponding concentration ranges. The developed method was applied to determine the phenolic compounds in six kinds of water samples from rivers and lakes, domestic water, and process water. Fifteen of the phenolic compounds were detected, but 4-nonylphenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol were not. Moreover, bisphenol A, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, and 2,4-dibromophnol had the highest contents of 49.4 μg/L. The contents and kinds of phenolic compounds in the rivers and lakes were highest. However, the contents of phenolic compounds in the domestic water were adverse compared with the rivers and lakes, in accord with National Standard GB 8537-2008. As opposed to traditional analytical methods, the present method is characterized by simple operation without derivative or the need for anhydrous sodium sulfate for water removal, as well as high sensitivity, good stability, and reliability. The establishment of this method has important theoretical and practical significance for the development of standards and for the control of residue phenolic residue levels in water.

Nephroprotective effect of ferulic acid on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats

Ferulic acid is a kind of phenolic compound that can be found in various fruits and vegetables. This study aims to investigate the effect of ferulic acid on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin (GM). In this study, rats were separated into 4 groups such that each containing 8 randomly selected rats: Control group, Ferulic Acid (FA) group, Gentamicin (GM) group and Gentamicin + Ferulic acid (GM + FA) group. Blood samples were collected after 24 hours following the 8-day trial period, and kidneys were taken out for histopathological evaluation. Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid and LDH analyses were performed in autoanalyzer while Malondialdehyde (MDA), Advanced Oxidized Protein Products (AOPP), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) analyses were performed in ELISA, and kidney tissues were also examined histopathologically. Urea (p < .001), creatinine (p < .001), MDA (p < .01), AOPP (p < .001), IL-6 (p < .01) and TNF-α (p < .001) levels were found to be statistically and significantly lowered in GM + FA group when compared to GM group. As a result, ferulic acid has reduced the inflammation in nephrotoxicity induced by GM, causing decreased oxidative stress. In this study, anti-inflammatory features of ferulic acid have come to the forefront rather than the antioxidant features. It can be said that ferulic acid reduces nephrotoxic damage and has protective properties for kidneys.

Low-level laser irradiation potentiates anticancer activity of p-coumaric acid against human malignant melanoma cells.

p-Coumaric acid (PCA) is a kind of phenolic compound, and as one of the cinnamic acid derivatives, it has many biological functions such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and anticancer activity. Low-level laser irradiation has received increasing interest in the fields of tissue regeneration and wound healing. In this study, the effect of low-level laser irradiation on human fibroblast cells (human dermal fibroblast) and human melanoma cancer cells (A375 and SK-MEL-37) treated with PCA was investigated. The human dermal fibroblast, A375, and SK-MEL-37 cells were exposed to low-level laser at 660-nm wavelength with 3 J/cm for 90 s, and then the cells were treated with different concentrations of PCA (0-1000 μg/ml for 24 h), separately. In another experiment, first the cells were treated by PCA and then irradiated with low-level laser as described before. The effect of various irradiation energy (1-6 J/cm) on the melanoma cells, which were then treated by PCA, was studied. The cell viability using MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay was determined. Morphological changes owing to apoptosis induction by irradiation and PCA were detected by fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining. The results showed that pretreatment with low-level laser irradiation and then PCA reduced the survival and growth of melanoma cells more than the early treatment with PCA and then low-level laser irradiation. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was reduced significantly by preirradiation and then PCA treatment in comparison with the dark group in melanoma cells. The cell cytotoxicity at different irradiation energy and then IC50 concentration of PCA was increased up to 3 J/cm and then decreased following increasing irradiation energy. The morphology study with light microscopy and apoptotic assay using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining confirmed the MTT results. This study showed that low-level laser irradiation alone is not able to kill human normal fibroblast and human melanoma cancer cells. Preirradiation followed by treatment with PCA did not change the cell viability in human fibroblast significantly but reduced the cell viability in melanoma cells presumably through the apoptosis pathway.

Nano/microencapsulation of anthocyanins; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Anthocyanins, a kind of phenolic compounds are present in plant kingdom. They exhibit biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties as well as imparting colors to various plants. The objective of this review is to provide a systematic evaluation of the evidence and a meta-analysis of published researches on the nano/microencapsulation of anthocyanins. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for articles published in 2016 to 2019 on PubMed, Web of Sciences and Scopus databases. Overall 45 eligible articles (51 cases; some authors studied 2 or more encapsulation methods) with appropriate data were included in the statistical analysis. In the current work, based on the technique and equipment applied for the formulation of micro/nanoencapsulation systems, the anthocyanin-loaded nano/microcarriers were classified into five main classes: (a) spray dried particles (spray-drying); (b) freeze-dried particles (freeze-drying); (c) lipid-based particles (emulsification and liposomal encapsulation); (d) electrospun fibers and electrosprayed particles (electrohydrodynamic encapsulation); and (e) nano/micro-gels (gelation). Based on the results from the meta-analysis, the studied technique for encapsulation of anthocyanins can be ordered as: spray-drying (33.33%), freeze-drying (27.08%), gelation (20.83%), lipid-based particles (14.58%) and electrohydrodynamic processes (4.17%). In addition, carbohydrates such as maltodextrin (19.56%) and gums (15.22%) have been the most frequently used biopolymers for encapsulation of anthocyanins in the selected studies.

Elucidation of The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Vanillin In Lps-Activated THP-1 Cells.

Vanillin, a kind of phenolic compound, is naturally found in food and beverage and widely used as a flavoring agent. In view of the safety and universality of vanillin, exploring the functions of vanillin on human is of great value. Thus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated THP-1 cells were selected as the cell model to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of vanillin in this study. On the basis of the results, vanillin markedly suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines (that is, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), mediators (NO, iNOS, PGE2, and COX-2), and NLRP3 inflammasome (that is, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1), blocked the LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB/IκBα/AP-1 signaling pathway, and activated the gene expression of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In addition, it was confirmed that vanillin was unable to react with LPS due to the results of quantification by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Hence, vanillin could effectively attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory response by regulating the expression of intracellular signaling pathways in THP-1 cells. It is a potent anti-inflammatory component found in food and beverage. These findings might contribute to the overall understanding of the potential health benefits of vanillin for food application. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of vanillin (VA) was evaluated by ELISA, real-time PCR, and western blot in LPS-induced THP-1 cells. The hypothesis that VA could react with LPS was excluded due to the results of quantification by HS-SPME-GC-MS. On the basis of the result, vanillin could effectively attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells and was a potent anti-inflammatory component natural in food and beverage. These findings might contribute to the overall understanding of the potential health benefits of vanillin for food application.

Antioxidant Activity and Metabolomic Analysis of Cagaitas (Eugenia dysenterica) using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Cagaita is a fruit from Brazilian cerrado, belongs to Myrtaceae family, and has important economic value. This work aimed to determine the total antioxidant capacity (extractable and non-extractable fractions) by different methods and to evaluate the use of paper spray mass spectrometry to obtain fingerprints of cagaita from different regions with the aid of principal components analysis. Cagaitas had higher antioxidant activity than those found in other fruits mentioned in literature, and the non-extractable fraction was 18.90 to 21.05% of the antioxidant capacity. The analysis of paper spray mass spectrometry in positive and negative ionization modes identified several substances, including organic acids, sugars, amino acids and several other classes of phenolic compounds. Analysis of the main components of cagaita samples permitted discrimination of the major constituents such as sugars and different kinds of phenolic compounds. Thus, this study demonstrated that paper spray mass spectrometry is a simple and ultrafast method with minimum sample preparation that allows the analysis of the chemical profile of cagaita.

Green Extraction of Natural Antioxidants from the Sterculia nobilis Fruit Waste and Analysis of Phenolic Profile.

The waste of Sterculia nobilis fruit was massively produced during food processing, which contains lots of natural antioxidants. In this study, antioxidants in the Sterculia nobilis fruit waste were extracted using the green microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The effects of five independent variables (ethanol concentration, solvent/material ratio, extraction time, temperature, and microwave power) on extraction efficiency were explored, and three major factors (ethanol concentration, extraction time, and temperature) showing great influences were chosen to study their interactions by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were as follows: 40.96% ethanol concentration, 30 mL/g solvent/material ratio, 37.37 min extraction time at 66.76 °C, and 700 W microwave power. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity value obtained in optimal conditions was in agreement with the predicted value. Besides, MAE improved the extraction efficiency compared with maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods. Additionally, the phenolic profile in the extract was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, and eight kinds of phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, including epicatechin, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and p-hydroxycinnamic acid. This study could contribute to the value-added utilization of the waste from Sterculia nobilis fruit, and the extract could be developed as food additive or functional food.

Effect of fertilization combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on four phenolic compounds of cultivated Rhodiola crenulata

This study is aimed to explore the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined application on the active components of Rhodiola crenulata. R. crenulata was used as the research object, "3414" fertilization experiment were conducted with regular fertilization of NPK(N 60 kg·hm⁻², P₂O₅ 100 kg·hm⁻²,KCl 160 kg·hm⁻²) to study the effect of different rates of NPK fertilization on the total amount of 4 phenolic constituents of gallic acid, salidroside, tyrol and ethyl gallate through field test. The results show that the content of salidroside was higher in the treatment of N₁P₂K₁ and N₁P₂K₂, andthe total amount of four phenols was higher in the treatment of N₁P₂K₂ and N₂P₂K₂. The suitable level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium promoted the accumulation of the 4 kinds of phenols.The amount of fertilizer recommended by the three factor fertilizer effect equation,(N 0 kg·hm⁻²,P₂O₅ 150 kg·hm⁻²,KCl 31.71 kg·hm⁻²) obtained the highest content of salidroside, and it was 1.54%.（N 35.54 kg·hm⁻²,P₂O₅ 150 kg·hm⁻²,KCl 237.73 kg·hm⁻²）obtained the highest content of 4 kinds of phenolic compounds, and it was 1.93%. This study provides a reference for the standardization of artificial planting of endangered Tibetan medicine.

Distribution and potential ecological risk of 50 phenolic compounds in three rivers in Tianjin, China.

Phenolic compounds widely exist in the surface water of many countries; however, few studies have simultaneously analyzed and evaluated broad-spectrum phenolic compounds in various components of the water environment. Therefore this study analyzed the distribution and potential ecological risk of 50 phenolic compounds in the surface water, sediment and suspended particulate matter of three important rivers in Tianjin, the main heavy industry city with high pollution in China. The qualitative results show that phenolic pollution existed extensively in the three rivers and the kinds of phenolic compounds in the water were relatively higher than in both sediment and suspended particulate matter. The quantitative results show that the phenolic pollution in the wet-season samples was serious than dry-season samples. Meanwhile, total concentrations of phenolic compounds in three components from the Dagu Drainage River (DDR) were all much higher than those in the Beitang Drainage River (BDR) and Yongdingxin River (YDXR). The highest total concentrations of phenolic compounds in three components all appeared in wet-season samples in DDR, and the highest total concentration was 1354 μg/L in surface water, 719 μg/kg dw in suspended particulate matter and 2937 μg/kg dw in sediment, respectively. The ecological risk of phenolic compounds in surface water was evaluated using the quotient method, and phenolic compounds with risk quotient (RQ) > 1 (RQ > 0.3 for YDXR) were identified as priority pollutants. Five kinds of phenolic compounds were identified as priority phenolic compounds in BDR, and the order of risk was 2-cresol > 2,4-xylenol > 2-sec-butylphenol > 2-naphthol > 3-cresol. Six kinds of phenolic compounds were identified as priority phenolic compounds in DDR, and the order of risk was 2-naphthol > p-chloro-m-xylenol > 4-cresol > 3-cresol > 2,4-xylenol > 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol. In YDXR, only phenol, 2-naphthol and 2,4-xylenol were identified as priority phenolic compounds.

Extraction and Identification of Black Rice Polyphenolic Compounds by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Seven kinds of phenolic compounds in black rice were isolated and identified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proanthocyanidins glucoside which has the strongest ability of antioxidant and free radical scavenging was tentatively identified in black rice for the first time. By mass spectrometry in negative ion mode, three types of phenolic acids compounds which were caffeic acid hexose, procyanidinB2-3-O-gallate hexose, epiafzelchineepicatechin-O-dimethylgallate were first confirmed. In this experiment, liquid–mass spectrometry model was established to detect traces of polyphenolic compounds in black rice. This model can increase the efficiency of electron capture and the sensitivity of mass spectrometry detection. The sensitivity, mass accuracy legitimated the identification of phenolic compounds present in black rice extract. So the method of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can rapidly detect traces of unknown phenolic compounds in grain. Practical Applications The plant phenols possess the ability to scavenge both active oxygen species and electrophiles. They are the most important group of natural antioxidants because of their diversity and extensive distribution. The interest in the exploitation of novel antioxidants from black rice is increasing accordingly due to abundant contents of polyphenols. Black rice which is a kind of typical whole grain is considered a good source of fiber, minerals, and phytochemicals as well as basic nutrients.

Research progress of ellagitannin intestinal metabolite urolithins

Ellagitannins is a kind of phenolic compounds with many biological activities. Recent studies have found that the effective ingredients of these compounds have close relationship with their colon-derived bacteria metabolites, that is urolithins. The objective of this study was to review the structure characteristics, types and distribution of urolithins, improvement in diseases related to prostate, breast and colon, as well as anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and other biological activities. The present review will lay the foundation for development and utilization of urolithins.

An approach to determination of phenolic compounds in seawater using SPME-GC-MS based on SWCNTs coating

Phenolic compounds have become one kind of the important pollutants of the marine environment. Single-walled Carbon nanotubes, as one-dimensional nano materials, have light weight and perfect hexagonal structure of connections, with many unusual mechanical, chemical and electrical properties. In recent years, with the research of carbon nanotubes and other nano materials, the application prospect is also constantly discussed. In this paper, homemade single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coating was used for establishing an analytical approach to the determination of five kinds of phenolic compounds in seawater using SPME-GC-MS. Optimal conditions: After saturation was conducted with NaCl, and pH was adjusted to 2.0 with H2SO4, the extract was immersed in a water bath at 40°C for GC-MS determination through 40-min agitating extraction at 500 rmin−1 and 3-min desorption at 280°C. The liniearities ranged between 0.01-100 μg L−1, and the determination limits ranged between 1.5-10 ng L−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) was less than 6.5%. For the phenolic compounds obtained from the spiked recovery test for actual seawater samples, the rates of recovery were 87.5%-101.7%, and the RSDs were less than 8.8%, which met the requirements of determination. Due to its simplicity, high efficiency and low consumption, this approach is suitable for the analysis of trace amounts of phenolic compounds in marine waters.

A significant inhibitory effect on advanced glycation end product formation by catechin as the major metabolite of lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins.

Several lines of evidence suggested that B-type procyanidin oligomers from lotus seedpod (LSOPC) may effectively modulate the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In vivo, LSOPC is metabolized by intestinal flora to become various kinds of phenolic compounds that possess potent antioxidant activities. However, few reports of the absorption and metabolism of LSOPC have been revealed. In the present study, rats were orally administered with LSOPC at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. The metabolites of LSOPC in urine were elucidated by HPLC-MS/MS analysis 24 h post-administration. Eight major metabolites were significantly increased by the administration of 300 mg/kg of LSOPC (p < 0.01). The anti-glycative activity of LSOPC and its metabolites were investigated. The results showed that LSOPC and catechin had greater anti-glycative activities than other metabolites, which were positively correlated to their carbonyl scavenging activities and antioxidant capacities.

ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL STABILITY ON PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN ZANTHOXYLUM SCHINIFOLIUM-CONTAINING DENTIFRICES

Chromatographic properties and chemical stability of 12 kinds of phenolic compounds Z. schinifolium were investigated and analyzed to use as an antioxidant substance in dentifrices. Twelve compounds were completely separated under 0.01% phosphoric acid-acetonitrile gradient condition at 20°C and detected by photodiode array detector. Each compound showed good linearity at optimized wavelength, and showed good precision and accuracy in dentifrices. Using this analytical method, phenolic compounds in Z. schinifolium fraction and dentifrices were successfully determined. Caffeic acid, quercetin, and xanthoxylin decomposed in aqueous solution, and other compounds were preserved over 94%. It was better to store phenolic compounds under weak acidic conditions (<pH 6) to prevent the decomposition of phenolic compounds. Mixed in dentifrices, about half of the total compounds remained for 45 d, but the preservation rate (%) showed big differences between each compound. Each fraction of Z. schinifolium -containing dentifrice was manufactured and analyzed. In Z. schinifolium dentifrices, 44% of phenolic compounds remained after 2 mo.

Physicochemical Characterization of Oxidatively Degraded Calcium Lignosulfonate via Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide

In order to increase the application prospect of calcium lignosulfonate in phenolic resin, Calcium lignosulfonate was oxidatively degraded by Hydrogen peroxide under alkaline condition. Both lignins were characterized by FT-IR,1H NMR, UV, GC-MS and GPC. The optimal degradation conditions are: lignosulfonate:water=1:1, wt/wt, pH=10, temperature 60 °C, reaction time 2 h, and H2O2dosage 6 wt% (based on weight of lignosulfonate). The results show that the degraded resultant is higher in phenolic contents, and lower in methoxyl content. Number molecular weight (Mn) of calcium lignosulfonate sharply decreases to 2294, versus 17774 before oxidative degradation.Guaiacly monoer content increased and kinds of phenolic compounds occurre in oxidative degradation fractions, mainly due toβ-O-4 andβ-5 cleavage. And reactive activity of the oxidatively degraded compounds is sharply increased.

Free radical scavenging capability, antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of Pyrola incarnata Fisch. leaves

In the present study, the crude extract and its four fractions of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, water from Pyrola incarnata Fisch. leaves were prepared and their antioxidant activities were investigated by using four antioxidant assays in vitro. The ethyl acetate fraction showed remarkably strong antioxidant activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, which were almost comparable to capacities of the positive controls (VC and BHT). The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation. According to the results, a significant correlation between total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were observed. At last the ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed by HPLC. Eight kinds of phenolic compounds were identified by ESI-MSn.

Curcumin Induces ABCA1 Expression and Apolipoprotein A-I-Mediated Cholesterol Transmembrane in the Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Aging Rats

Cerebral hypoperfusion or aging often results in the disturbances of cholesterol and lipoprotein, which have been well depicted as a common pathological status contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). The pathway of the liver X receptor-β (LXR-β)/retinoic X receptor-α (RXR-α)/ABCA1 plays a vital role in lipoprotein metabolism. Curcumin, a kind of phenolic compound, has been widely used. It has been reported that curcumin can reduce the levels of cholesterol in serum, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of curcumin on the cholesterol level in brain, vascular cognitive impairment and explored whether the mechanisms for those effects are through activating LXR-β/RXR-α and ABCA1 expression and apoA-I. With a Morris water test, we found that curcumin treatment could attenuate cognitive impairment. With HE and Nissl staining, we found that curcumin could significantly ameliorate the abnormal changes of pyramidal neurons. Meanwhile, the expression of LXR-β, RXR-α, ABCA1 and apoA-I mRNA and protein were increased in a dose-dependent manner after curcumin treatment. Interestingly, both serum HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels were statistically higher in the curcumin treatment group than those other groups. We conclude that curcumin has the ability to activate permissive LXR-β/RXR-α signaling and thereby modulate ABCA1 and apoA-I-mediated cholesterol transmembrane transportation, which is a new preventive and therapeutic strategy for cerevascular diseases.