Kinds Of Metal Ions Research Articles

Effects on the Sporicidal Activity by Using Various Metal Ions in the Formulation Combining Ferric Chloride, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and Ethanol

We studied the effects on the sporicidal activity against Bacillus subtilis spores by replacing Fe3+ with various kinds of metal ions in the formulation of FeCl3·6H2O, EDTA-2Na and ethanol, herein called the ethanol reagent and one which has already shown potent sporicidal activity (Kida et al., 2003). Metal ions used for comparison in the sporicidal activity of the ethanol reagent were Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Al3+, and each sporicidal activity was examined at various pHs and temperatures. Among them, the ethanol-Cu2+ reagent showed potent sporicidal activity at 20°C and 37°C at pH 0.3 and the ethanol-Ni2+ reagent also showed a potent one at both temperatures at pH 0.6 comparable to the ethanol reagent. These results show that the ethanol reagents with metal ions even other than Fe3+ show sporicidal activity which may be available for practical use.

Determination of Na and Al Ions in Semiconductor Cleaning Solution Using Capillary Electrophoresis

most common process chemical used in the manufacturing process is a standard cleaning (SC) solution, a mixture of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide in deionized water. Since the purity of the SC solution used in the process has been required to the level of sub-ppb range, accurate and reliable determination of ionic contaminants becomes increasingly difficult. In order to satisfy the requirement of impurity control, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS), and ion chromatography (IC) are currently the most common analytical instruments used in the process. 3 However, those instruments are not designed for on-line monitoring but rather for off-line analysis. Recently, separation and detection of various particles, such as cells and nanoparticles, with capillary electrophoresis (CE) was reported, although the application of CE has been mostly limited to organic or biological samples. 4-6 Capillary electrophoresis has been emerging as an alternative to ICPAES and AAS for trace metal analysis. In CE, some analytes such as inorganic cations and anions do not absorb at all or only very weakly absorb the light in the UV range. Therefore, an indirect UV absorption technique, in which the analyte displaces a mobile phase additive in the eluted band, has been used successfully in capillary electrophoresis. 7-13 The displacement causes a decrease in the absorption or fluorescence signal, because the concentration of the mobile-phase additive is lower in the eluted bands when compared with its steady-state concentration. Recently, separation and detection of various kinds of metal ions, including, alkali, alkaline earth, transition metals, and even lanthanide ions by CE in the presence of UV absorbing complexing agent were reported. 14-18 For semiconductor application, method development and applications of capillary electrophoresis for determination of cations in the highest purity grades of hydrogen peroxides that has been utilized widely in critical wafer processing steps were reported. 3 However, no article for the determination of trace metals in SC solution was reported so far. In this work, a labmade CE with a movable pinhole for optical adjustment was built and demonstrated for the determination of Na and Al ions in SC solution for semiconductor application.

Metal ion-binding ability of tetrapeptides containing alpha-aminoisobutyric acid.

alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), one of the Calpha,alpha-disubstituted glycines, is a sterically hindered amino acid that acts as a conformational constraint in peptides. However, studies for the application of the ability of Aib to control conformation are quite few. The paper focuses on the molecular recognition ability of acyclic oligopeptides containing Aib. Liquid-liquid extraction of nine kinds of metal ions from aqueous layers to nonpolar organic layers with acyclic tetrapeptides, X-Trp-Xaa2-Gly-Xaa4-NH-Ar (X = H or C6H5CH2OCO (Z), Xaa2 = Aib or Gly, Xaa4 = Leu or Ala, Ar = phenyl or 3,5-dimethylphenyl) was examined using picrate as the anion of ion pairs. The extraction behaviour of the metal ions with the tetrapeptides was investigated in the pH range from 3 to 9. In the case of basic pH regions, Cu(II) and Ag(I) were effectively extracted with Trp-Aib-Gly-Leu-NH-Ar. Pd(II) was specifically extracted with Trp-Aib-Gly-Leu-NH-Ar in acidic pH regions. The extraction percent (%E) of the peptide host, which has a 3,5-dimethylphenyl group, was even larger than that of the host, which has a phenyl group. Moreover, Pd(II) was extracted with a peptide host which has Leu and a 3,5-dimethylphenyl group in the absence of picrate as the anion of ion pairs. The free alpha-amino group, the turn conformation and the hydrophobicity of peptide molecules were important factors for the extraction of the metals.

Biosorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by the indigenous Thiobacillus thiooxidans

Biosorption of each of the heavy metals, Zn(II) and Cu(II), and of the binary mixture of these two metal ions by the indigenous Thiobacillus thiooxidans was investigated in this study. Equilibrium concentration ( q m) and dissociation constant ( K d) were calculated by fitting the experimental data with the Langmuir isotherms. The effects of pH, pretreatment of biomass, and temperature on the amount of metal uptake by this organism were also determined. Typically, the adsorption capacity increases with increasing pH in the ranges of 2.0–6.0 and 4.0–5.0 for Zn(II) and Cu(II), respectively. Chemical pretreatment of the biomass with 0.075 M NaOH has positive effects on its capacity for metal biosorption. Higher temperature yields higher biosorption capacity for both metals. The indigenous T. thiooxidans is in favor of Zn(II) uptake in the binary mixture. Biosorption of Cu(II) is inhibited by the existence of Zn(II). The total amount of metal adsorbed in the binary mixture decreases in comparison with biosorption of only one kind of metal ion.

The interaction of Co 2+ ions and sodium deoxycholate micelles

To mimic the interaction between divalent metal ions and bile slats in vivo, two groups of coordination complex compounds, crystalline and gel-like, were synthesized in vitro by mixing the aqueous solutions of CoCl 2 with sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) at various concentrations. Structures and compositions of the compounds were investigated using FT-IR, EXAFS, XRD as well as elemental and ICP analysis, respectively. Then the interaction of Co 2+ with deoxycholate in solution was observed by laser light scattering (LLS), Transmission electronic microscope techniques and ICP analysis. Conclusions are (1) the crystalline complexes, Co (DC) 2·3H 2O were obtained by reaction of Co 2+ with mono-molecules of NaDC, and the gel-like complexes, Na n Co m (DC) n+2 m formed by reaction of Co 2+ with NaDC micelles. The gel-like complexes exhibit the non-stoichiometric character; (2) the coordination structures of carboxyl groups with Co 2+ were different between the crystalline and gel-like complexes. In Co(DC) 2·3H 2O complex, the carboxyl groups of deoxycholate coordinated with Co 2+ in chelating and pseudo-chelating modes, but that in bridge mode in the case of Na n Co m (DC) n+2 m complexes. The non-stoichiometric complexes of Na n Co m (DC) n+2 m are formed with a macromolecular structure through the Co 2+ bridges; (3) NaDC can increase the solubility of Co(DC) 2·3H 2O in aqueous solution, and larger micelles (30–80 nm diameter) formed in the supernate. It is a mixed micelle formed by Co 2+ ions bridges connecting with NaDC simple micelles. So these micelles are a new kind of micelle containing two kinds of metal ions; (4) these results are in agreement with those formed under physiological conditions in that the different states such as gel, precipitate, micelles of various structures are present in bile of gallbladder. An ideal model of the interaction between Co 2+ and bile salts in vivo has been proposed.

A novel chemical image sensor consisting of integrated microsensor array chipsand pattern recognition

A novel chemical image sensor developed for liquid component analysis is proposed in thispaper; using it, pH values ranging from 1 to 12 and six kinds of metal ion, namely Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ca2+, Zn2+, andMg2+,can be detected qualitatively and quantitatively. The sensor applies theprinciples of optical chemistry and microfabrication technology to detectthe ion concentrations in the solution, and has the advantages of highsensitivity, reduced contamination, a lower sample volume required, andthe capability of detecting several indices at one time. Moreover, threemultivariate data analysis methods are suggested in the paper for treating theraw data acquired from the microbeads, and predicting the results. Thestudy demonstrates that the principal component analysis is capable ofclassifying six kinds of cation with success. Both partial least-squaresregression (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) can be used tocompute the pH values quantitatively; furthermore, the PLS method has theadvantage of requiring fewer iteration steps than the ANN approach.

Relative binding strength of terpyridine model complexes under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry conditions.

The relative binding strength of a series of terpyridine metal complexes of the type [M(II)L(2)](+) was investigated by using variable laser intensities in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). A model terpyridine ligand, 4'-(1,4,7-trioxa-octyl)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine, was prepared and complexed with a series of transition metal ions including cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and ruthenium. The relative binding strength of these complexes can be obtained by measuring MALDI mass spectra of the prepared compounds at different laser intensities. The ratio of the signal intensities belonging to the ligand [LH](+) and the complex [ML(2)](+) ([LH](+) /[ML(2)](+)) depends on the laser intensity utilized for the spectrum acquisition. By considering an [LH](+)/[ML(2)](+) ratio > 10 as the point of complete complex dissociation, it is possible to establish a row of complex stabilities depending on the kind of metal ion.

Catalytic ozonation of 2-dichlorophenol by metallic ions

This research is mainly to explore functional improvement by adding various kinds of metallic ions in the ozonation of 2-chlorophenol solution. During the experiment, various kinds of metallic ions (Pb+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ti2+, and Mn2+) were added; it was found that the reaction rate increased in all cases. The best result was obtained by using manganese ions, followed by iron and titanium ions. At pH = 3 and 1 ppm Mn2+ concentration, the reaction rate was increased by three times. TOC removal rate was also increased from 12.6% to 38% at 60 min reaction time. Ozone self-decomposition with various kinds of metallic ions alone was tested. It was found the ozone self-decomposition coefficient is highly dependent on the reaction rate constant for ozonation of 2-chlorophenol. The improvement of reaction was relevant to the mechanism of reaction between ozone and metallic ions. Furthermore, the effect of adding manganese ions was studied. With the initial manganese concentration at 0-2 ppm, after gas exposure for 20 min the removal rate can be increased from 38% to 93%. TOC removal rate was increased from 11% to 38%. The reaction rate was improved more greatly at the initial pH = 3.

耐候性鋼の耐食性発現機構の人工合成さび実験によるアプローチ

Colloidal particles of α-, β, γ-FeOOH, Fe3O4 and poorly crystallized iron oxide, the components of steel rusts, were prepared by hydrolysis and oxidation of aqueous solutions of Fe(II) or Fe(III) containing Ti(IV), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II) which enhance resistance to corrosion. The obtained rust particles were characterized by ICP, TEM, XRD, EXAFS, Mössbauer spectroscopy and measurement of specific surface area. Except for several cases the addition of these metal ions reduced the crystallinity and particle size of the rusts. The decrease in particle size of β-FeOOH rust by Ti(IV) addition and the reduction of crystallinity of α-FeOOH rust by Cu(II) addition were especially marked. The influences of metal ions depended on the kinds of metal ions and rusts. No metal ion effectively reducing particle sizes over all the rusts was found out in the metal ions under investigation. These results suggest that suitable alloying elements should be selected based on the corrosion environment and multiple addition of the alloying elements is required to form dense rust layer.

The interaction of Cu 2+ ions and NaDC micelles

By mixing an aqueous solution of CuCl 2 with an NaDC aqueous solution of various concentration and initial molar ratio, seven coordinated samples with distinct appearances and characters were obtained. Their structures and components were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy, EXAFS (the extended X-ray absorption fine structure), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, laser light scattering, TEM (transmission electron micrograph), element analysis and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) analysis. The following conclusions were given: (1) The complexes of Cu 2+–NaDC with distinct appearances and properties were synthesized. (2) After Cu(DC) 2 dissolved in NaDC aqueous solution, larger micelles (30–90 nm diameter) formed in the supernate, it is a mixed micelle with Cu(DC) 2 and NaDC. So these micelles are a new kind of micelle containing two kinds of metal ions. This is a new result using metal ions as bridges to form micelle. (3) According to the different concentration of Cu 2+ to NaDC, the complexes formed as gel or poly-crystals. Both the composition of gel complexes and the coordination structure of carboxyl groups with metal ions varied with the initial molar ratio of Cu 2+ to Na +. The gel complexes exhibits the non-stoichiometric character. (4) These results are in agreement with physiological condition. All the different states such as gel, precipitate, micelles of various structures are present in bile of gallbladder. We can suggest an ideal model of the interaction between Cu 2+ and bile salts in vivo.

パルス電析によるFe-Ni系微粒子・多層膜の電気的および磁気的性質

Pulse electrodepositon is a useful technique with which it is possible to achieve atomic-scale control of the layer composition, thickness of the multilayer and the grain size in ferromagnetic films by regulating the pulse amplitude and width. It is possible to fabricate ferromagnetic films with various magnetic properties from a single electrolytic solution containing more than two kinds of metallic ions, by changing the step pulse wave. Multilayer films composed of a Ni-rich layer with high coercive force, an Fe-Ni layer with low coercive force, and a nonmagnetic Cu layer were produced by controlling the step pulse potential from a single electrolytic solution containing Fe, Ni and Cu ions. Moreover, we are able to produce thinner ferromagnetic films consisting of multiple layers with magnetic characteristics such as a wide variation in coercive force, high susceptibility, and large magnetoresistance effect by controlling the time interval of the step pulse.In this study, we investigated the relationships between the magnetic field dependence of the magnetoresistance effect and the film preparation conditions for composition-modulated Fe-Cu-Ni alloy films produced by the pulse electrodeposition method. The MR ratio observed in the film has maximum values of 3.4% and 9% at 300 K and 5 K, respectively. A highly sensitive change of the electric resistance was obtained at a low magnetic field.

METAL ION SELECTIVITY OF MACRORETICULAR CHELATING CATION EXCHANGE RESINS WITH PHOSPHONIC ACID GROUPS ATTACHED TO PHENYL GROUPS OF A STYRENE-DIVINYLBENZENE COPOLYMER MATRIX

To clarify the metal ion selectivity sequence of the phosphonic acid resin named RSPO, in which the functional groups were introduced into phenyl groups of a macroreticular poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) matrix, the distribution of 20 kinds of metal ions from 0.0001 mol/L solution of each metal ion onto RSPO was studied in nitric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acid media. Distribution ratios of divalent metal ions Ba(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Sr(II), and Zn(II) normally decreased with solutions of increased acidity and were not significantly affected by acid species. The clear effect of acid species was observed in the distribution of Fe(III), Mo(VI), and U(VI); although their distributions from hydrochloric and sulfuric acid media normally decreased with increasing acidity of solutions, the minimum was observed in their distribution from nitric acid media, indicating that they were distributed onto the resin from approximately 6 mol/L nitric acid through the mechanism similar to solvation extraction of their nitrate complexes with organophosphorous compounds. Phosphoric acid markedly depressed the distribution of Fe(III), Mo(VI), and U(VI) but not the distribution of Al(III), Bi(III), Cr(III), Gd(III), La(III), and Lu(III). The overall metal ion selectivity sequence of RSPO is the order of Mo(VI) ≅ Fe(III) ≅ U(VI) > Bi(III) ≅ Lu(III) > Al(III) ≅ Gd(III) > La(III) > Cr(III) > Pb(II) > Mn(II) ≅ Cd(II) ≅ Cu(II) > Ca(II) ≅ Co(II) ≅ Zn(II) ≅ Ba(II) ≅ Sr(II) > Ni(II) ≅ Mg(II). The metal ion selectivity sequence was also illustrated on the basis of uptake of U(VI), Pb(II), Ca(II), Ba(II), Ni(II) from 0.01 mol/L solutions of each metal ion.

Physicochemical analysis of the interaction between a metal ion and the metal-ion-binding motif in hammerhead ribozymes.

Hammerhead ribozymes have a metal-ion-binding motif in the conserved core region, and this motif can capture several kinds of metal ions. In order to determine what kind of metal ions can be recognized by the motif, we measured 2D 1H-1H NOESY spectra in the presence of various metal ions, such as Cd2+, Na+ and Co(NH3)6(3+) ions, as well as in the absence of these ions. We have completed the assignment of the resonances of the base protons and anomeric protons in all cases, and determined their chemical shift perturbations.

Biosorption of Cr 6+, Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ ions in industrial waste water on Bacillus sp.

Biosorption of each of the ions Cr 6+, Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ on Bacillus sp. in a batch stirred system was investigated and optimum conditions were determined. Then, the multi-metal ions, containing different concentrations of Cr 6+, Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ ions together were prepared and partial competitive adsorptions of these mixtures were investigated at 27 °C and for the pH values of 4.0 and 7.0 that are the most frequently seen conditions in industrial waste waters. Parameters such as co-adsorption of metals to microorganism, combination, concentration and adsorption sequence affect the partial competitive adsorption. In conclusion, in the metal ions mixture, lead biosorption increases widely while chromium and copper biosorptions decrease in comparison with the biosorption of only one kind of metal ion.

A series of nanometer-sized hexanuclear Co-, Fe-, and Ga-metallamacrocycles

In this study, we expanded a manganese ion in metallamacrocycles to the other octahedral transition metal ions with +3 oxidation states. A series of nanometer-sized hexanuclear cobalt-, iron-, and gallium-metallamacrocycles were synthesized using pentadentate ligands ( N-acylsalicylhydrazides (H 3xshz) ( N-formylsalicylhydrazide, H 3fshz; N-acetylsalicylhydrazide, H 3ashz; N-propionylsalicylhydrazide, H 3pshz; N-hexanoylsalicylhydrazide, H 3hshz; N-lauroylsalicylhydrazide, H 3lshz). The triple-deprotonated N-acylsalicylhydrazidate (xshz 3−) bridged the metal ions using a hydrazide NN group and formed the hexanuclear metallamacrocycles. All hexanuclear metallamacrocycles with various kinds of metal ions and a series of pentadentate ligands are isostructural. The formation of the hexanuclear metallamacrocycles is unaffected not only by the introduction of alkyl side chains in the pentadentate ligands, but also by substituting the manganese ion with other octahedral transition metal ions such as cobalt, iron and gallium. The presence of a replaceable solvent site in the metal center indicates that the hexanuclear metallamacrocycles could be used as secondary building units for the synthesis of open frameworks with various active metal sites.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM 2-HYDROXYACETYLACETOPHENONE

Metal chelates of some Schiff bases derived from diamines and 2-hydroxyacetylacetophenone with Cr3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ of stoichiometric ratios 1:1 and 2:1 (M:L) have been synthesized and characterized by different spectrophotometric techniques. It is found that the coordination site of ligands differs depending on the kind of metal ions. Thus, Cr3+, Fe3+, and Co2+ enter in the outer O2O2 compartment, whereas Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ enter into N2O2 site. The g-values of Cu2+ complexes suggest square-planar geometry; this is confirmed from the ESR spectra of its complexes.

An application of the coincidence Doppler spectroscopy for substances of chemical interest: phthalocyanine and acetylacetonate complexes

Coincidence Doppler spectroscopy, which is particularly powerful when one is concerned with high momentum components of positron annihilation gamma-rays, has been applied to two different kinds of organo-metalic ligands: metal phthalocyanines and metal acetylacetonates. The energy (momentum) profiles of the annihilation gamma-rays were the same for metal phthalocyanines indicating that positron and/or positronium are not interacting with the metal ions. However, the profiles for the metal acetylacetonates evidently showed a dependence on the kind of metal ions. Discussion is made on the features of positron interaction which are different for phthalocyanines and acetylacetonates.

Radioactive Waste Minimization by Electrolytic Extraction and Destruction in a Purex-Truex Actinide Separation System

Electrolytic extraction of noble metals from nitric acid media was investigated. The largest deposition yield was obtained for Pd, supported by its large rate constants. Rate constants of RuNO3+ and ReO4– were, however, smaller than that of Pd2+; their yield can be improved under high cathode current supply in lower nitric acid concentration. Rather high apparent activation energy was observed for the deposition of RuNO3+. Peculiar masking or synergistic effects in their electrodeposition behaviors might be due to mutual interaction of RuNO3+, Pd2+ with ReO4– in nitric acid solution. Sufficiently different redissolution potentials for deposited metals indicate their fractional recovery by anode processing.Mediatory electrochemical oxidation (MEO) was investigated for the mineralization of waste OϕD[iB]CMPO (hereafter CMPO) by burning its bulky hydrocarbon moiety under the existence of various kinds of metal ions. Only Ag2+/+ offered high-current efficiency up to 75%, fairly exceeding that by direct electrooxidation. Redox coupling characterized by a simple electron transfer, Mm+ + ne– ⇔ M(m-n)+ provided high E0, will act exactly as an active mediator. As for the destruction paths for CMPO by MEO, cleavage between carbonyl C and N of amide moiety was of principal importance. The coupling of Co3+/2+ is also recommended because of hydraulic advantages.

Preparation and catalysis of NaY-encapsulated Mn(III) Schiff-base complex in presence of molecular oxygen

The new NaY zeolite (DMY), whose cages' size had been expanded, was used as supports for encapsulating the large Schiff-base complexes. The catalysts were used in the aerobic epoxidation of 1-octene. The catalyst showed high activity and selectivity for the substrate and products. These catalysts proved to be more active than other kind of metal ion or supports. The effect of temperature, organic acid or base, and the amount of catalyst was discussed.

Photocatalytic decomposition of NO under visible light irradiation on the Cr‐ion‐implanted TiO2 thin film photocatalyst

Transparent TiO2 thin film photocatalysts were prepared on transparent porous Vycor glass (PVG) by the ionized cluster beam (ICB) method. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of these thin films under visible light irradiation, transition metal ions such as Cr and V were implanted into the deep bulk inside of the films using an advanced metal‐ion‐implantation technique. The UV‐vis absorption spectra of these metal‐ion‐implanted TiO2 thin films were found to shift smoothly toward visible light regions, its extent depending on the amount and kinds of metal ions implanted. Using these metal‐ion‐implanted TiO2 thin films as photocatalysts, the photocatalytic decomposition of NOx into N2 and O2 was successfully carried out under visible light (λ 450 nm) irradiation at 275 K.