Kind Of Metabolism Research Articles

Функціональний стан печінки у пацієнтів на стадіях прогресування хронічної мієлоїдної лейкемії

Chronic myeloid leukemia is found in approximately 20% of newly diagnosed cases of leukemia in adults. In Europe and North America, chronic myeloid leukemia ranks third among leukemias (after acute leukemias and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia). The problem of diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and adaptation of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia is relevant, as there is a gradual increase in the incidence of this disease both in the world and in our country. Some progress has been achieved in the treatment of patients with oncohematological diseases, in particular chronic myeloid leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal myeloproliferative disease in which as a result of specific translocation of chromosomal sites between 9 and 22 chromosomes, a khimeric BCR-ABL gene with tyrosine kinase activity is formed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the main biochemical parameters that characterize protein and pigment metabolism, the activity of key enzymes in patients with chronic myeloblastic leukemia at different stages of the disease for further prospects of optimizing diagnosis, predicting the course of the disease in clinical practice. Materials and methods. The functional state of liver in 77 patients at different stages of chronic myeloid leukemia was studied. All patients admitted to the hospital were examined with the use of clinical, laboratory, instrumental and special research methods, and were consulted by specialists of related specialties, if necessary. The main biochemical parameters that characterize protein and pigment metabolism, the activity of key enzymes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia of peripheral venous blood was determined by the method of V. Menshikov (1987). Results and discussion. The content of biochemical parameters that characterize protein and pigment metabolism, the activity of key enzymes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia has been studied. It was found that biochemical parameters that characterize protein and pigment metabolism, the activity of key enzymes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia is associated with an increase in the studied indicator (p<0,05). The article discusses the possible causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of the identified changes. As the disease progressed the changes of protein, pigment and enzyme kinds of metabolism were revealed. The article discusses possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the identified changes. Conclusion. In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, there is an imbalance in protein, pigment metabolism, and the activity of some liver enzymes. With the progression of chronic myeloid leukemia, the functional state of the liver deteriorates

Метаболизм железа и хроническая болезнь почек

Iron is involved in all kinds of metabolism. Iron deficiency, even in the absence of anaemia, promotes the development of many diseases. But in inflammation-associated diseases iron accumulates in the liver, kidneys and macrophages; resulting in impairment of effective erythropoiesis. The review presents modern evidence of the molecular mechanisms of iron metabolism and metabolic changes in most common diseases of the organs of the urinary system – pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury. In most cases, anaemia has a dual nature – true iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease. Key words: iron, erythropoiesis, anaemia, renal pathology

Research of the structure of teeth enamel mineral component in connective tissue dysplasia by densitometry and atomic force microscopy in the late postpartum ontogenesis period

Цель работы — дать количественную и качественную характеристику структуре минерального компонента эмали ретинированных зубов при дисплазии соединительной ткани и без нее в различные периоды позднего постнатального онтогенеза человека методами денситометрии и атомно-силовой микроскопии. Материалы и методы. Удаляли 3.8, 4.8 зубы, не имеющие контакта с ротовой жидкостью, у 60 мужчин с дисплазией соединительной ткани и без нее (возрастные группы: 31—40, 41—50, 51—60 лет). Денситометрическую оценку плотности неорганического компонента эмали проводили в программе Kodak Dental Systems. Форму, упаковку, расстояние между эмалевыми призмами анализировали в программе Image Analysis NT—VDT. Результаты. Установлено, что после 30 лет в ретинированных зубах наблюдается выраженный эмалевый метаболизм, характеризующийся изменением формы, плотности упаковки и расстоянием между эмалевыми призмами. Показано, что при дисплазии соединительной ткани темпы созревания эмалевых призм в позднем постнатальном периоде онтогенеза снижены. Заключение. При дисплазии соединительной ткани наблюдается картина незавершенного амелогенеза с низкой плотностью упаковки и большим расстоянием между эмалевыми призмами.

Gene Expression Profiles Deciphering the Pathways of Coronatine Alleviating Water Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar Nipponbare (Japonica).

Coronatine (COR) is a structural and functional analog of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), which can alleviate stress on plant. We studied the effects of COR on the drought stress of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pre-treatment with COR significantly increased the biomass, relative water and proline content, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)-radical scavenging activity, decreased the electrolyte leakage and MDA (Malondialdehyde) content in order to maintain the stability of cell membrane. Meanwhile, we determined how COR alleviates water stress by Nipponbare gene expression profiles and cDNA microarray analyses. Seedlings were treated with 0.1 μmol L−1 COR at the three leafed stage for 12 h, followed with 17.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG). Whole genome transcript analysis was determined by employing the Rice Gene Chip (Affymetrix), a total of 870 probe sets were identified to be up or downregulated due to COR treatment under drought stress. Meanwhile, the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method was used to verify some genes; it indicated that there was a good agreement between the microarray data and RT-qPCR results. Our data showed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in stress response, signal transduction, metabolism and tissue structure development. Some important genes response to stress were induced by COR, which may enhance the expression of functional genes implicated in many kinds of metabolism, and play a role in defense response of rice seedling to drought stress. This study will aid in the analysis of the expressed gene induced by COR.

Bioanalysis of ibrutinib, and its dihydrodiol- and glutathione cycle metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Ibrutinib is a targeted covalent inhibitor frequently used for the treatment of various lymphomas. In addition to oxidative metabolism, it is metabolized through glutathione coupling. The quantitative insight into this kind of metabolism is scarce, and tools for quantitation are lacking. The non-oxidative metabolism could prove a more prominent role when oxidative metabolism is impaired. Also, in-vitro studies could over-estimate the effect of CYP450-inhibition. To gain quantitative insight into this relatively unknown biotransformation pathway of the drug we have developed a validated simple, fast and sensitive bio-analytical assay for ibrutinib, dihydrodiol-ibrutinib, and the glutathione, cysteinylglycine and cysteine conjugates of ibrutinib in human plasma. The method emphasizes on simplicity, the thiol-conjugates were synthesized by a simple one step synthesis, followed by LC-purification. Sample preparation was done by a simple protein crash with acetonitrile containing labeled internal standards, evaporation of solvents, and reconstitution in eluent. Finally, the compounds were quantified using UHPLC–MS/MS. The assay was successfully validated in a 0.5–500nM calibration range for all compounds, and also a lower range of 0.05–50 nM was demonstrated for ibrutinib to accommodate for even the lowest trough levels. This assay has a considerably higher sensitivity than previous published assays, with the previous lowest LLOQ being 1.14 nM. Both, ibrutinib, dihydrodiol-ibrutinib and the cysteine conjugate were deemed stable under refrigerated or frozen storage conditions. At room temperature, the glutathione conjugate showed rapid degradation into the cysteinylglycine conjugate in plasma. Finally, the applicability of the assay was demonstrated in patient samples.

A digestão do idealismo alemão pelo pensamento de Nietzsche

São muitas as passagens textuais de Nietzsche relacionadas ao estômago,aos intestinos e à alimentação; metáforas que, na maioria das vezes, vinculam-se à crítica do idealismo alemão. Deve-se considerar que a abordagem da fisiologia nos escritos nietzschianos está intimamente comprometida com as atividades de assimilação, processamento e superação de uma tendência cultural e filosófica constituída sob o horizonte do idealismo alemão. O escopo dos últimos escritos de Nietzsche encontra-se em uma espécie de metabolismo do idealismo não só presente na filosofia,como também na moral, na arte, na política, na religião e na ciência de seu tempo. Portanto, neste artigo propomo-nos esclarecer as intenções de Nietzsche para o uso frequente de metáforas referentes ao processo digestivo a partir da investigação de dois aspectos centrais, a saber: o teor da atividade fisiológica adotada pelo pensamento nietzschiano e a compreensão do contexto idealista amplamente combatido nos seus escritos.

Trans-crustal Advections and In-situ Biogeochemical Processes of Global Sub-seafloor Aquifer: The Sub-seafloor “TAIGA”

Since the discovery of rich microbial communities at and around seafloor hydrothermal sites, their extension towards the oceanic crust beneath the seafloor is of great interest not only for microbial physiology/ecology but also for a wide range of Earth and planetary sciences. How can the communities survive in such an extreme environment? What kinds of metabolism are in action? It is proposed that the sub-seafloor ecosystems are characterized by different kinds of chemosynthetic primary production (carbon fixation), all of which are supported by chemical energy supplied from the sub-seafloor aquifers. We designate the unseen aquifers as sub-seafloor TAIGAs (great rivers) which are responsible for a geochemical flux equivalent to or even larger than that of terrestrial river runoff (e.g. Wheat and Mottl, 2000). Besides, they are responsible for supplying nutrients to microbes beneath the seafloor. We hypothesize that there are four representative TAIGAs based on the chemical energy of compounds of sulfur, carbon (methane), iron, and hydrogen, all of which are supported by the TAIGAs. It is important to note that the sub-seafloor ecosystems are controlled extensively by or are mutually related to the types of TAIGA that flow at the site. The hypothesis can be tested through cooperative research among microbiologists, geochemists, geophysicists, and geologists.

Whole-animal metabolic rate is a repeatable trait: a meta-analysis

Repeatability studies are gaining considerable interest among physiological ecologists, particularly in traits affected by high environmental/residual variance, such as whole-animal metabolic rate (MR). The original definition of repeatability, known as the intraclass correlation coefficient, is computed from the components of variance obtained in a one-way ANOVA on several individuals from which two or more measurements are performed. An alternative estimation of repeatability, popular among physiological ecologists, is the Pearson product-moment correlation between two consecutive measurements. However, despite the more than 30 studies reporting repeatability of MR, so far there is not a definite synthesis indicating: (1) whether repeatability changes in different types of animals; (2) whether some kinds of metabolism are more repeatable than others; and most important, (3) whether metabolic rate is significantly repeatable. We performed a meta-analysis to address these questions, as well as to explore the historical trend in repeatability studies. Our results show that metabolic rate is significantly repeatable and its effect size is not statistically affected by any of the mentioned factors (i.e. repeatability of MR does not change in different species, type of metabolism, time between measurements, and number of individuals). The cumulative meta-analysis revealed that repeatability studies in MR have already reached an asymptotical effect size with no further change either in its magnitude and/or variance (i.e. additional studies will not contribute significantly to the estimator). There was no evidence of strong publication bias.

Delirium, A Syndrome of Cerebral Insufficiency

Delirium, A Syndrome of Cerebral Insufficiency

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter ABC2/ABCA2 in the Rat Brain: A Novel Mammalian Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein and a Specific Marker for Oligodendrocytes But Not for Myelin Sheaths

We recently cloned a full-length cDNA of the rat ATP-binding cassette transporter 2 (ABC2, or ABCA2) protein, a member of the ABC1 (or ABCA) subfamily (-ABC1/ABCA1 is a causal gene for Tangier disease) and found it to be strongly expressed in the rat brain. In this study, we identified ABC2 as a lysosome-associated membrane protein that is being localized specifically in oligodendrocytes. The ABC2-immunolabeled cells were detected mainly in the white matter but were also scattered in gray matter throughout the whole brain. In addition, these cells were found to be colocalized with 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) immunoreactivity when the marker antibody for oligodendrocytes was used. However, no such colocalization was observed with markers for other kinds of glial cells. Unlike the CNP antibody, which also intensely stains myelin sheaths in the white matter, ABC2 immunoreactivity was detected only in the cell bodies of oligodendrocytes. At the ultrastructural level, ABC2 immunoreactivity was detected mostly around lysosome and partly in Golgi apparatus by electron microscopy. This was confirmed by immunocolocalization of ABC2 and lysosomal markers in a neuroblastoma cell line. Immunoblotting analysis of ABC2 from the whole brain and the ABC2-transfected cell line revealed bands at approximately 260 kDa. The result of in situ hybridization with a riboprobe for ABC2 matched the results obtained from immunostaining. These findings strongly suggest that ABC2 is a specific marker for oligodendrocytes but not for myelinsheaths and that it is as a novel mammalian lysosome-associated membrane protein involved in myelinization or other kinds of metabolism in the CNS.

Controversy in Buxales systematic positioning

Buxales (sensu Dahlgren 1980) is an order formed by two families: Buxaceae and Daphniphyllaceae. Among the families of Rosiflorae, (or Rosanae), the positioning of Buxaceae and Daphniphyllaceae show great controversy according to the modern botanists. In order to verify the validity of 1980‐Dahlgren's positioning of Buxales (with Buxaceae and Daphniphyllaceae) into the superorder Rosiflorae, a detailed study of micromolecular composition of the Rosiflorae families have been made. The triterpene alkaloids were found to be the prevailing class of secondary metabolites (91%) in Buxales. Triterpenes, steroids and flavonoids can also be found together with very low amount of iridoids. It is important to note that it has not been recorded any reference on the hydrolisable tannin production by these two famylies. However tannins are the characteristic natural products produced by Rosiflorae species, so this kind of compounds have been considered the truly chemotaxonomic markers for the superorder. Excluding Buxales, the superorder Rosiflorae, shows a poor tendency for alkaloid production: only 10 from 40 families present such kind of metabolism even so in a very timid way of expression. In conclusion buxales as stipulated by Dahlgren is characterized by an expressive production of squalene‐derived alkalois, feeble presence of flavonoids and terpenoids and lack of references about tannin production. On the other hand, the other Rosiflorae families are characterized by the huge production of tannins. Thus these chemical features indicate scarce affinities among these two plant groups.

Sensitivity analysis of fed-batch fermentation for the production of penicillin G

The mixed metabolism model of Nicolaiet al. (1991) has been used to analyse the sensitivity of fed-batch fermentation for penicillin G with respect to four parameters. The cases of fully endogenous, fully maintenance and mixed metabolisms have been studied. Sensitivities with respect to two parameters,K x andK i, were much larger than for the other two. Differences between the three kinds of metabolism were sharpest forK p. The implications of both observations are discussed.

A thermokinetic study of bacterial metabolism

Thermograms of growth metabolism, endogenous metabolism and non-growth metabolism of resting cells of E. coli were obtained using an LKB-2277 Bioactivity Monitor. From these thermograms it can be established that the thermokinetic equation for the growth metabolism of E. coli is d p/d t = k 1 p, with order of metabolism n = 1, k 1 = 0.03993 min −1 ( k 1, multiplication rate constant; p, power output; t time). The corresponding thermokinetic equation for the non-growth metabolism of resting cells is d p/d t = 0, k o = 0. The equation for endogenous metabolism is dependent on the previous equation, but it can be divided into two parts: at an early phase, d p/d t = 0, k 0 = 0; at a later phase, d p/d t = k −1 p, n = 1, k −1 = −0.01769 min −1. Thus, thermokinetic equations for the various different kinds of metabolism in cells (in this case, bacteria) can be obtained by microcalorimetric methods.

Urinary excretion of ciclosporin and 17 of its metabolites in renal allograft recipients.

Renal elimination of the immunosuppressant ciclosporin is virtually unknown. Therefore, in 17 renal allograft recipients under steady-state conditions we studied the urinary excretion of ciclosporin and 17 of its metabolites in blood and 24-hour urine. Patients with liver dysfunction or treated with drugs potentially influencing the metabolism and elimination of ciclosporin were excluded from the study. Ciclosporin and its metabolites were measured by HPLC. Metabolite but not ciclosporin excretion was strongly correlated with creatinine clearance. Metabolites 18 and 26 (beta, epsilon-cyclic metabolite) were rarely found in blood but were excreted in considerable amounts in urine. Approximately 3% of the administered dose of ciclosporin per day undergoes renal elimination in unchanged form or as metabolites investigated. The data suggest glomerular filtration of ciclosporin metabolites, a difference in the rate of elimination between ciclosporin and the metabolites and some kind of metabolism or active transport mechanism for metabolites in the kidney.

Göttingen miniature swine as a model for diet-induced atherosclerosis

Twenty-four Göttingen Miniature Swine/csk, in order to evaluate their potential usefulness as a model for experimental atherosclerosis studies, were fed diets of three types, a high-fat plus high cholesterol diet, a high-fat diet, and a commercial diet. Each group consisted of 4 males and 4 females. Swine fed the experimental diet were investigated by gross, microscopic and serum biochemical examination on the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th month after start of experimentation. Lesions of atherosclerosis were observed in the high-fat plus high-cholesterol diet group. After a month on the experimental diet, intimal thickening was detected in the abdominal aorta just above the origin of internal iliac artery, left coronary artery and ascending aorta by microscopic examination. Thereafter, on the 9th month after the start, there was more extensive and severe atherosclerosis. These lesions were classified into two types by the difference in the histologic architecture of arterial wall. One was fatty streaks that were in thoracic aorta belonging to the elastic type and the other was fibrous plaques that were in abdominal aorta and iliac artery and so on, belong to the transitional or muscular type. High-fat plus high-cholesterol diet feeding led to elevated serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels, and had an effect on several kinds of metabolism. All of the swine fed high-fat or commercial diet had little gross, microscopic lesions and had no change in serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels. Hypercholesterolemia and hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia had a close relation to the development and acceleration of atherosclerosis. It was possible to show that the diet induced atherosclerosis was similar in quality to that observed in humans, and that the Göttingen miniature swine was a suitable animal for the study of atherosclerosis.

Beitrag zur Zytologie der Gregarinen: Endo-, Exozytose, Organelle des Stoffwechsels

Summary 1. Endocytosis of compact particles in gregarines has to be distinguished well from already known cytological models. The exocytosis of plasma portions gets on in a simple splitting of the epicyte folds. 2. It seems that the pores of pinocytosis are continuous. Microtubules approach both sides of the syzygial connection between two gamonts. 3. The species' degree of parasitism depends on the figures of epimerits, their durability and equipment with organells. 4. The reduced number and simplified inner structure of mitochondria in gregarines of the family Gregarinidae express a changed kind of metabolism. 5. Polyribosomal complexes are not bound with the endoplasmic reticulum. This reticulum itself is rather small developped. The small number of dictyosomes seems to produce glycogen.

Primary capital accumulation in colonial Tunisia

The general changes, social upheavals and structural modifications, resulting from the introduction of capitalism into Tunisia, culminated in the takeover of the country for the specific purpose of subjecting the entire society to the requirements of primary accumulation of capital — through the realization of an exorbitant rate of surplus value exacted from the autochthonous workers. This process led neither to homogeneous disintegrations, alterations and transformations of the preexisting modes of production, nor in the emergence of an even development of the various economic sectors and productive forces. Rather, the uneven and “extraverted” development, though stimulating the formation of economic classes, or fractions of them, was bound to bring about, by its very structural fluidity and unequally linked functional articulation, both intra- and inter-class fragmentation within the colonized society. In contradistinction to this developing heterogeneous class structure, the social configuration of the settler population, which was fully engaged and integrated into the capitalist colonial sector governed by capitalist social relations of production, exhibited a homogeneous and fully developed class structure, congruent with the advanced level of the development of productive forces. But the subjection-integration of the endogenous productive systems, and their corresponding class configurations, into the exogenous capitalist mode of production with its concomitant settler bourgeoisie, resulted in a blocked and uneven development of the indigenous “marginalized” economy. Thus the differential degrees of incorporation of the autochthonous productive forces gave rise to a heterogeneous class structure within the colonial society. It follows that the salient contradiction of modern capitalist colonialism is, on the one hand, the settler bourgeoisie's attempt to maintain the structure, and even the functioning of the non-capitalist modes of production, and on the other, the necessity for it to reorient them to the satisfaction of the needs of primary capital accumulation; thus the non-capitalist forms came to be articulated internally and externally by the dominant capitalist mode of production. The consequences of this irreconcilable contradiction were adequately perceived by Rosa Luxemburg: “Historically, the accumulation of capital is a kind of metabolism between capitalist economy and those pre-capitalist methods of production without which it cannot go on and which, in this light, it corrodes and assimilates. Thus capitalism cannot accumulate without the aid of non-capitalist organizations, nor, on the other hand, can it tolerate their continued existence side-by-side with itself. Only the continuous and progressive disintegration of non-capitalist organizations makes accumulation of capital possible” Luxemburg, , p. 416. . As a direct consequence of the intensity and persistence of capital accumulation under the specific conditions of colonialism and the resultant unequal socioeconomic development, a corresponding configuration of social forces characterized by an internal structural incoherence, emerged within the dominated society. These class forces were represented by: a rural and urban national bourgeoisie relegated within the colonial system to the under-capitalized economic activities; a petty bourgeoisie whose strategic position within the colonized society predestined it to play a leading role in the struggle for national liberation; a peasantry which constituted a majority of the population; a numerically weak working class which, although it played a decisive role in the national movement of emancipation, could not ascend to its leadership; and a numerous rural and urban subproletariat constituting a capitalist “reserve army” whose sheer existence contributed to the maintenance of low wages. However, as a result of the colonial situation, the class boundaries and class consciousness of the autochthonous population were never clearcut. That is why the petty bourgeoisie as a class with social and economic links to all the others assumed a decisive ideological and political role in the colonial period, but as soon as independence was achieved, it merged with the national bourgeoisie and the two together became the dominant class in the post-independence period.

Early Steroid Metabolism in Xenopus laevis, Rana temporaria and Triturus vulgaris Embryos

Embryos of Xenopus laevis, Rana temporaria and Triturus vulgaris exposed to radioactive pregnenolone have been found to convert it to progesterone. Incubations with radioactive progesterone showed that it was actively metabolized by oocytes and embryos. In Xenopus incubations progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 17alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17alpha-20alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregne-3-one, indicating 5alpha-reductase, 17alpha-hydroxylase, 19-20-desmolase and 20alpha-hydroxylase activities. In oocytes of Triturus and Rana no evidence of 19-20-desmolase was found. In Rana oocytes were also not evidence of 17alpha-hydroxylase activity. All identified activities except 20alpha-hydroxylase were common to embryos of all three species. It is suggested that the steroid enzyme activities present in the embryos are not solely derived from the oocytes but synthentized during early development. Possible meaning of this kind of metabolism during differentiation remains open.

Kinetics of Nitrification in Soil: Growth of the Nitrifiers

Nitrification leads to growth of nitrifiers but also includes both maintenance and waste metabolism. The relative proportions of the three kinds of metabolism have yet to be measured, but waste and maintenance together are known to predominate. Rates of nitrification may be taken as proportional to growth of nitrifiers provided populations are small compared to the carrying capacity of the environment and provided that substrate concentrations are high enough to yield maximum specific growth rates. This applies to growth and metabolism in both batch culture and column perfusion studies. Equations have been derived which describe populations of nitrifying organisms as functions of depth of columns being perfused with nutrients (ammonium or nitrite) and nutrient concentration profiles in an idealized soil. Typically, growth of nitrite oxidizers will lag behind ammonium oxidizers behind the flow front during perfusion of short soil columns with ammonium.

Effects of aflatoxins on metabolic changes in plant tissue in response to injury

Many kinds of metabolism have been demonstrated to be activated in slices of sweet potato root tissue during ageing. The effect of aflatoxin B 1 on the metabolic activation in this tissue in response to injury was investigated. Aflatoxin B 1 did not affect the synthesis of peroxidase, cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase during ageing of sliced sweet potato root tissue. However, the toxin was found to inhibit the reproduction of mitochondria during ageing. Similar effects on the metabolic activation in the tissue were obtained with mitomycin c. It is concluded that aflatoxin B 1 inhibits the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid, without any effect on protein synthesis under the control of either nuclear or mitochondrial genes.