Kinds Of Marks Research Articles

ПОСУД З ЛІТЕРНИМИ ГРАФІТІ XVII–XVIII СТОЛІТТЯ З ВОЗНЕСЕНСЬКОГО ЖІНОЧОГО МОНАСТИРЯ ПОБЛИЗУ ДУБНА

Archaeological excavation of ancient Dubno monasteries, founded by dukes Ostrozki, much disclose the history of these places. In their time, they defined original culture-religion character of the town. Investigation on the territory of Voznesenskyi monastery with large square in 2018–2022 gave possibilities to analyze large items from end of XVI – first third of XIX cc. There were the original fragments of pottery found among ceramic complexes. They have scratched letters in graffiti technique. Total found six specimens of pottery with such kinds of marks. The territorial and chronological frameworks of everyday using of such wares are considered. The review of European monastery complexes with similar founds witnesses about wide culture context of this phenomena. After the discovery these finds, dated of XIII c., in Cistercian monastery in Herkenrode monastery (Belgium), the interest for its study had significantly grown. Subsequent investigation allowed to find many potteries scratched with letters marks in women monasteries in Belgium, Netherlands, France and Lithuania. As far as we know, the fragments identified on the excavation near Dubno are the first facts of such finds in Ukraine. The possibilities of use the pottery with scratched letters are under consider in the article. They are associated with the social structure inside the monasteries. Written sources show that some part of nuns stood out in the economic status and ate better dishes. In addition, this could do novitiates. These pottery might use also in the medical purposes.

The role of profiling of drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors in combating their illegal trafficking

Recently, there is a negative trend in the world – increasing number of synthetic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors in the illicit trafficking of these substances. Specially equipped underground laboratories for their drug production are being set up to meet the demand for synthetic drugs. Synthetic drugs and psychotropic substances produced in underground laboratories can be synthesized in various ways. Various precursors and reagents are used for their synthesis, which leads to the appearance of impurities in the final product. Impurities help to determine the ways of synthesis of the illegal substance, the origin of the precursors, provide information about the location of production. Due to the presence of impurities, the connections between the removed substances are revealed. Specific impurities are used to determine the route of production, which, combined with other forms of investigation, will help to link different batches of a prohibited substance to the specific person who manufactured them. Impurities associated with the synthesis of substances seized in illegal laboratories are so-called marker compounds. They are a kind of marks that guide the expert chemist on the specific method used by criminals to obtain the substance. Marker compounds are of the greatest importance for the accurate establishment of the synthesis method. Marker compounds are determined by impurity profiling of samples of the prohibited substance. The main purpose of the profiling of impurities is to assist law enforcement agencies in combating the illicit manufacture and circulation of controlled substances. The results of research and information on the circumstances of the confiscation should be recorded in the relevant created electronic databases. In the profile database, two samples of a substance with a similar chemical profile can be linked together from the manufacturing stage to the distribution stage. Data on impurity profiles and fillers can be used to estimate the batch size, time and area of drug distribution. Databases are needed for use by law enforcement agencies in operational and investigative work. Databases are needed for the timely detection and liquidation of underground drug laboratories. The above aspects emphasize the importance of cooperation between investigative, operational services and forensic agencies in the process of effective detection and cessation of crimes related to the distribution of controlled substances.

Goudana: An Extinct ArtTattoo an Embraced Future

As ancient as the oldest of civilizations, the art of tattooing has continued to persist through the ages. A reminiscence of man’s life here on earth, tattooing has been practiced in diverse cultures for varied reasons such as for commemorating the memory of a loved one, as rites for hinder less passage into after-life, as a symbol of spiritual attachment or religion or one’s position in society, for identification and punishment, as well as a sexual lure. In India, tattooing is referred to with many different names but the word most commonly used is ‘Goudana’. The practise of Goudana finds its genesis in Hindu religious mythology and is associated with stories of Gond God, one of the invitees to a dinner arranged by Lord Shiva. While fetching his wife, Gond God accidently put his arm around Parvati Ji, wife of Lord Shiva. The devi (goddess) did not like it and thereafter demanded that the tribal ladies wear a particular kind of mark on their skin to distinguish them from the other castes; with this started the culture of Goudana. There are also other similar stories with Yamraj in Oraon tribe amongst the Mundas, Baigas, Malhars, Singhas, Santhals, the Ho tribe and numerous many. The difference between Tattoo and Goudana is the usual story of after effects of modernization, where one art gets mechanised, evolves, becomes popular and thrives whereas the other, though safe and more therapeutic, witnesses a gradual decline and almost perishes, mainly because of the failure to commercialize it and also due to inadequate support from the government as extended to other arts for their revival. This study is based on my interactions with local Goudana artists during one of my professional excursions to Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. I interviewed the artisans who still practice Goudana and learnt about their induction into the practise, their skills, their techniques, their hardships and the reasons for the decline of Goudana as an art form. The information thus gathered has shaped this research. The script also contains an analysis of primary research data collected from 110 respondents to study the significance and effect of education and the role of gender in creating a preference for and shaping the perceptions around tattooing/Goudana.

«Сей малый подарок посвящается…» Дарственные надписи тамбовских библиофилов на книгах гражданской печати XVIII века

The tradition of book-making is closely connected with the formation and development of private library collections in Russia in the 18th century, which began its development with representatives of the noble class as the main book-holders who had the opportunity to purchase fairly expensive publications. Subsequently, the transfer of books began to spread among the middle strata, who viewed book-making primarily as a kind of mark for summing up a certain stage in their life – training, service, etc. Often on such gifts, short inscriptions (inscripts) were applied, containing personal information of a different nature. This work is dedicated to the inscriptions on the civil press books of the 18th century from the collections of Tambov second-hand booksellers. We prove that a careful reading of the dedicatory inscriptions allows us to trace the motives of do-nation, the nature of the relationship between second-hand booksellers and the history of their collections. Thanks to the conducted work, we create new and supplement the existing meetings of book owners. We show the connections of individuals with institutions revealed through donation inscriptions. We trace the individual trajectories of individual editions, which can be identified through the presence of the records of several donors who consecutively donated books. Consideration of the scripts allows us to present the book as a translator of the personality of its owner and a reflection of historical events.

Feeding traces on postcranial sauropod remains from Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Santonian), northern Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina

Bite marks in non-avian dinosaur fossil records can constitute the best evidence of predator-prey interactions even if they are uncommon, ambiguous, or of uncertain origin. In this contribution, we present new evidence of feeding traces on an isolated sauropod element from Bajo de la Carpa Formation outcrops (Upper Cretaceous, Santonian), northern Neuquén province, Patagonia, Argentina. The specimen is composed of a partial dorsal vertebral centrum (MAU-Pv–CO–651; deposited at the Museo Municipal Argentino Urquiza, Rincón de los Sauces, Neuquén, Argentina). We tentatively refer it to an indeterminate titanosaur sauropod due to the presence of an opisthocoelic articulation and an internal pneumatic camellate condition. Three kinds of marks are preserved on the lateroventral face of the centrum: large and deep parallel marks, small and shallow longitudinal marks, and deep oval holes that we tentatively consider as punctures. These fossil marks can be considered to be feeding traces produced by a large-bodied carnivore to deflesh the bone and/or to obtain bone nutrients, probably during a single scavenging event. The marks and the punctures on the vertebral centrum can be referred to a theropod dinosaur due to their pattern and distribution. Viavenator exxoni (Filippi et al., 2016) represents the most likely trace-maker candidate among the several theropod and crocodile taxa present in the Bajo de la Carpa Formation fossil record. The fossil feeding traces reported here improve our knowledge about the feeding behaviour of large scavengers in the north of the Neuquén Basin, at least during the Santonian.

The registration of non-traditional trademarks in China: a cautious approach

Traditionally, trademarks convey source information to consumers through the use of words, letters, or numerals. The types of signs that are nowadays considered as being capable of constituting a trademark have expanded beyond words or figurative devices. Although non-traditional trademarks have received wide acceptance in many jurisdictions, the hurdle for obtaining registration appears to be higher than for traditional marks. Two issues have figured predominantly in the debate over protection for non-traditional marks: distinctiveness and functionality. Applications for non-traditional trademarks in China have given rise to a number of judicial decisions. The jurisprudence in China has taken a cautious approach in making decisions on a case-by-case basis, depending on the kind of mark in question. After a brief introduction to non-traditional marks, section 2 interprets the trademark definition in the China Trademark Law and reviews the extent to which non-traditional marks might be protected under the existing laws. Sections 3, 4, and 5 present a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the functionality and distinctiveness issues for three-dimensional marks, colour marks, and sound marks. Finally, the Conclusion highlights the main problems in the protection of non-traditional trademarks and proffers solutions for analysing distinctiveness and functionality issues for non-traditional marks.

Markings: Boundaries and Borders in Dementia Care Units

This visual essay discusses material markings in a nursing home and the boundaries and borders negotiated by them. Based on participant observations made through in-situ drawings in three dementia care units, I present two types of markings. The first kind of marking involves how other people wrote the names of residents on things as a way to distinguish them. The second type of marking involves how residents reconfigured materialities in different situations to make a space for themselves and/or other residents. I suggest that the ways in which seemingly trivial markings become entangled with residents’ identities and agencies require ethical responsiveness.

Moral Bars on Trade Mark Registration

This thesis considers the arguments for and against moral bars on trade mark registration and examines some important cases in the United Kingdom and before the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). Chapter 1 highlights some of the important milestones in the development of modern trade mark law and emphasises the important role international trade has played in both the motivations for, and development of, the modern trade mark regime. Chapter 2 examines the arguments for and against moral bars with a particular emphasis on the European perspective. Chapter 3 illustrates how it has been primarily through case law that the tests for registrability have been developed. It identifies the most important cases in the United Kingdom and before the EUIPO. Chapter 4 illustrates how different considerations may take precedence when assessing marks depending on the kind of offence they may cause. The author proposes a taxonomy of offensive marks and analyses each kind of mark using case law, primarily from the EUIPO. Chapter 5 draws some conclusions based on this taxonomy and proposes some modifications to the current European trade mark regime. Appendix I presents the author's compilation of relevant extracts from the legislation of World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)members.

Forensic Mark Examination of Vehicle Keys

The inspection of a key by an expert mark examiner covers evaluation of technological traces, presumption of origin, falsification related mark examinations, search marks of duplicator and sampler equipment, as well as identification, recognition of shape characteristics and therefore decoding. The author on the basis of his several decades of experience demonstrates that a vehicle key belonging to a car is the most important safeguarding gadget, what kind of marks it may bear, and how it could be read in the aspect of forensic tool mark examination.

Readability dependence on lithography conditions for printing code marks using a squared optical fiber matrix and light-emitting diodes

The direct readability of code marks printed using a new exposure system was investigated. In the new exposure system, code-mark patterns were printed using LEDs as exposure sources and squared optical-fiber ends as code-mark elements. A 10 × 10 fiber matrix was fabricated, and light emitted from each LED was led to each fiber. Because gaps appeared between the code-mark cells, a long exposure time was adopted, and the gaps between cells were eliminated by giving an overdose of light. After code-mark patterns were stably printed, their readability was investigated using a commercial code-mark reader. It was found that all the printed code marks were readable without errors. In concrete, same 100 identical marks printed on a wafer were readable. Moreover, six kinds of marks were repeatedly detected more than 100 times with no reading errors.

The Korean Punctuation Systems

Currently, the concept of punctuation marks organized by the National Institute of Korean Language involves minimum punctuation marks that help communication between a writer and a reader. There are no traditional marks and instead, all of them reflect the Western punctuation marks. The former reflects the writer’s situation and functions in a sentence unit while the latter functions in a text unit which is related to the reading activity. The Korean traditional punctuation marks indicate the result of understanding the text. This means that Korean punctuation marks were developed in connection with learning. The punctuation was developed, at first, from making the punctuation marks in order to understand Chinese when the Koreans accepted Chinese letters. Further, whenever they faced new letters, they developed several kinds of marking. This is why there is a conceptual gap between the traditional punctuation and the current punctuation marks. This research thoroughly examines Korean traditional punctuation marks and discusses how Korean traditional punctuations can be classified in the same category with the current punctuation marks.

File sharing: Reading the index in Rosalind Krauss and Wim Crouwel

Abstract As reading formats have become more varied, the moment of encounter between a reader and a text has also shifted. Readers of printed matter might take notes in margins, underline passages, or leave other handwritten traces of their interaction with a text. Electronic devices, however, tend to lend themselves less easily to mark making, and despite options for making digital notations and comments, the visual record of the moment of reading is lost more often than not. The PDF is a form of electronic text that can bear interesting traces and point to a text’s past life as a printed object through visual cues like page dimensions and typographic layout. We often see traces of the life of a text during that period after it has been authored, but before it reaches a reader, as it passed through the hands of designers, computers, printers, scanners, librarians and other ‘file sharers’. This is especially true for texts that were first published in print before the advent of digital publishing, and were scanned in and converted to PDF. This visual essay examines two kinds of marks – those made by readers and those made by the ‘intermediaries’ who handled a text before it was converted to PDF: first, examples of marks made by students reading printed copies of a 1976 essay entitled ‘Notes on the index, part 1’, by art historian Rosalind Krauss; second, traces left on a PDF of the 1970 essay ‘Type design in the computer age’, by graphic designer Wim Crouwel, which was acquired through a university library system.

Using Natural Marks to Estimate Free-Ranging Dog Canis Familiaris Abundance in a Mark-Resight Framework in Suburban Mumbai, India

Free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris) are a major conservation issue in the tropics and adopt many ecological roles, alternatively functioning as predators, prey, or competitors of wildlife in diverse environments. Dogs are also potential reservoirs of disease that can be transmitted to both wildlife and people. Therefore a range of management interventions have been suggested to control dog populations. In order to monitor interventions to decrease dog populations, estimates of their population size are important and such methods need to be time- and cost-effective. We describe here a potential method that uses natural marks on dogs along with counts of non-marked individuals in a mark-resight framework to estimate the abundance of free-ranging dogs in a suburban area in India. Using the logit-normal mixed effects estimator to incorporate the effects of individual resighting heterogeneity, we found a total ( Nj) of 680.64 ± 34.06 (95% CI = 617.22 – 751.35) dogs in the study area, with an overall mean resighting probability of 0.53 ± 0.03 (95% CI = 0.47 – 0.58). This corresponds to a density estimate of 57 dogs km−2 (CI = 51 – 63). Given that certain assumptions are met, this method may be useful to estimate abundance of dogs where other kinds of marks may be unavailable or impractical. This method may be applied to other species of feral animals as well, where some proportion of a population has distinct natural marks.

교과서에 표현된 복소수와 이에 대한 학생들의 이해 실태 분석

In this study, contents of `the 2007 revised curriculum handbook` and 16 kinds of mathematics textbooks were analyzed first. The purpose of this study is to examine the understanding state of students at general high schools by making questionnaires to survey the understanding state on contents of chapter of complex number based on above analysis. Results of research can be summarized as follows. First, the content of chapter of complex number in textbook was not logically organized. In the introduction of imaginary number unit, two kinds of marks were presented without any reason and it has led to two kinds of notation of negative square root. There was no explanation of difference between delimiter symbol and operator symbol at all. The concepts were presented as definition without logical explanations. Second, students who learned with textbook in which problems were pointed out above did not have concept of complex number for granted, and recognized it as expansion of operation of set of real numbers. It meant that they were confused of operation of complex numbers and did not form the image about number system itself of complex number. Implications from this study can be obtained as follows. First, as we came over to the 7th curriculum, the contents of chapter of complex number were too abbreviated to have the logical configuration of chapter in order to remove the burden for learning. Therefore, the quantitative expansion and logical configuration fit to the level for high school students corresponding to the formal operating stage are required for correct configuration of contents of chapter. Second, teachers realize the importance of chapter of complex number and reconstruct the contents of chapter to let students think conceptually and logically.

Morphometrical Analysis on Cut Marks Using a 3D Digital Microscope

ABSTRACTMicroscopic analysis represents a powerful tool for understanding taphonomy. Our work, as in other studies, aims to identify the origin of different kinds of marks on bones. In this paper, we test the application of a HIROX Digital Microscope KH‐7700. This microscope captures 3D images of the bone surface, thus bringing into focus the whole section of striations. This enables the direct observation of their shape from several points of view and the relatively rapid procurement of a variety of measurements (e.g. depth, breadth, angles). This technology has been applied to several butchery experiments, in which both stone and metal tools have been used to produce cut marks on skeletal elements. The morphometrical parameters presented in this paper enabled the correct identification of the different origins of experimental striations and were further tested on two archaeological sets of cut marks inflicted by both metal blades and flint flakes or tools. Therefore, the obtained experimental records constitute a useful database for archaeological remains. The morphometrical parameters developed and implemented in this study represent objective criteria for identifying the origin of cut marks which can be processed through statistical analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A BRACKET POLYNOMIAL FOR GRAPHS, IV: UNDIRECTED EULER CIRCUITS, GRAPH-LINKS AND MULTIPLY MARKED GRAPHS

In earlier work we introduced the graph bracket polynomial of graphs with marked vertices, motivated by the fact that the Kauffman bracket of a link diagram D is determined by a looped, marked version of the interlacement graph associated to a directed Euler system of the universe graph of D. Here we extend the graph bracket to graphs whose vertices may carry different kinds of marks, and we show how multiply marked graphs encode interlacement with respect to arbitrary (undirected) Euler systems. The extended machinery brings together the earlier version and the graph-links of Ilyutko and Manturov [J. Knot Theory Ramifications18 (2009) 791–823]. The greater flexibility of the extended bracket also allows for a recursive description much simpler than that of the earlier version.

Lichen Bioerosion on Fossil Vertebrates from the Cenozoic of Patagonia and Antarctica

Different traces occur on fossil bones and teeth coming from the Early Miocene Gaiman Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). Most traces were attributed to the action of terrestrial and marine predators and scavengers. However, other traces on bones and teeth from this unit and one tooth from the Eocene La Meseta Formation (Antarctica) are attributed to chemical corrosion by lichens in recent times, that is, in a very late diagenetic time. The living lichens and calcium oxalate deposits occurring on the traces and their particular pattern indicates that they were not produced by vegetal roots. The lichens include reproductive structures which allowed a proper determination. A kind of corrosion pattern (Type 1) on bones and teeth from Patagonia is associated to Sarcogyne orbicularis Körber, Verrucaria sp. Schrad, and Buellia aff. punctiformis (Hoff.) Massal. The lichen Aspicilia aff. aquatica produced rounded holes on an Antarctic tooth (Type 2). On the same tooth, the epilithic lichen Caloplaca sp. Th. Fries did not leave any kind of mark on the enameloid.

Wolf Pack Territory Marking in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland)

Summary We analysed data on territory marking with urine, scats, and ground scratching by wolves (Canis lupus) belonging to four packs in the BiaA owie C Primeval Forest, Poland. The aims were to determine: (1) seasonal variation in the marking rates, (2) signie cance of various kinds of marking in territory demarcation, and (3) relationship between spatial distribution of wolves’ marking and their use of territory. Continuous radio-tracking and subsequent snow tracking of the collared wolves were the main methods. Deposition rates of scats showed little variation in time and space, whereas rates of urine marking and ground scratching showed large seasonal and spatial variation. Wolf marking rates with urine and ground scratching were highest during the cold season (October-March) and peaked during the mating season, in January and February. Marking intensity did not grow with the number of wolves in a pack, and per capita rates of marking were highest in wolves travelling singly or in pairs. Mean marking rates per km of wolf trail were low in the core areas of territories, and increased

Basic Lithofacies‐Succession Model for the Wumishan Cyclothems: Their Markov Chain Analysis and Regularly Vertical Stacking Patterns in the Third‐Order Sequences

Abstract The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian section of Tianjin is a succession of 3300‐m‐thick carbonate strata formed in a period of about 100 Ma (1310 ± 20 Ma‐1207 ± 10 Ma). In this succession of strata, the carbonate metre‐scale cyclic sequences belonging to peritidal type with an approximately symmetrical lithofacies‐succession are best developed. The wide development of 1:4 stacking patterns shows that these metre‐scale cyclic sequences are genetically related to the short‐eccentricity cycles, which are called the Wumishan cyclothems that could truly represent sedimentary cycles. Generally, massive and thick‐bedded calcareous dolomites and dolomitic limestones of stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms constitute the central part of the Wumishan cyclothems. The lower and upper parts consist of tidal flat dolostones, sandy‐muddy dolostone and the top part is composed of lagoonal facies dolomitic shales with a paleosol cap. Therefore, an approximately symmetrical lithofacies‐succession is formed. Many features such as the clear deepening and shoaling vectors of cyclothems, and all kinds of marks of fresh‐water diagenesis indicate that the Wumishan cyclothems are the product of autocyclic sedimentation governed by allocyclic high‐frequency sea‐level changes. The results of a Markov chain analysis reaffirm the existence of the lithofacies‐succession model of the Wumishan cyclothems. The boundaries of the Wumishan cyclothems are marked by the instantaneous exposed punctuated surface, which leads to the discrepancy between the cyclothems and the parasequences of the sequence stratigraphy terminology system. It is difficult to form a judgment that the time span of the Milankovitch cycles in the Precambrian is certainly equal to that of the Phanerozoic, but the regularly vertical stacking patterns of the seventh‐order rhythms, sixth‐order cyclothems and fifth‐order parasequence sets still indicate their consistency with the duration of the Milankovitch cycles in the Phanerozoic.

Teachers' Assessment Practices: Preparation, Isolation, and the Kitchen Sink

A sample of 143 midwestern elementary and secondary school teachers from a variety of practice settings responded to a survey and provided comments regarding their assessment practices The purpose of the survey was to collect background (demographic) information on the teachers and information on several assessment-related practices, including frequency with which teachers assign routine class assignments, types of marks used to report student performance, frequency and grading of major assignments and tests, source of classroom tests, kinds of marks used, methods used to combine marks, meaning of grades, teachers' knowledge and perceptions regarding district grading policies, and teachers' awareness of the grading policies of their peers. Interviews with the teachers provided additional insights into their practices. Results indicated that teachers' assessment practices were highly variable and unpredictable from characteristics such as practice setting, gender, years of experience, grade level, or famil...