Kind Of Marker Research Articles

Russian Preposition Grammar: on the Variability of Position in the Syntaxeme

The aim of this study is to investigate positional patterns of the preposition in the syntaxeme with “paired” pronouns, in particular, to consider possibilities and reasons for pattern usage of Russian prepositions with the pronoun друг друга. The study is based on extensive factual material obtained by continuous sampling from the Russian National Corpus. The frequency of antepositional, interpositional, and postpositional patterns of prepositions in syntaxemes at different time periods has been estimated.Along with the expected interpositional usage of non-derivative prepositions, instances of their antepositional usage and the reasons for their usage have been defined. An increase in such usage has been seen for the past 20 years.It has been found that the functioning of derived prepositions with the pronoun друг друга is determined, first of all, by the degree of their “assimilation” in the language. The interposition of derivative prepositions is similar to non-derivative ones and shows the weakening of bonds with the notional derivative word. The pronoun друг друга, as well as the forms of third-person personal pronouns, serve as a kind of marker while adapting new forms of prepositions in the language. Multi-component prepositions have the ability to be used interpositionally, but this is rarely the case.

New Insights into Polymorphisms in Candidate Genes Associated with Incidence of Postparturient Endometritis in Ossimi Sheep (Ovis aries)

This study examined the genes related to immunity, metabolism, and antioxidants that may interact with the prevalence of postpartum endometritis in Ossimi sheep. We used fifty endometritis-positive Ossimi sheep and fifty that appeared to be normal. For the purpose of taking blood samples, each ewe had its jugular vein pierced. Nucleotide sequence differences for the immunological (alpha-2-macroglobulin, toll-like receptor 2, transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 3, high-mobility group box 1, Fc alpha and Mu receptor, and inducible nitric oxide synthase), metabolic (ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 20, potassium sodium-activated channel subfamily T member 2, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4, FKBP prolyl isomerase 5, and relaxin family peptide receptor 1), and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit s5, and Heme oxygenase-1) genes were found among sheep with endometritis and those in good condition utilizing PCR-DNA sequencing. Fisher’s exact test revealed a significant difference in the probability of dispersal of all significant nucleotide changes between ewe groups with and without endometritis (p ˂ 0.01). In endometritis ewes, there was a considerable up-regulation of the expression levels of A2M, TLR2, IRAK3, HMGB1, FCAMR, iNOS, ADAMTS20, KCNT2, MAP3K4, FKBP5, RXFP1, and HMOX1. Conversely, there was a down-regulation of the genes that encode TGF-β, SOD, CAT, and NDUFS5. The kind of marker and its frequency in postparturient endometrtits significantly impacted the transcript levels of the indicators under analysis. The results validate that nucleotide changes and gene manifestation outlines in these candidates are significant predictors of the prevalence of endometritis in sheep.

The use of entropy and information analysis to estimate the milk productivity of the Black-and-White dairy breed cows depending on their lineal affiliation

In modern realities, an important place for the effective management of the cattle breeding industry is a properly implemented selection and breeding process with the sampling of cows that are marked by the highest indicators of a set of productive qualities. In this case, the application of entropy and information analysis is one of the most expedient, as it makes it possible to assess the economic and useful qualities of animals as fully as possible. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and analyze the degree of organization of the biological system of dairy cattle productive traits under the influence of hereditary factors such as the age and origin of cows. During the research, methods generally accepted in zootechnics and methods using information and entropy analysis, which are adapted and modified in animal husbandry, were used. The data obtained from the entropy and information analysis show that for cattle of the Black-and-White breed of different lineal affiliations, the level of organization of systems varies – R from 0.009 to 1.341 bits. Moreover, the most stable trait from the point of view of variability was the fat content in milk, the level of unconditional entropy in the section of lactations was equal to 3.333-4.550 bits, which indicates a smaller influence of disorganized factors on the level of manifestation of this trait, and a greater dependence on hereditary factors, i.e. origin. Although in general, a reliable influence of the lineal affiliation of cows on indicators of unconditional entropy and organization of the system was not established, the influence of the age factor on indicators of entropy was observed. Thus, the researched livestock is not characterized by uniformity and consolidation in terms of the main selection characteristics, except for the fat content in milk, which indicates a wide range of variability and serves as a flexible material both for selection and breeding work and for increasing the level of milk productivity. Therefore, the use of empirical data of information theory can be a kind of marker when predicting hereditary traits of a particular productivity, since entropy and information analysis provides wider and deeper values of trait variability

Особенности вынесения приговоров Московским революционным трибуналом по делам духовенства и верующих в 1918–1920-е гг.

The article analyzes the cases of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal, directed against the clergy and believers, deposited in the funds of the Central State Archive of the Moscow region. Along with high-profile processes, such as the "Case of the Council of United Parishes" ("The case of A.D. Samarin, N.D. Kuznetsov") 1919-1920, the Moscow trials ("The 1st and 2nd trials of churchmen") of 1922, which resulted from a campaign to seize church values, the author examines lesser-known cases accusing rural clergy of resisting the Decree on the separation of Church and state and counter-revolutionary activities. Analyzing the sentences of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal handed down in the period of 1918-1920s. with regard to the clergy and clergy, as well as laypeople, the author comes to the conclusion that the main purpose of the tribunal was a policy of intimidation of the clergy and believers, demonstration of the omnipotence of the new government and the permissiveness of its punitive bodies. The general trend in the work of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal was the practice of issuing initial demonstratively harsh sentences, which were immediately replaced by lighter, and sometimes even conditional, sentences at the same meeting of the tribunal. In some cases, the mitigation of sentences took place in several stages, as a result, even those initially sentenced to death were released within 2-3 years after arrest. The article notes that most of the clergy tried by the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal no longer left the field of view of the organs of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD and were subsequently arrested, many more than once. For them, the fact of conviction and even acquittal by the revolutionary tribunal became a kind of marker that marked the future victims of the repressive system.

Тукаеведение в Германии: взгляд немецкого ученого Михаэля Фридериха

The research aims to trace changes in the attitude to the creative work of the Tatar poet Gabdulla Tukay in a historical retrospective based on the monograph “Gabdulla Tukay as an Object of Ideological Struggle” by the German Turkologist Michael Friederich. Using a number of examples, the paper shows that this work not only reflects the latest trends in foreign literary studies, but also is a kind of marker in foreign Tukay studies. M. Friederich explores scientific research of the Soviet period devoted to G. Tukay’s life and work both in the historical and political context, noting various objective and subjective factors that influenced the assessment and interpretation, gives original interpretations that differ from the prevailing Soviet ideologemes. Scientific novelty of the paper lies in determining the development of current trends in literary criticism in relation to G. Tukay in 1913-1980, in describing its evolution. The research findings amount to the substantiation of the influence that ideologies of various historical periods had on the literary criticism of G. Tukay’s creative work and to the identification of the attitude to this criticism and G. Tukay’s creative work of a scholar from a different culture.

High DNA stainability (HDS) should not be recommended as a marker for the detection of sperm DNA damage.

There was a marker of high DNA stainability (HDS) in the detection of sperm DNA damage, which was defined as the sperm with high green stainability (HIGRN). The sperm with normal double-stranded DNA was stained green by acridine orange (AO). However, the sperm with high green fluorescence or HDS were thought of as immature sperm or the sperm with poor chromatin condensation. Some previous literature reported that the proportion of sperm with HDS increased with age, and had a certain correlation with the poor outcome of assisted reproductive technology. Recently, several articles reported that the marker of HDS decreased linearly with age, which was obviously inconsistent with that reported by the previous literature. In this case, what kind of marker is HDS? Is it worth studying? After extensively reading the literature related to HDS and flow cytometry related books and performing a series of studies related to the detection of sperm DNA damage, we believe that the establishment of HDS in the detection of sperm DNA damage has no theoretical basis and also no support of evidence-based medicine and that using HDS as a marker in the detection of sperm DNA integrity is inappropriate.

CXCR6-based immunotherapy in autoimmune, cancer and inflammatory infliction

T cells, including both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, play a pivotal role in mediating various inflammation and immune disorders. A long-standing challenge in T cell-based immunotherapy is to precisely inactivate or delete the pathogenic T cells in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, or to selectively expand the immunocompetent T cell in tumor or other immune compromised situations, without inducing global immunosuppression or zealous immune activation respectively. To achieve this, a specific marker is needed to differentiate the pathogenic or immunocompetent T cell among the rests. Indeed, recent progress of immunology strongly suggests that CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6, CD186) is such a kind of marker. Here, we review the emerging role of CXCR6 as a novel target for immunotherapy and discuss the underlying mechanism. We propose that CXCR6-based immunotherapy will play a significant role in autoimmune, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), tumor, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and even ageing-related inflammatory infliction.

ПРАВОПИС І ВИМОВА СЛІВ З ІНШОМОВНОЮ ЧАСТИНОЮ ЕКС

The article on the material of online publications considers a new rule of Ukrainian spelling on writing words with the prefixoid ex-. The material of the research showed that the mass media welcomed the introduction of a new rule on writing common names with ex-, as evidenced by a large number of innovations. Neologisms with the ex- component most often appear in the headlines of news items. Their number is constantly increasing. Obviously, the productivity of this type of word-formation comes from the need to save “newspaper space” in order to convey the content of the message as compactly and concisely as possible. The analysis of more than 100 units allowed us to conclude that many innovations do not correspond to the nature of the Ukrainian language, its melodiousness, the structure of phonemic chains, the rules of composition, accentuation, etc. The absence of a hyphen in the new words, which used to be a kind of marker between the prefixoid and the root, leads to the unrecognizability of a word, misreading and, consequently, unwanted homonymy (експрессекретар, експре- саташе). Due to the spelling of common names with ex- without a hyphen, the number of words with the accumulation of consonants and their uncharacteristic for the Ukrainian language combination increased. This makes them difficult to pronounce. From the point of view of the structure of the Ukrainian language, its melodiousness words like ексчленкиня, ексміськголова, екстопменеджер are unacceptable. All this gives grounds to conclude that the rule of writing common names with extogether needs to be revised. Moreover, there are exceptions to this rule, which envisage writing ex- with proper names and abbreviations with a hyphen. Returning to the old norm will uniformize the spelling of all words with ex- and reduce the number of exceptions in spelling.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS “MOSCOW, THIRD ROME” AND “MOSCOW, NEW ISRAEL” AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EPILOGUE TO COLLECTION OF 1647

In the ancient Russian writings of the Moscow State era, the formulas “Moscow, third Rome” and “Moscow, new Israel” or “new Jerusalem” are noticeably widespread. By the early 17th century they developed into full-fledged concepts that serve as means of self-identification. The idea of “Moscow, new Jerusalem” did not receive a clear theoretical form, although it was more widespread in writings. This leads to the fact that it is often understood by researchers only as a verbal formula. In the article, it is considered as an original alternative concept that allows to adjust the specific content of the theory “Moscow, third Rome”. The genesis of these two concepts, their theoretical and ideological content, as well as their fate in the literature and historical and political discourse of the 17th century are traced. The question of the relationship between the political and church ambitions of Muscovy, expressed in these theories, is investigated. This perspective allows us to consider the choice of the scribes of the formula «new Jerusalem» in the epilogue to the Collection of 1647 as a kind of marker indicating the sociopolitical tonality of the writing. The author of the article proceeds from the conviction that extraliterary factors are of no less importance than literary factors in studies of Old Russian literature.

Biomarkers for detecting prostate cancer: Protocol for an umbrella review with integrated network meta-analysis.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is common, with it being the 2nd most prevalent cancer in men worldwide and the 6th leading cause of death in men. Screening for any type of cancer aims to increase the chances of successful treatment through early detection of the disease. There were some systematic reviews (SRs) evaluated the diagnostic value of biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa and no studies have been conducted to analyze the quality of these SRs. We are not clear which kind of marker is the best choice. Thus, this study aims to assess the methodologic quality of the SRs and reanalyze the published data based on SRs for the biomarkers to find the optimal biomarker for the early diagnosis of PCa. We performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library and to identify relevant SRs from inception to April 2019. Diagnostic accuracy studies included any type of single biomarker or combined biomarkers aimed at evaluating the diagnostic value is considered eligible for this overview. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) instrument will be used to evaluate the risk of bias of the included SRs. Standard pairwise meta-analysis and adjusted indirect comparison will be used to compare the diagnostic value of different biomarkers. The results of this study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. This study will reanalyze the published data based on SRs. We hope that the results will help find a biomarker with the superior diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of PCa. CRD42019125880.

Architectural framing in the iconostasis as an instrument of commenting on the sacred image

Before the seventeenth century, the icons in the Ukrainian iconostasis did not have frames as an arch or a blind arcade. The epistyles with images of Deesis of fourteenth – sixteenth century have not frames at all or the figures are divided by the rectangular pictorial frames. However, from the beginning of the seventeenth century, the icons of apostles in a Deesis row had already framing by carved frames like as the blind arcade. This practice quickly spreads and becomes the rule for the representation of apostles at the iconostasis throughout the seventeenth century. The Christian origins of tradition to decorate sacral images by blind arcade to be continue from Byzantium. It is very important that this design of the icons is characteristic of the Byzantine templons. The epistyles of templons from the twelfth – fifteenth century are mostly framing by blind arcade. The same principle of decoration is passed to the Balkans, where the blind arcade also is fixed in the design of the Deesis row. I argue that the blind arcade in the Ukrainian iconostasis in the design of the Deesis row comes from the Balkans The introduction of frames in the form of a blind arcade for icons of the Deesis row created compositional parallels between Ukrainian iconostasis and the iconostasis of the Balkans. This unity of the used compositional formulas reinforced the relationship of the Ukrainian iconostasis with the Balkan, and visually showed its Byzantine origins. On the basis of artistic and written sources, I demonstrate that blind arcade emphasized the eschatological meanings of the Deesis row. It was also a kind of marker that indicated the presence of this row in the multilevel structure of the monumental Ukrainian iconostasis of the seventeenth century.

Паратекстуальность ранней публицистики М. Горького (1895—1901)

On the material of the first introduced into scientific circulation articles published by M. Gorky in the Nizhny Novgorod press of 1895-1901, the analysis of the functions of pseudonyms as a significant component of the paratext is carried out. As a result of the work, it is established that the pseudonyms chosen and invented by the writer reflect the genre specificity of his feuilletons, essays, bibliographic notes, reviews and replicas, being a kind of marker of the author’s position. It is noted that this kind of paratext as a pseudonym gave the writer’s journalism an additional semantic and emotional impulse, formed the perception of the problems of his feuilletons, which was confirmed by the detailed analysis of the structure and function of the abbreviated form of the pseudonym “I. Khl.” By this example of this pseudonym which is an abbreviation of the nickname “Iegudiil Khlamida,” the authors show that this truncation of the name is due to issues of materials published by Gorky and their presentation. It is proved that pseudonym alludes to the facts, meaning of which is far beyond the interest of the provincial newspaper, and to the role of the author of articles covering not only local problems; for example, in the feuilletons devoted to “the Cretan question,” the author acts as a political observer of international events.

FUNCTIONS OF VANDALISM IN YOUTH BEHAVIOUR: FROM PERSONALITY TO SOCIETY

Introduction.Graphic vandalism has become a widespread phenomenon in the space of modern cities. Traditionally, vandalism has been assessed as a negative phenomenon, leading to the destruction of the material, visual and social environment of urban public space. Recently, however, the discourse on the positive meaning of certain forms of vandalism (graffiti, street art, etc.) has been activated. At the same time, there is no discussion of the role and influence of vandalism on public and individual life, although, like any socio-cultural and socio-psychological phenomenon, vandalism has the basis and carries certain messages.Theaimof this research was to identify and describe the functions of graphic vandalism, taking into account socio-cultural and socio-psychological aspects.Methodology and research methods.The study was conducted in the spatial environment of the megalopolis (Ekaterinburg, Russia) by photographing results of vandal acts (more than 6000 photographs) with subsequent trace-assessment and content analysis of images.Results and scientific novelty.The structural functions of vandalism at the socio-environmental and individual-subjective levels are identified and characterised. The signalling and designing functions, preparation of social changes and management of public mood are referred to the first level. At the second (individual-subjective) level, the demonstrative-and-protest function, functions of reactions, compensation and self-expression are allocated. The functions are illustrated with the examples of visual representations. A two-dimensional model of vandalism functions is formed, where the functions are distributed in the spaces of “construction / reconstruction”, “emotional regulation / moral regulation”. It is noted that any function of vandal activity at the individual level becomes a kind of marker “points of tension” at the socio-environmental level. The functional variety of vandalism becomes the reason of its ambiguous perception with diverse and occasionally contradictory estimates. The authors came to the conclusion that vandalism is socially considered as the evolutionary managerial instrument of social development, which is capable to weaken impermeability of the normatively and traditionally established limits, providing adjustability of the cultural and material environment in the conditions of innovative and mobilisation changes of society. From the perspective of the personality, vandalism is concerned as individual behaviour over the socially defined limits of activity among ordinary members of the society. Thus, vandalism as the phenomenon of public life acts as a norm and a deviation, to which an assessment is given in dependence on functional significance and subject self-identification of the specific vandal act.Practical significance.The research materials and the results obtained can be used to improve and optimise the technologies for management youth vandal activity in megapolises, for prevention and sublimation of destructive forms of youth behaviour in an urban environment.

Формування видавничого напряму української інклюзивної літератури як новітнього тренду розвитку видавничої справи

The publishing industry is a kind of marker that reflects the real state of the society in many aspects: cultural development, socio-economic situation, state of technological development. The latest publishing trends emerge as a response to the modern needs and challenges of humanity and have not only a consequential nature, but also somehow form the cultural trends. In the context of globalization and the active use of digital technology, the issues such as accessibility, barrier, inclusiveness are on the agenda of world publishers. One of the most effective steps on this way is development and promotion of inclusive literature through formation of comprehensive publishing industry. To realze this, the publishing industry faces a number of tasks: educational work among the population, updating the printing base, introducing innovative technologies, training professional personnel from inclusive publishing industry, analytical work, introduction of motivational means. The article is devoted to the analysis of current state of inclusive literature publishing in the context of formation of the newest publishing trend. The international experience of using inclusive editions for educational purposes is explored. To achieve this objective the following tasks are fulfilled in the process of research: a definition of inclusive literature as a separate publishing dimension is formulated; the international experience in studying the issue and level of readers’ awareness of Ukrainian inclusive editionss are studied; the expediency of a comprehensive selection of editions of inclusive literature into a separate dimension is substantiated; the achievements and outstanding problems on the outlined topic are ascertained; the tasks are set and the practical proposals on realization of the certain issue are represented. The peculiarities, outstanding problems and achievements of inclusive literature editions in Ukraine are determined. It is concluded that the publishing dimension of inclusive literature in Ukraine is extremely relevant taking into account active introduction of inclusive education and growth of readership. This topic is not well-researched and has a high social and scientific potential.

Mining of genic SNPs and diversity evaluation of landraces in loquat

With the development of next-generation sequencing technologies, the exploitation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from transcriptome sequences has gained more attention and this kind of marker is widely utilized in plant genetic research. In this study, genic SNP markers derived from transcriptome sequences were identified from 26 loquat cultivars. A total length of 4183bp using 9 sets of primers was sequenced and used for alignments. From this, 103 SNPs, with a frequency of one SNP per 41bp, were found, which were comprised of 55 transitions, 37 transversions, 8 InDels and 3 other types. Among these SNPs, the percentage of transitions and transversions in A/G, C/T, G/T, A/T, G/C and A/C were 31.1% (32), 22.3% (23), 13.6% (14), 11.7% (12), 6.8% (7) and 3.9% (4), respectively. Of these SNP genotypes, 84 were detected as homozygotes in the 26 loquat cultivars, and 8 heterozygous SNPs were found in some cultivars. Cluster analysis of the 26 loquat cultivars was also carried out using the SNPs data, and a phylogenetic tree constructed showed that all the cultivars were separated well, and clustered into several groups which basically corresponds to the genetic background of them. The newly identified genic SNPs in this study will provide powerful tools in molecular studies for cultivar identification, genetic diversity analyses and marker-assisted selection breeding in loquat.

P182. Patterns of gait-related electrophysiological activity in the human subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson’s disease

Problems during gait constitute a severe disability for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and lead to significant limitations during their daily life, especially in later stages of the disease. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are crucial for important aspects of motor processes and are used as target areas for deep brain stimulation therapy of the motor symptoms associated with PD. Investigations of the (patho)-physiology of these structures during gait should therefore contribute to our understanding of the neuronal processes involved during normal movement and clarify if symptom-specific pathological neuronal activity can be characterized. For this purpose, we investigated the electric local field potentials of the subthalamic nucleus of 12 patients with PD recorded from deep brain stimulation electrodes during walking and during rest. Simultaneously, the movement of the patients was recorded with inertial sensor units and subsequently analyzed in parallel to the electrophysiological activity. In this way, gait patterns like normal walking or akinetic freezing epochs can be reconstructed and their specific neuronal activity can be described with the analysis of the electrophysiological recordings. Attenuation of oscillations in the beta frequency band (12–35 Hz) can be observed in patients without freezing epochs during normal walking as compared to rest. In contrast, patients with freezing epochs show an increase in lower beta frequency (12–22 Hz) amplitude during walking as compared to rest as well as freezing epochs themselves show increased lower beta frequency as compared to normal walking and rest. Both, patients with nearly regular gait and patients with akinetic epochs did show an increase in the gamma frequency band (35–90 Hz) during movement. Our results show that an increase of oscillations in the lower beta band is highly correlated with severe freezing epochs and might possibly play a causal role for akinesia in PD. Such a symptom-specific and characteristic electrophysiological fingerprint could be used as a kind of marker of pathological neuronal activity for the adjustment of the deep brain stimulation therapy in a closed-loop fashion.

VALUE OF FECAL CALPROTECTIN AS A NON-INVASIVE MARKER DIFFERENTIATING ORGANIC FROM FUNCTIONAL BOWEL DISEASES

Background: Bowel diseases are very common, most of them are functional not organic in nature but clinicians suffer a lot in differentiating between the two categories especially the management is completely different. The symptoms of functional bowel diseases can be very similar to organic inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis. In many cases the definitive diagnosis needs invasive procedures including lower colonoscopy and biopsy for histopathological documentation. Aim of the work: To evaluate the clinical value of fecal calprotectin as a non invasive marker differentiating organic from functional bowel diseases in correlation with endoscopic and histopathological examinations. Subjects and methods: The study included 40 patients, selected to represent 2 groups: group (I) included 20 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) proved by colonoscopy and histopathology who further subdivided into sub-groups according to activity and site of involvement; and group (II) included 20 patients who had symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and in whom colonoscopy was found to be normal served as control. All participants were subjected to thorough history taking, physical examination and routine laboratory investigations. Calprotectin in feces was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Fecal calprotectin concentration in the patients with UC was significantly higher than in patients with IBS (Mean values ± SD; 201.7 ± 46.7 μg/g vs, 22.3 ± 10.1 μg/g, P < 0.01). A significant difference was also found in the patients with active UC in comparison to UC patients without sign of activity (Mean values ± SD; 220.2 ± 31.1 μg/g vs, 167.3 ± 23.9 μg/g, P<0.05). The sensitivity of fecal calprotectin at cut off value 195.5 μg/g; as activity marker of UC was 82.2 % while its specificity was 85.7 %., Positive predictive value was 90.1% and negative predictive was 66.6%. Conclusion: Fecal calprotectin can differentiate with great acceptance between organic and functional bowel diseases and can be used as a rational fecal marker for intestinal inflammation in clinical practice. This kind of marker is relatively precise, simple and noninvasive and could give a crude idea about the activity of the lesions.

Restricted dispersal of the reef fish Myripristis berndti at the scale of the SW Indian Ocean

The reef fish Myripristis berndti (Jordan & Everman 1903) is a pantropical species. A genetic analysis was conducted on 353 individuals from 10 localities distributed across the SW Indian Ocean (SWIO) in order to determine patterns of connectivity in the SWIO. Both the mtDNA sequences (711-bp cytochrome b sequences) and the microsatellites (8 newly developed loci) reveal spatial patterns of differentiation within the SWIO. There is, however, a discrepancy between the structure observed with each kind of marker. MtDNA revealed that 3 peripheral populations (NW Kenya, SE Reunion, and SW Europa) were isolated from the 7 more central populations, which form a more densely connected population network, while microsatellite data indicated a more restricted connectivity with significant differentiation between most pairs of localities. Higher genetic differences between Reunion and Europa were found, which might be explained by geography and isolation by distance pattern. In contrast, the genetic signature of Kenya-the most divergent locality identified by mtDNA basis but not with microsatellite-was probably the consequence of a particular colonisation history. These results indicate a much more restricted connectivity than previously thought for this species.

Moving (in) the heterosexual matrix. On heteronormativity in secondary school physical education

Background: Studies on heteronormativity in PE either appear to have explored the experiences of and conditions for non-heterosexual students, or adopt a retrospective point of view. Further, the relation between heteronormativity and movement and how movement activities embody social norms and values related to gender and sexuality has not been explored in depth. Purpose: To explore the relation between movement and heteronormativity in PE as experienced by the students. Participants, setting and research design: The study is based on interviews with 24 students, aged 15 and 16 years and living in a big city area in Sweden. Each student was interviewed on three occasions, immediately following PE lessons visited by the researchers. Data collection: The interviews revolved around: (1) the students' social situation; (2) their sporting habits and interests; (3) their views about PE (aims, content, teaching methods, learning, assessment and grading); (4) their views of girls' and boys' conditions in PE; and (5) their views about body and movement. Data analysis: A discourse analysis was conducted, based on the interview as a whole, namely the interviewer's questions and comments and the interviewees' responses and possible counter-questions. Particular interest was directed towards linguistic regularities relating to norms and ideas about gender and sexuality. Findings: Heteronormativity conditions the way in which girls and boys (feel they can appropriately) engage in a certain movement activity and still be viewed as ‘normal’. In the PE classes we visited, being recognised as a ‘normal’ or straight girl presupposed a feminine appearance, a good coordinative and rhythmic ability, self-confidence in relation to partner dancing, and conversely, a lack of self-confidence and a reluctance to appear aggressive and competitive in connection with ball games. Boys who adopt that position might be apprehended as ‘effeminate’ or ‘poofs’ – unless they have some kind of status marker that can serve as a heterosexual alibi, like being popular and athletic. Being recognised as a ‘normal’ or straight boy presupposed a masculine appearance and confidence, i.e. aggressive and competitive behaviour, in team ball games. Girls who occupy that position might be perceived as ‘butch’ or ‘manly’ (perhaps as lesbians?) if they do not, correspondingly, have some kind of marker that can serve as a heterosexual alibi. This might include having a feminine appearance. Conclusions: Since heteronorms are embodied in and through movement, any attempt to challenge the heteronormative culture of PE teaching would have to carefully consider which kinds of activities to include in the PE curriculum, and to make it possible for the students to move in new ways. Such a strategy would include a critically reflexive approach among PE teachers towards the conventional endeavour to make the teaching ‘work’ without too much emphasis on exploring how students experience different physical activities.

L’adverbe alias en français

According to dictionary definitions, the adverb alias in French seems to be a metalinguistic adverb and a kind of marker of paraphrastic reformulation. However, its semantic value is not reduced to these two characteristics: not only does it have non-metalinguistic uses, but its strictly metalinguistic and paraphrastic uses appear, in fact, rather marginal. Its principal uses are betwixt and between, since they blend information about the referent and its names.