Kinds Of Land Research Articles

TWO DEMOTIC RECEIPTS OF r-rx=w

This article deals with two[i] demotic receipts of r-rx=w which kept in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo .the internal evidence refers to Gebelin provenance and late Ptolemaic period. These texts are known from the late Ptolemaic times to the Roman period. They are issued during the spring survey and cover both temple and king's land, 1and issued by the state agriculture office.2These texts were related to the cultivated land. The lands were not small were allotted to more than farmer to take care and till them. The lands were usually small had been allotted to one farmer. These kinds of lands were neglected, and the government aimed to be taken care and re-cultivated them. The farmers re-cultivated this neglected land without paying taxes for five years, then they must pay a reduced tax for another three years starting from the ninth year they must pay it fully.3

Fishing the profits for the smallholders through modern aquaculture technologies

Growing realization that aquaculture plays a vital role in sustaining income of small holding farmers and poverty alleviation of malnourish people world over. While India has made sufficiently fast progress in achieving production of 10.8 mt total fish production of which 7.2 mt (66.8%) comes from inland fisheries in which about 5.0 mt (71.41%) from aquaculture. Adoption of small scale aquaculture from small holders will boost the fish production of country by 2020 which full fill the target of GoI for doubling income of farmer and also provide additional livelihood option to the needy rural masses at grass root level of the country. The article briefly reviews the progress in aquaculture production in terms of economical benefit with specific reference to small holders. The study outlines future R&D needs in small scale agri-aquaculture pond based farming system for all kind of land including poor quality soil and water of the country in greater way.

A Framework for Flood Risk Analysis and Benefit Assessment of Flood Control Measures in Urban Areas.

Flood risk analysis is more complex in urban areas than that in rural areas because of their closely packed buildings, different kinds of land uses, and large number of flood control works and drainage systems. The purpose of this paper is to propose a practical framework for flood risk analysis and benefit assessment of flood control measures in urban areas. Based on the concept of disaster risk triangle (hazard, vulnerability and exposure), a comprehensive analysis method and a general procedure were proposed for urban flood risk analysis. Urban Flood Simulation Model (UFSM) and Urban Flood Damage Assessment Model (UFDAM) were integrated to estimate the flood risk in the Pudong flood protection area (Shanghai, China). S-shaped functions were adopted to represent flood return period and damage (R-D) curves. The study results show that flood control works could significantly reduce the flood risk within the 66-year flood return period and the flood risk was reduced by 15.59%. However, the flood risk was only reduced by 7.06% when the flood return period exceeded 66-years. Hence, it is difficult to meet the increasing demands for flood control solely relying on structural measures. The R-D function is suitable to describe the changes of flood control capacity. This frame work can assess the flood risk reduction due to flood control measures, and provide crucial information for strategy development and planning adaptation.

Recent sedimentation rates in the Caravelas estuary (Bahia, Brazil) using unsupported 210Pb and 137Cs modeling

Abstract The Caravelas estuary is located in a zone of the Brazilian coast (Southern Bahia State) which has been submitted to different kinds of land uses during the last 50 years. This zone has an important ecological role, due to its mangroves and its location next to Abrolhos coral reef, the most important in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. 210Pb and 137Cs dating methods, accompanied by a sedimentological study, were applied to sediment cores in order to establish sedimentation rates and identify historical trends of land use and erosive processes. Sedimentation rates were established according to the “Constant Rate of Supply” (CRS) 210Pb dating model, which was preferred rather than the “Constant Initial Concentration” (CIC) model. Corrected sedimentation rates obtained from 210Pb dating were corroborated through a second independent radionuclide tracer such as 137Cs. The sedimentation rates obtained according to the CRS model for the cores were 1.07 ± 0.13 cm yr –1 for T#2 (inner sector), 0.65 ± 0.06 cm yr –1 for T#5 and 0.85 ± 0.09 cm yr –1 for T#8 (outer sector). The difference in sedimentation rates among the sampling sites could be due to hydrodynamic processes and could be related to the tendency of increase of erosive processes, conditioned by the changes in the landscape and land use to, which this region has been submitted.

Effect of land use type on metals accumulation and risk assessment in soil in the peri-urban area of Beijing, China

ABSTRACTHeavy metal concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were investigated for 107 soil samples collected from crop land, orchard land, greenhouse land, and wood land in the peri-urban area of Beijing, China. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in all soil samples were 8.40, 0.20, 24.7, 0.08, 25.0, 23.0, and 77.1 mg/kg, dw, respectively. Among the four land use types, the Cd concentration in greenhouse land was significantly higher than the other three kinds of land uses (p < .05), and Cu and Zn concentrations in greenhouse land were significantly higher than in crop land and wood land (p < .05). Based on principal component analysis, elevated Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations in greenhouse land might have originated from high application rates of manure and fertilizer. According to an ecological risk analysis, the four land use types can be ranked in the following order: greenhouse land > orchard land > crop land > wood land. However, the degree of non-cancer risk for both adults and children in different land uses decreased in the order of greenhouse land > orchard land > wood land > crop land.

SWFS - Governing land and landscapes: Political ecology of enclosures and commons

Most of the world’s food is still produced by small farmers, many of whom remain organized though customary land tenure. Customary tenure is a general term for specific cultural ways in which farmers embedded in ecological contexts allocate rights and obligations to use land, including cultivation, forest, grazing, and water. These are always unique, but they share the quality of not being centrally based on the kinds of land markets created in so-called advanced economies. An important feature at the present moment is direct appropriation of land and conversion of customary land use into private titles to specific plots of land. These include major deals with national governments in Africa and throughout the world to make huge areas of land (or water necessary to use the land) available to national elites, foreign governments, or large corporations. They also include international aid policies which, in trying to encourage small farmers to participate more directly in world markets, encourage a shift to individual titles. These actions threaten to dissolve the capacity of communities to govern the land as social and ecological conditions change (Tran, Provost, &amp; Ford, 2014).

Running Out of Land for Food

First paragraph: The challenge of preserving enough farmland for food production will be a defining challenge for 21st century. Lester Brown, icon of Worldwatch Institute, identifies food scarcity as the weak link of modern society (Brown, 2012). He points to growing global demand for food and fuel, eroding soils, declining aquifers, and global climate change as major challenges to future of human civilization. All of these challenges could be met, but not without a fundamental transformation in current ways of thinking about both land and food. A market economy will neither provide food for hungry of current generations nor preserve enough farmland to provide food for generations of future. Any society that allows markets to determine how much and what kind of land is used for food is not sustainable. This could be defining challenge of 21st century....

Persistent point scatterer statistical analysis for X-band SAR data: the Cosmo-SkyMed case study

This article addresses the problem of characterizing the statistical properties of persistent point scatterers (PPSs) retrieved in a stack of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The set of parameters are exploited to obtain information about the radiometric response to microwave excitation and to infer some properties related to the physical nature of the targets.The permanent scatterers (PSs) technique is a well-known and worthwhile tool in the field of SAR interferometry and is used to detect terrain deformation with millimetrical accuracy. Although PSs have been adopted in many applications, the physical nature of these targets is still a matter of investigation. A good knowledge of the target properties, such as shape, size, orientation, and roughness, can be a key step for the correct interpretation of the terrain deformation mechanisms and for object identification.PPSs emerge as a subset of PSs that are characterized by a more stringent property; they have an impulsive trend both along and across track directions and sufficient isolation from other strong scatterers. These targets deserve particular attention, since few of them are able, for example, to provide high-precision antenna pattern shape and pointing estimation as well as accurate terrain deformation along the temporal baseline. In this work, the PPS intensity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), amplitude dispersion index, and antenna similarity index (a newly defined parameter) are statistically characterized for different kinds of land cover.A stack of images from the Cosmo-SkyMed constellation of satellites are exploited to obtain results for the PPS statistics on four different area typologies: full urban, suburban, vegetated and sparse buildings, and mountains with possible forested areas.

Valuation of ecosystem services based on multi-source remote sensing data：A case study of Hebei Province

In this paper,the ecosystem services valuation system and methods were developed and Landsat TM and MODIS NDVI were used as the main dataset to calculate the ecosystem services value of 2009 in Hebei Province. The total value of ecosystem services of Hebei Province was 180. 38 million in 2009. The value of the service that maintained soil fertility accounted for 59. 15% of the total value,which was the biggest one of the eight services, followed by the values of released O 2,fixed CO 2,nutrients accumulation,soil conservation,water volume regulation,organic matter production and water purification. The spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem services values of Hebei Province in 2009 was remarkable,the values were much higher in northern and northwestern parts and mountain areas than the values in southern and southeastern parts and plain areas. The values of ecosystem services of various kinds of land- use categories were different significantly. Forest land offers the highest ecosystem service value per hectare,and farmland,because of its huge area,offers the highest total value.

Mass Appraisal of Land Value by Regression Model

Land is always an extremely important resource to all countries. In managing this limited natural resource, land valuation for the purpose of determining financial obligation for users of land is a crucial issue for governments. This paper presents a method of land valuation based on a regression model that allows approaching market prices of land in a region or district. The research uses data of a survey of 600 samples in HCMC, comprising 318 street-fronting real properties and 282 ones in alleys. Two regression models are developed to conduct valuation of those two kinds of land (street fronting and alley fronting pieces of land). The research results can be used for managing stocks of land and determining financial obligations of land users in HCMC.

What Kinds of Lands Have Been Converted into the Urban Uses?: the Characteristics of Urban Land Development in the Case of Daegu Region

The primary purposes of this study are to identify the characteristics of land development in urban area through GIS and remote sensing techniques and to provide useful implications for urban spatial policy. To perform these tasks, Daegu metropolitan city and its vicinities were selected as a study area, and remote sensing data and attributed data were collected, organized and analyzed. This study focuses on the following three steps. First, it identifies the characteristics of land development in urban areas by utilizing multi-temporal satellite image data (Landsat TM, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005). Second, it tries to find an answer on a critical question concerning land use conversion, i.e., which land use leads expansion of urban area? Third, it derives implications for urban spatial policies based on these findings. The characteristics of the urban extents tell us that the main land use converted into urban use from non-urban uses is green areas. The public sector, central and local governments, leads the land use conversions of suburban lands as exclusive legal body to issue permission of land use change. Based on these findings, this study concludes that the more systematic and technically advanced management tools should be utilized for more effective spatial management for urban growth.

Land Use Change in the Bucharest Metropolitan Area and its Impacts on the Quality of the Environment in Residential Developments

The Bucharest Metropolitan Area (BMA) is undergoing a major and alert phase of reorganisation as a response to changes in the political, institutional, administrative, economic and social environment. Over the last 20 years land use has profoundly changed in the area under study, mainly by means of agricultural land conversion and the subsequent formation of residential and commercial areas. These two kinds of land uses were also expanded over industrial spaces in the Bucharest Metropolitan Area. Residential areas are showing a large quantitative increase and extremely non-concentrated dispersion, as well as complex and diverse typology. The present study analyses the possible direct and indirect consequences of land use change regarding the quality of the environment in the residential areas of the Bucharest Metropolitan Area (focusing on new residential districts). The results show that agricultural and forested areas are decreasing in surface and suffer from fragmentation, while residential areas are expanding in a chaotic manner, thus indicating the possible areas of conflict regarding the quality of the environment. The lack of coordination in the numerous institutional or private projects in real estate is the main cause of this situation. Public authorities administered the real estate projects between 1947 and 1990 (Communist Era) as the majority of the land and the constructed property were state-owned by law. After 1990, in the era of private property, in absence of legislation and convenient decision-making, the consequences of the privatization were difficult to manage (spreading of residential districts, overused and insufficient infrastructure in many areas, poor accessibility and waste management problems).

Determination of Optimum Environmental Conservation: Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques

The type and degree of conservation areas in Turkey legally dictate the kind of land uses that can and cannot take place in a conservation area. Thus, the conservation scheme is one of the most important criteria in designing an urban land-use plan. The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of various conservation decisions on land-use allocation holding everything else constant. This study uses a land-allocation mathematical programme formulated by Hanink and Cromley [(1998) Land-use allocation in the absence of complete market values, Journal of Regional Science, 38, pp. 465–480] that integrates the geographical information systems with a generalized assignment problem to determine an optimum level of conservation scheme in Cesme/Izmir, a coastal resort in Turkey. The findings state that the proposed technique is indeed very useful and promising to answer diversified practical issues on a more rational basis.

Requalification of Old Places in Brussels: Increasing Density, Improving Urbanity

Brussels Capital Region has to deal with urban conflicts arising from the different kinds of land uses. On the one hand the process of metropolisation has intensified the inner city's land use through residential, economic and urban development and on the other hand this same process has contributed to the expansion and sprawling of the city beyond its administrative borders. The city's main challenge is to ensure the cohabitation of different urban forms and densities in a multi-scale level related to metropolitan and local functions (Ananian P. 2010). Brussels, originally an industrial city, has become an administrative centre, generating a series of disaffected areas. Urban regeneration and sustainable development policies aim to improve the standard of living through urban, social and economic enhancements. Indeed, these policies deal with the construction, renovation and requalification of obsolete areas into new dwelling complexes. In this context, the present article shows the results of a broader research commissioned by the Brussels Capital Region on residential densification between 1989 and 2007(Declève B. Ananian P. et al 2009). Through the analysis of this inventory, we have identified three main techniques concerning the requalification of old places into residential uses: firstly the reurbanisation of brownfields generated by the delocalisation of large facilities; secondly the requalification and reconversion of isolated buildings (abandoned and obsolete industrial and office buildings) and last but not least, the recycling of terrains merged into the urban fabric of old neighbourhoods. Following two methodological approaches (morphological observation and analysis of social perception), this research has shown us that, in the last twenty years of housing production in Brussels, the main abandoned buildings and sites that were available were requalified, increasing density and improving urbanity through the diversity of the urban forms adopted for the public and private spaces.

The Application of Landsat Images to the Investigation and Evaluation of Land Use

In this paper,an overall investigation of land use situation in Anhui Province was made by using American Landsat(TM/ETM) remote sensing images.As a result,the areas of various kinds of lands and their distribution features are basically understood,and the corresponding evaluation of land resources is given.Some suggestions are put forward concerning the land use in the future.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE LOCATION EFFECTS ON THE LUCC BASED ON RS:A CASE STUDY OF THE LONGKOU MINE

The remote sensing images of 1989, 1995 and 2004 were interpreted to get the land use information of the study area with BPNN. Based on the location theory and the geographic analytical method, this paper studied the time and spatial evolution model of the land use caused by the subsiding land and the relationship between the transformation of the subsiding land and the location effects. The results show that the evolution of the land use types assumed an obvious ring structure, and that the variation speed and extent in the central area were greater than those in the outer area. In the central area, different kinds of land were transformed mainly to the subsiding land. The transformation in the intermediate area took place mainly among the cultivated land, garden land, wood-land, subsiding land and construction land. The periphery area mainly assumed transformation between the construction land and the garden land.

The Role of Disaggregation of Asset Values in Flood Loss Estimation: A Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches at the Mulde River, Germany

In loss estimation there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modeled on an explicit raster level and exposure data that are often available only for aggregated administrative units. Usually disaggregation methods that use ancillary information to distribute lumped exposure data in a finer spatial resolution help to bridge this gap. However, the actual influence of different mapping techniques and ancillary data on the final loss estimation has not been analyzed yet. In this paper three methods are applied to disaggregate residential building assets using two kinds of land use/land cover (LULC) data. The resulting disaggregated assets are validated and compared using census data of the residential building number on the community and constituency level. In addition, the disaggregated assets are taken to estimate residential building losses due to the flood in August 2002 in 21 municipalities on the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Losses are calculated with the help of four loss models. In general, disaggregation helps to decrease the error variance within the loss estimation. It must, however, be stated that the application of sophisticated disaggregation methods does not lead to significant improvements compared to the straightforward binary method. Therefore more effort should instead be put into the provision of high-resolution LULC data. Finally, the remaining uncertainties in loss estimation are high and demand further improvements in all modeling aspects.

Factor markets in Nieboer conditions: pre-colonial West Africa, c.1500–c.1900

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the history of factor markets in pre-colonial West Africa, both during and after the Atlantic slave trade. The forms and volume of these markets strongly reflected the natural and technological environment, and a horizontally and vertically uneven distribution of coercive and purchasing power. The general abundance of land and absence of economies of scale in production militated against contracting for land and free labour. Hence the most widespread and large-scale factor market was in slaves. Capital and credit were transacted mostly within networks of trust and/or on the security of human pawns. With considerable social costs, variously reinforced and restricted by states, pawning and (especially) the intra-West-African slave trade channelled labour into the production of commodities for sale, contributing to the nineteenth-century growth of certain coastal and interior economies. It was only in the latter era that land rights began to be commercialized. This was not a response to a general shift in factor ratios, but rather to demand for specific kinds of land in specific places, stimulated by the growth of export markets for agricultural commodities.

Conservation pioneer Melville H. Cohee

M elville H. Cohee was born April 17, 1909, and grew up on a crop and livestock farm in Indiana. He earned his bachelor and master's degrees from Purdue University before studying as a PhD student in agricultural economics and land use at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Mel Cohee was one of Hugh Hammond Bennett's important partners in the early days of the Soil Erosion Service and Soil Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources Conservation Service) and in establishing the Soil Conservation Society of America (now the Soil and Water Conservation Society). In 1933, an angry Bennett had stormed the office of the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Rexford G. Tugwell and argued, “Why on earth shouldn't we go about this problem [soil erosion] the right way by building terraces properly on the right kind of land and by supporting them with other needed practices, such as strip cropping, contour plowing, crop rotations, and grassed waterways?” Tugwell said he would look into it, but he told Bennett to be prepared, for Bennett would have to take a leading part in whatever program was agreed upon. Shortly thereafter, Secretary of Agriculture Harold Ickes informed Bennett that he had been selected to set up …

Heavy metals contents in soil profiles of typical agricultural lands in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, China

The effect of land use pattern on the heavy metals (HMs) distribution in soil profiles was investigated in Yixing City, China, for the four typical types of land utilization, i.e. vegetable fields on the plain, paddy fields, tea gardens on hilly lands and bamboo groves. The variance of HMs concentration in the depth of 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–60 cm of soil profiles was compared among the different tillage ages. Results showed there was a notable accumulation of Cd, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr in the soil profiles of vegetable fields and paddy fields causing a pollution of Cu, Hg and Cd in some profiles, while no remarkable accumulation of HMs in the soil profiles of the tea gardens and bamboo groves was found. The accumulation extent of HMs in the soil profiles of the four kinds of land use followed a sequence of vegetable fields>paddy fields>tea gardens>bamboo groves. The accumulation of HMs was mainly due to the industry, transportation, other urban human activities, and intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. The downward leaching of HMs was relatively remarkable in the soil profiles of vegetable fields. There was an accumulation in surface and subsurface layers for Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn in the soil profiles of paddy fields and tea gardens, and for Cd, Hg in those of bamboo groves. Serious pollution effects of Hg, Pb, and Zn have been shown in the soil of vegetable fields. All the four kinds of agricultural land are basically free from the pollution of the external sources of As and Ni. With the increase of tillage time, the soil of vegetable and paddy fields will face the potential risk of HMs pollution, which mainly comes from Hg, Cd and Cu, whereas that of tea gardens and bamboo groves faces a relatively small risk.