Kinds Of Inequalities Research Articles

Do experiences of interactional inequality predict lower depth of future student participation in peer review?

Across disciplines and educational levels, peer feedback has emerged as a broadly useful pedagogical strategy. However, the value of peer feedback depends upon students being willing to provide each other substantial feedback. We develop a novel application of game theory to study whether students’ experiences with interaction inequality in peer feedback predict lower participation in future peer feedback assignments. Two kinds of inequality are explored: inequality in amount and inequality in the helpfulness of received vs. providing feedback. We examine data from students (N = 732) enrolled in the three different courses (varying in discipline and level) using the same online peer review platform. We use advanced multiple regression models to test four theoretically-derived hypotheses regarding the overall effects of experienced inequality, three hypotheses involving contextual moderators of that effect. The results confirmed the hypothesized relationship of experiencing inequality in the number and quality of feedback provided vs. received with the subsequent depth of participation in peer reviewing. The results also generally confirmed the three predicted moderators of the relationship: stronger observed relationships with inequality experiences for weaker students, in later assignments, and in more advanced coursework. This study is unique in applying and extending game theory to computerized peer review and in its approach for studying the relationship of specific prior experiences with future peer review participation. The findings provide new practical insights into what is essential to manage in peer review processes.

총설] 한국사 연구의 신경향과 패러다임 전환을 위한 제언

This article examines the research trends in the field of pre-modern Korean history between 2019 and 2020. I identified new trends in research and made some suggestions for a paradigm shift in research. There have been many concerns that discussions on the new historical perception theory have been sluggish. However it was notable that criticism and reflection on the old theory of the immanent development began more than 20 years ago, and findings of empirical researches have accumulated considerably.<BR> In order to establish a new theory of historical perception, the entire academic world must strive to systematize distributed research results. To this end, it is necessary to organize a research group encompassing researchers from Korean history and from Eastern and Western histories to maintain a syntactic position and promote research on comparative history. In addition, it is necessary to define terms and concepts strictly through the methodology of conceptual history and to have a theoretical system by accepting social science theory. <BR> Based on these efforts, it is necessary to establish a theory of historical perception that encompasses the flow of history at multi-layered units including individual countries. Of course, it is necessary to investigate what kind of inequality that the world historical flow causes in individual countries or their internal constituent groups. In this respect, it is necessary to consider seriously the problem of consciousness of ‘glocal history’ in the search for alternatives to the theory of the immanent development.

Race, transformation and education as contradictions in a neoliberal South Africa

In navigating the complexities of race and inequality in South African society, shadowed by colonialism and apartheid, the term transformation has gained traction as the mantra for growth, retribution, education reform, and economic and societal prosperity. However, the capitalistic and neoliberal environment within which the country operates has resulted in transformation initiatives becoming an obsolete contradiction. The education arena, in particular, exemplifies this contradiction and the plethora of inequalities still prevalent in society today. Race has been, and still is, at the forefront of understanding societal inequalities and socio-economic challenges, even though it doesn’t operate in isolation, and relies on the chaotic politics of intersectionality to reveal how power operates in ways which occlude and disguise different kinds of inequalities. In this article, I focus on race as a construct and its deep-rooted significance in South African society, by dissecting conceptualisations of race as a signifier and symbolic, as a structure of division and marker of exclusion, and as a construct of power. Presenting these conceptualisations of race sets the foundation for understanding why transformation initiatives became focal and imperative in charting a new, democratic course in the country. However, these initiatives have become blatant contradictions, as exemplified in the Covid-19 moment in relation to the education sector and the return of students to schools, highlighting deep-rooted inequalities. In acknowledging the severe plight of South African society, handicapped by a superfluity of disparities and discrimination, an offer of hope to reimagine society is deliberated as a way forward, by analysing concepts of antiracism, decoloniality, and a turn to re-defining transformation initiatives to free society from the captivity of neoliberal mentality.

Wealth and Well-being in an Ancient Maya Community

Inequality is an intrinsic element of contemporary societies, with high income disparity impacting everything from life expectancy to violent crime. While inequality in today’s society is complex and multifaceted, the prominence and persistence of inequality that existed throughout human history raise important questions about its broader impacts in the past. In this paper, we discuss the concept of quality of life (QOL) for archaeology and introduce methods for studying multiple dimensions of wealth and well-being in past societies. Using previously published burial data from the ancient Maya site of Altar de Sacrificios, we illustrate this approach employing notions of personhood that treat individuals embedded in complex socio-material relations. These data enable diachronic analyses in the degree and kinds of inequality that characterized this Maya community over a span of nearly 2000 years. We further discuss how these techniques can apply to other units of archaeological analysis and comparative case studies. Tracing the disparities in material wealth, social well-being, and health through time enables a more detailed analysis of the specific contexts and historical processes that gave rise to varying degrees of inequality in the past.

Null Controllability of a Degenerate Schrödinger Equation

In this paper, we deal with the null controllability result of a degenerate Schrodinger equation. The null controllability phenomenon is the fact to bring a given system from its initial state to the zero equilibrium with the help of a suitable force called control and in a precise time called control time. Classically, to grapple such a question we have to prove the observability property of the associated adjoint model and this trend various techniques are employed to establish such an inequality. But firstly, we will prove that our model is well posed via a pertinent framework whose main pioneers are a weighted Sobolev spaces depending on the diffusion coefficient. Afterwards, a relevant Carleman estimate of the associated adjoint system is established based on a well chosen weighted functions. It is well-known that this kind of inequality is a weighted estimate of the solution and their derivatives. As an outcome of Carleman inequality, we prove our relevant observability inequality which allows us to deduce the existence of our control. To this end, we use the well-known HUM method laying on a cost function matched with the studied model and which can be shown continuous, coercive and convex. We highlight that such a control is a weak limit of a given subsequence.

Flow maldistribution in heat exchangers: A review of the different types

The many kinds of inequalities and their causes are explored. Wherever feasible, methods for preventing or resolving the issue are provided. While the performance reduction is usually minor, the accompanying mechanical issues may be quite serious. The prefix mal denotes anything that is faulty or bad, thus the meaning of the word maldistribution is determined on how distribution is defined. How is uniform defined in the context of a comparison to a uniform distribution? A uniform distribution of a tube-side flow through a bundle of tubes may imply an equal quantity of fluid in each tube or that each fluid particle has an equal residence time in each tube (this would be “plug” flow). The fluid may, however, flow at the same rate (as is often assumed) or at various speeds. Because the local velocities change as the fluid travels through the bundle, defining uniform or continuous flow throughout a bundle of tubes becomes more difficult depending on where the reference flow region is situated. Other variables that influence the “distribution” of flow inside the bundle include bypassing and leakages in shell-and-tube exchangers.

Unequal Inclusion

Purpose ”“ The paper aims at assessing the evolution of the digital divide in Brazil in the last decade from a multidimensional perspective, going beyond the issue of access. How have the inequalities in the use of Internet in Brazil varied through time?&#x0D; Methodology ”“ The paper investigates the relationship between individual socioeconomic characteristics and household characteristics, and the pattern of Internet access and use in Brazil using multivariate analysis, drawing on data from national ICT surveys between the years 2000 and 2019.&#x0D; Findings ”“ The results show that increasing access do not necessarily result in a more equitable adoption and use of available online resources. They highlight a persistent “digital elite” capable of a more sophisticated use of the Internet. The maintenance ”” and even the increase ”” of differences in the use of Internet is in line with part of the literature on digital inclusion.&#x0D; Practical Implications ”“ The study underscores the importance of developing methodological frameworks to better measure the digital divide, allowing it to be used as the independent variable in broader analyses of income inequality and access to public services, for instance. Additionally, the persistence of a "second level digital divide" in Brazil points to the need for policies that address the "digital skills gap" enabling the realization of the Internet's potential to ease social disparities.&#x0D; Originality ”“ Despite the existing literature on the relationship between online inequalities and other kinds of inequalities, there are still few empirical studies, especially with a multidimensional perspective.

‘Dark’ cities: The role of interdisciplinary work in learning and supporting marginal city spaces

This article considers Harold Johnson’s (Hariwe) 2014–2016 research project on ‘Dark City’, an informal vertical settlement in inner-city Johannesburg, as offering a productive arts-orientated, interdisciplinary study of and proposal for planning and design interventions in informally occupied urban spaces. Hariwe used his architectural skills to ‘reverse design’ the building according to its daily use by residents. Collaborators Jono Wood and Dirk Chalmers followed a similar research process with ‘Dark City’, using their own modalities of photography and film. The three exhibited at the Circa Gallery in Rosebank, Johannesburg in 2016, constructing an immersive simulation of the ‘Dark City’ environment to set their drawings, photographs and films within. This article uses the lenses of performance and performativity to argue for the research and creative processes of The ‘Dark City’ project as slowing down time, layering spaces across time and location and creating a sensual, immersive experience. These three effects serve to bring into view and experience the circumstances of ‘Dark City’, the kinds of inequalities at work in Johannesburg that produce such spaces and to propose design responses for spatial justice.

FEMİNİST KURAM’DA KADININ POLİTİK EKONOMİSİ VE DÖNÜŞÜMÜ

Feminist kuramın başat öznesi olarak kadının toplumsal hayattaki her türden sorununu gündeme getirmesi modern dönem ideolojik yaklaşımlarıyla tarihsel-düşünsel bir süreklilik içinde gelişmiştir. Siyasal, sosyal ve iktisadi alanda cinsler arası eşitliği savunan feminist kuram esas öznesi olan kadının bu eşitlenme çabasını konu edinen bir içerik oluşturmayı çabalar. Bu çalışmada feminist kuram içinde yer alan çeşitli feminist akımlar şeklinde bir sınıflandırma uygun görülmüştür. Bu sınıflandırmanın öne çıkan belirgin izlekleri dörde indirgenmiş olup bunlar; liberal feministler, marksist feministler, radikal feministler ve ikili sistem kuramcılarıdır. Doğal haklar doktrini üzerinden kadın öznesini sorunsallaştıran liberal feminist kuramcılar toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini kapitalizm içi tartışma konusu yapmaktadırlar. Liberal feministler çözümü yine kapitalist sistem içi çözümlerde aramışlardır. Buna karşılık Marksist feministler ise tarihsel materyalist bakış açısıyla yabancılaşma, iş bölümü, sınıf temelli sömürü biçimleri üzerinden feminist kurama katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Yeni toplumsal hareketler bağlamında ortaya çıkan radikal feministler ve ikili sitem kuramcılarının esin kaynakları Marksist kuram olmak ile birlikte onu aşan bir çerçeve ile feminist kuram içinde belirgin bir iz bırakmışlardır. Partiyarkal sistemi tartışmanın merkezine koyan radikal feministler her türden eşitsizliğin bundan kaynaklandığını ve çözümün partiyarkal sistemin ortadan kaldırılması olarak görmüşlerdir. Buna karşın hem kapitalist sistem hem de patriyarkal sisteminin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğine yol açtığını öneren ikili sistem kuramcıları ise çözüm önerisini bu iki sistemin değiştirilmesi üzerine kurgulamışlardır. Bu çalışmanın esas konusu farklı feminist kuramların toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin politik ekonomideki görünümlerine nasıl bir perspektif ile baktıklarını açığa çıkarmaktır. Bu bağlamda kuramcıların metinlerinin analizi üzerinden ve esas olarak ikili sistem kuramcılarının önerisinden hareketle bir çerçeve oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МЕТОДІВ МАТЕМАТИЧНОГО АНАЛІЗУ ДЛЯ ДОВЕДЕННЯ ОЛІМПІАДНИХ НЕРІВНОСТЕЙ

The high requirements regarding the content of the knowledge, abilities and skills, which determines the capacity of the specialist to compete on the modern labour market are set to nowadays graduates. The tasks which require not only the knowledge of school curriculum, but also the creative application of this knowledge, in particular for inequalities solving are reviewed during Math’s course. This issue is quite relevant, because the tasks of this type are found in the tasks of school, district math Olympiads. Inequalities take a significant part of the school mathematics’ course. Applied tasks are written into Math’s language with the help of inequalities. In addition, inequalities are a tool that allows to repeat, fix, deepen the theoretical knowledge in each subject and to develop creative mathematical capacity. This topic contains many ways, methods of solving them and methods of proving them. Proof of inequalities must be given special attention because it plays an important role in shaping the logical thinking and mathematical culture. Tasks for proving inequalities make it possible to consolidate a wide range of theoretical issues studied in the school course of mathematics (theory of inequalities, properties of functions, questions of equivalent equations), they encourage the formation of critical thinking, the ability to ground actions logically. In addition, knowledge of classical inequalities and methods of proving them gives the opportunity to apply inequalities more widely in solving other problems, including applications. Since the tasks of proving inequalities are very diverse, there is no single general way to prove any inequality. Proving inequalities has a significant impact on the formation and development of creative thinking and creative personality of the student due to the availability of different ways to prove inequality. Different methods of inequalities solving are considered in this article. The peculiarities of pupils’ preparation by the method of proving contest and Olympiad inequalities, such as f12.jpg with the fixed sum of variables, are considered in this article. Let’s review the peculiarities of differential count set usage on the level of senior pupil. The ways of proving the inequalities with tangent or n-1 statement of equal meanings are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed. With the help of these notions it is possible to algorithmizate the process of proving several kinds of inequalities. Several ways of proving are introduced for some kinds of tasks, such methods of inequalities solving demand from pupils the basic knowledge in differential counting. Solving such problems contributes to intellectual development, the development of logical thinking and is a good material for the development of skills.

The Politics of Knowledge Organization: Introduction to the Special Issue

Politics is about the distribution of goods and risks. We can describe the distribution of goods, and we can also characterize those distributions as a kind of inequality. As a baseline definition of “politics of information” we mean the distribution of information goods across different populations. Despite a strong tradition of disciplinary focus in information science, much of the literature is still given over to fairly simple notions of social form and structure. A nascent knowledge organization practice dedicated to social difference is explicitly motivated by justice and nomenclature. Not only is knowledge organization a tool of cultural hegemony, but also it can be read as a product of cultural ordering and bias. Identifying unjust and politically oppressive practice must be part of the path to justice. Understanding the political construction of knowledge organization is essential for the theory of information service in order to build a more just professional practice.

THE STUDY OF GENDER INEQUALITY FOUND IN DEBORAH ELLIS’S NOVEL “THE BREADWINNER”

Inequality is clearly an important issue that requires much more attention in the world. Inequality practices in the community still trapped in the old paradigm such as treat someone by their race, culture, religion, and gender. However, is not easy to eliminate an inequality in the soceity. The current study analyze the topic namely gender inequality that happened to the main character’s life in “The Breadwinner” novel by Deborah Ellis. This study aimed to analyse the kind of inequality and the effect of it on main character’s life, the writer used qualitative descriptive method. Moreover, Parvana as a main character was selected based on her experience in gender inequality. In addition, Longwe’s women empowerment framework was used to prove that there are gender inequality happen in the story of the novel. The result showed that gender inequality positively occurs in the life of the main character because the story of the novel does not fullfil the five levels of equality (welfare, access, conscientisation, participation, and control) that Longwe describes in her women empowerment framework. Moreover, the lack of equality that happend in the story has resulted in several negative effects such as poverty, lack of choice, absence of security, discrimination, and power abuse.

The place of courage

I have been rereading my editorial for 57(2) and cannot quite comprehend how quickly the quarter has flown by. Electing to leave off writing this present editorial until the end of the Institute of Australian Geographers 49th annual conference, held last week in Hobart, I recall sitting in Washington DC in April, thinking about the Hobart meeting and about conference culture more generally. Now, suddenly, the Hobart meeting is over and, as I write, people have wound or are winding their ways home. For those of us who reside here, of course, that journey is blissfully short—a rare event for us, and, I confess, welcome. So today, as I gaze at Kunanyi’s snow-covered peaks and valleys, I have time to reflect on the conference in a way more leisurely than might be the case had I been travelling. Scanning the contents for this issue, readers will see we have been fortunate to reproduce a speech given at the conference opening by University of Tasmania’s Vice Chancellor and President, Professor Rufus Black. I will not pre-empt what he writes except to note that he was gracious and authentic in his engagement with us and encouraged us to continue to be courageous in our scholarly considerations of place, in our defence of place, and in the example we set for others in relation to place. Readers will also see that we have included a few reflections on the conference from the lead organisers, Jason Byrne and Aidan Davison. In addition, Carolyn Finney has graciously given her permission to reproduce the moving poem she read during her keynote address at the conference.

Теория эпидемиологического перехода: взгляд 30 лет спустя

Теория эпидемиологического перехода основана на систематическом применении эпидемиологического подхода к анализу изменений во времени и пространстве состояния здоровья, уровня смертности, дожития и рождаемости в их связи с социально-экономическими и экологическими факторами, образом жизни, демографическими, медицинскими и технологическими детерминантами и/или коррелятами при различных социальных условиях. Нет сомнения, что на протяжении нескольких последних столетий в мире происходили глубокие эпидемиологические изменения, хотя у разных групп населения они начинаются в разное время и идут с неодинаковой скоростью. Цель этого очерка – по-новому взглянуть на первоначальное представление теории эпидемиологического перехода 1971 г. и перейти от трехстадийного / трехмодельного описания перехода к пятистадийному / пятимодельному. &#x0D; В частности, в Положении 1 рассматривается относительный вклад смертности и рождаемости в динамику перехода, а в Положении 2 описываются этапы эпидемиологического перехода. Кроме того, в процессе перехода обнаруживаются разные виды неравенства, на которые указывается в Положении 3. Модели перехода, характерные для динамики, сроков перехода и последующих изменений в разных странах обсуждаются в Положении 4. В заключительной части статьи рассматриваются возможные сценарии изменения здоровья на пятой стадии перехода и за ее пределами.

The Conquest and Resistance, a Woman and a Man: Feminist and Imagological Reading of W. S. Maugham’s “The Unconquered”

In the paper, the national and women’s contexts closely interrelated in W. S. Maugham’s “The Unconquered” short story (1943) are being examined. While analysing the ground of the conquest and resistance, it is concluded that war conquering and sexual violence are aimed to establish the men’s power over certain part of the world. In some ways, capturing a woman and occupying the land are considered equal things under the patriarchal rules. With this in mind, any male conqueror tries to reach both of them not only for the sake of victory, but also for approval his status of a worthy member of a men-ruling society (a nation). Next, the role of stereotypes as an engine of all negative phenomena of national and gender non-understanding, in particular, war and various kinds of inequality, is stressed. Tracing the complex relationship between, on the one hand, Frenchmen and Germans, and women and men, on the other hand, it should be token that the final infanticide is multivalued whereas it means the woman’s liberation and revenge for the men’s world, as well as is an apogee of national resistance.

Averaging operators on decreasing or positive functions: Equivalence and optimal bounds

We study the optimal bounds for the Hardy operator S minus the identity, as well as S and its dual operator S∗, on the full range 1≤p≤∞, for the cases of decreasing, positive or general functions (in fact, these two kinds of inequalities are equivalent for the appropriate cone of functions). For 1<p≤2, we prove that all these estimates are the same, but for 2<p<∞, they exhibit a completely different behavior.

Book Reviews

Valpy FitzGerald of the University of Oxford reviews “Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy. Volume II. Regions and Regularities,” edited by Kaushik Basu and Joseph E. Stiglitz. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Eight papers and eight responses, based on a roundtable convened by the International Economic Association and the World Bank on 'Shared Prosperity and Growth' and held at Dead Sea, Jordan, in June 2014, examine the state of global inequality and inequality in different regions, and analyzes other kinds of inequality and discrimination.”

The neo-Redemption Era? APD in the age of #Black lives matter

ABSTRACTThe Black Lives Movement reflects the latest stage in the United States’ racial orders. The Civil Rights State, much like the Reconstruction Period, faces significant political, institutional and ideational challenges from those who would seek to impose new kinds of inequalities along long-standing lines of racial, ethnic and gender identities. Theories of APD can be useful in tracing both how these new challenges can be identified, and how new forms of resistance can be recognized and supported. By looking at the first Redemption Era and the role it played in laying the foundation for the Jim Crow order, we can identify where and how movements like BLM can challenge efforts to create and sustain a possible neo-Redemption era.

Alte und neue Herausforderungen einer sozial gerechten Bildungspolitik

WSI-Mitteilungen , Seite 448 - 455

Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Growth: How Much Can Cross‐Country Regressions Really Tell Us?

Income differences arise from many sources. While some kinds of inequality, caused by differential rewards to effort, might be associated with faster economic growth, other kinds, arising from unequal opportunities for investment, might be detrimental to economic progress. This study uses two new datasets, consisting of 117 income and expenditure household surveys and 134 Demographic and Health Surveys, to revisit the relationship between total inequality and economic growth. In particular, we ask whether inequality of opportunity, driven by circumstances at birth, has a negative effect on subsequent growth. Using the income and expenditure micro dataset, we find that while both total income inequality and inequality of opportunity are negatively associated with growth, the coefficient estimates are insignificant. The evidence is similarly equivocal using the Demographic and Health Surveys data. On balance, the data do not provide support for the hypothesis that inequality of opportunity is bad for growth.