Kinds Of Groups Research Articles

Why (and how) do teachers engage in social networks? An exploratory study of professional use of Facebook and its implications for lifelong learning

AbstractTo date, little empirical research on professional use of social network sites has been conducted, particularly with reference to groups of teachers on Facebook. The paper presents the results of two surveys addressed to the founders of five Italian Facebook groups and their members (n = 1107), with the aim of investigating mechanisms underlying group membership and reflecting on their implications for professional development. A number of hypotheses were tested in order to explore the nature of three dimensions (domain, network and practice) involved in these groups, assimilated by authors into networks of practice. The study investigated the mechanisms of group membership and their participatory dynamics in terms of group types (generic vs. thematic), duration of membership and the interplay between offline and online activities. Results showed that groups differing in terms of domain (generic or thematic) are characterized by particular mechanisms of affiliation and participation and that mechanisms of legitimation of the members, as well as of shared resources, are associated with the duration of membership. Further research should be conducted to investigate how social capital dynamics evolve over time, influencing the construction of group identity.Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic The use of social network sites (SNS), particularly Facebook, is growing in the educational field. To date, little attention has been given to the use of Facebook for professional development. Empirical research mainly refers to the higher education context and shows that the use of SNS has positive outcomes for social capital. What this paper adds An application of social capital theory with the networks of practice framework (Brown & Duguid, ) to the study of professional groups of teachers in SNS. An understanding of groups in terms of shared social capital, both bridging and bonding. An analysis of the interplay between online and offline activities in terms of professional benefits for teachers. Implications for practice and/or policy Participation in this kind of groups may have a positive impact on professional development. Social networks may afford different types of social capital for professionals. Policy makers should encourage and support the use of social networks for professional learning.

Taylor and the problem of recognizing cultural groups

Recognition of cultural groups is an issue that puzzles those involved in the discussions around multiculturalism. Charles Taylor (1994) has done important groundwork in his ‘The politics of recognition’ where different possibilities of multicultural policy-making are discussed. This article concentrates on one social ontological problem that can be found in Taylor’s widely recognized theory. This article proceeds as follows. At first, Taylor's view on recognition is briefly introduced. This view potentially faces the reification problem, which states that recognizing a group that is not really an agent might result in misrecognition and disrespect of individual members of the group. The forms of misrecognition and disrespect range from homogenizing sets of individuals to forced identities anddissonance between individual and collective identities. After the problems of cultural recognition have been made clear, insights from the field of social ontology are brought into the picture. The agency of cultural groups is not self-evident, and in this paper it is argued that Taylor faces a problem when he grants agency to certain kinds of groups that are not really agents. This can be shown using the tools provided by contemporary analytical social ontology. Finally, a tentative way of conceptualizing cultural recognition is offered. The suggestion is that, despite its vagueness, Taylor's position includes elements that enable incorporating a robust social ontological theory into it. If this is done, many of the worries stated in the reification problem might be avoided.

Water Between Lipids: Domains For Peptides Insertion?

Capacitance values of monolayers at different areas denote that in a state at which the area per lipid is above a critical value water path are formed beyond the hydration shell of the lipids.This area increase is 12% of the area for lipids in the expanded state and is comparable to that at which the insertion of proteins and peptides takes place in a variety of lipid composition. Therefore, it is concluded that water paths are formed by expansion implying the entrance of few water molecules into the lipid network. Interestingly some aminoacids having biological activity are able to induce those water paths by interacting with specific groups of the lipids, such as the amine groups in ethanolamines. The kinetics of formation; the thermodynamic and structural properties of those water pockets in the restricted microenvironments framed by lipid groups and its relevance in the selective modulation of the protein-membrane interaction is discussed considering the amount and the state of water induced by the different kinds of groups at the interface region that may act as donor or acceptors in H-bonds, for instance, PO, CO and NH. The analysis is made considering surface pressure and capacitance changes in monolayers at different areas and compared with structural data obtained by means of standard FTIR and biodimensional infrared spectroscopy.We will use this information for a further insight on the insertion of positively charged peptides into lipid membranes as described by molecular dynamics.

Vocal behaviour and feeding ecology of killer whales Orcinus orca around Shetland, UK

Killer whales Orcinus orca are sighted regularly off Shetland, UK, but little is known about their numbers, diet and population identity. We aimed to relate vocal behaviour to diet of killer whales around Shetland in order to investigate population structure and differences in feeding strategies. Fieldwork was conducted in the summers of 2008 and 2009. We located killer whales through a sightings network and shore-based scans and collected photo-ID data, behavioural information, feeding data and acoustic recordings from a small boat. The majority of encounters (n = 14) were of small groups (1 to 15 individuals) travelling close to shore and feeding on marine mammals. Two encounters were with large groups (20+ individuals) feeding on herring Clupea harengus farther offshore. Seal-hunting groups vocalised rarely, producing pulsed calls, echolocation clicks and whistles almost exclusively when surface-active or milling after a kill. Herring-eating groups were largely silent during one encounter, but very vocal during the other. Analysis of pulsed calls identified 6 stereotyped call types for seal-hunting groups and 7 for herring-eating groups. No call types were shared between both kinds of groups. The vocal behaviour of seal-hunting groups showed striking parallels to that of Pacific marine mammal specialists and presumably evolved to decrease detection by acoustically sensitive prey. One call type produced by Shetland herring-eating killer whales matched a vocalisation that a previous study had described from Iceland and identified as a possible herding call that may function to concentrate herring during feeding. These findings point to behavioural and dietary specialisation among Shetland killer whales, which should be taken into account when making management decisions affecting these animals.

Social interactions and locus of group action: location of groups at the level of the city for environmental intervention

This research it´s done in a mid size rural city, it´s based on a larger scale research that seeks the solid waste problem to be resolved though citizen participation. The goal is to locate groups of people to implement an environmental education program that achieve a cascade impact. It´s developed in five phases: (1) unit of analysis determination; (2) extensive observation; (3) intensive observation; (4) universe extrapolation; (5) effective interaction with institutional structure. The universe of study is composed by 50 000 inhabitants and the population of the significant groups is 214, in which there are three kinds of groups: religious, sports and neighborhood. In four neighborhoods (unit of analysis) were located tendencies in the social thread, it´s extrapolated in two more areas and, then it´s penetrated in the institutional structure to agree a non formal environmental education program, base on a psychosocial axis of social influence, of majorities and minorities.

Extended permutation-inversion groups for simultaneous treatment of the rovibronic states of trans-acetylene, cis-acetylene, and vinylidene

The electronic ground state potential surface of acetylene (H C C H) has a minimum at the linear conformation, but the excited electronic states may have potential minima at a variety of nonlinear equilibrium shapes. This work is concerned with the group theoretical ideas necessary to treat simultaneously the symmetry properties of rovibronic states associated with three different planar acetylene equilibrium configurations, namely trans bent acetylene, cis bent acetylene, and vinylidene (H 2C C). We make use of three different kinds of groups: (i) point groups, (ii) permutation-inversion (PI) groups, and (iii) extended PI groups. The PI group is G 4 or G 8, depending on whether C H bond breaking is impossible (no bent acetylene ↔ vinylidene interconversion) or possible. The extended PI groups are G 4 ( 2 ) and G 8 ( 2 ) , respectively, when the only large amplitude motions are the CCH bends at each end of the molecule, and G 4 ( 8 ) and G 8 ( 8 ) , respectively, when internal rotation is added as a third large amplitude motion. Applied to acetylene, the results indicate that there will be no splittings of the rovibronic levels unless CH bond breaking occurs. Even without bond breaking, however, states of the cis and trans isomers just below their interconversion barrier will show “staggerings” in their K-structures, i.e., a given vibrational level will have three tunneling components at slightly different energies: one component will have levels with K = 4 n only (where n is an integer), a second component will have levels with K = 4 n + 2 only, and the third will have only odd- K levels. New experimental results for the S 1–cis electronic state of acetylene [21] are reviewed, and are found to be consistent with the group theory in so far as comparison is possible.

Challenge of the Empty Space. Group Factors as a Part of Drama Education

Problem Statement:1) How do structural factors of a group appear in drama teaching? 2) How do structural factors of a group influence the progression and functionality of a drama lesson? Purpose of Study: The aim of this preliminary case study is to build a model that could help teacher students to increase their theoretical knowledge of the structural factors that influence drama lessons. The group's structural factors were chosen as the target of the theoretical study due to the social nature of drama teaching. Research Methods: In this study, the research material contained two of ten videotaped drama lessons held by class teacher trainees in Viikkís Teacher Training School of the University of Helsinki in Finland. The set of data used in this study was collected from March 2011 to April 2011. The material used in this article included one lesson each from the 1st and 2nd grade classes. The research team coded the video recordings that formed the basis of the analysis. Findings: Based on the findings from the video analysis, students’ group roles and their infraction have a crucial impact on the success of the lesson. The consideration of group roles seems to have a direct connection to all the other structural factors of the group, trainee teacher communication and the success of the lesson. In this study, the success of the lesson means pupils’ active participation in drama action. Teachers’ remedial actions during drama lessons were aligned with the consideration of group roles. Conclusions: Drama requires the physical and mental involvement of the pupils and the teacher, but at the same time, the pupils are also physically and mentally involved in the social group of the class. The teacher using drama needs to be able to facilitate the working dynamics of both kinds of groups in empty space. There has to be simultaneous recognition and facilitation. Becoming a teacher using drama in education requires skills and knowledge of drama and group dynamics.

Fully Ramified Characters and Clifford Codes

In this article we study relations between groups and quantum error correcting codes. Groups of central type are used to construct quantum error correcting codes. Both stabilizer and Clifford codes can be derived from a construction involving this kind of groups. A more general construction of Clifford codes will be given and their correcting properties will be examined using group theoretical techniques.

Ant colony optimization for group technology applications

The problem of grouping of parts into part-families and that of machines into machine-cells has attracted the attention of many researchers particularly for medium variety of parts with medium production volume requirement, which traditionally required their production in batches for achieving economics of production. This kind of grouping, consequently offering benefits of mass production, was aimed to have independent cells processing ideally almost different sets of part-types. For this purpose, a number of approaches are available from various kinds of heuristics to mathematical programming formulations. Evolutionary methods such as neural network, genetic algorithm, and simulated annealing have also been tried and have been found to provide better grouping solutions with much less computational complexity. In the present paper, ant colony optimization approach with number of newer strategies, incorporating more generalised framework of ants’ behaviour, has been applied to the parts and machines grouping problems taken from the literature. The results obtained from their application were found to be encouraging and thus establish the usefulness of the proposed approaches. Average performance of Tabu search with multiple ants was found to be the best and thus the parameter values for this approach were also determined using design of experiments methodology.

Thermal characterization of novel aliphatic polyesters with ether and thioether linkages

AbstractSeveral novel ether or thioether linkage containing aliphatic polyesters and poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s were synthesized for comparison and characterized in terms of chemical structure and molecular weight. The thermal behavior was examined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. All the polymers showed a good thermal stability, even though lower for the ether or thioether linkage-containing polyesters. The decrement of the thermal stability appears to be more relevant in the case of the presence of sulphur atoms. At room temperature the samples appeared semicrystalline, except PTTDG and PDEDG, which were viscous oils; the effect of the introduction of ether or thioether group was an increment of the Tgvalue, a decrement of the melting temperature and a significant decrease of the crystallization rate. The entity of the variations was found to be affected by the kind of group introduced, and the trend observed can be explained on the basis of atom electronegativity and dimensions

Colony size, sex ratio and cohabitation in roosts of Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Phyllostomus hastatus bat is species broadly distributed over the Neotropical region, which uses as diurnal roosts caves, hollow trees, palm leaves and human buildings. Thirteen diurnal roosts of P. hastatus were analysed from 1990 to 2009 in several localities of Rio de Janeiro State, regarding environment (rural, urban or protected area), type of roost (hollow tree, basement or roof), sex ratio and cohabitation. A nocturnal roost was also analysed. Sex ratio of P. hastatus varied considerably among roosts what may be explained by the fact this species can roost alone, in couples, in harems or in groups of bachelor males. Phyllostomus hastatus was observed in cohabitation with three other species: Molossus rufus, Molossus molossus and Myotis nigricans. Due to the frequency of cohabitation observed between P. hastatus and species of the genus Molossus, one or more advantages for the members of this association may be expected. The simultaneous usage of a feeding roost by a group of bachelor males is unknown information in the literature, and may suggest that this kind of group may interact with each other even when away from their diurnal roosts.

Zapatismo beyond Borders: New Imaginations of Political Stability (review)

Reviewed by: Zapatismo beyond Borders: New Imaginations of Political Stability Jeffrey K. Lucas Zapatismo beyond Borders: New Imaginations of Political Stability Alex Khasnabish Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008; 320 pages. $35.00, ISBN 978-0-8020-9633-3. Since the Chiapas-based Zapatista National Liberation Army's (EZLN's) unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Mexican government in 1994, its famed spokesperson, Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, has issued countless communiqués, some aimed at the global community. [End Page 163] Alex Khasnabish attempts to show that, through unorthodox revolutionary means, the modern-era version of zapatismo stands as a leading opponent of neoliberal capitalism. He builds his discussion on the concept of rhizomatic effects.1 This argument holds that, a bit like a rooted plant, the movement engenders effects far removed from Chiapas: an awkward proposition to be sure, in light of the fact that roots draw their sustenance from where they are planted and hardly enrich distant fields. Moreover, he maintains that revolutionaries like the zapatistas can advance their agendas more effectively without governing—a convenient point of view, given the zapatistas' failed attempt to do precisely that. As the subtitle suggests, Khasnabish believes that, since 1994, zapatismo has inspired the imaginations of leftists around the world, encouraging them to seek new ways of bringing about change. These novel methods are necessary, he acknowledges, because the old ones were seldom effective. Innovative means of resistance and direct action are intended to break out of an antiquated paradigm that featured protest marches, demonstrations, lobbying, and deliberation. Some new tactics are symbolic yet emphatic, like those of the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (OCAP). OCAP and other organizations draw inspiration from the zapatistas of Chiapas, surviving as the zapatistas do in a land whose national government and military have been able neither to crush the movement nor to evict its participants. What the zapatistas represent in Mexico is, according to Khasnabish, expressed by Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, whose remarks—sometimes poetic, always polemical, seldom simple—open each chapter. Modern zapatismo began, we are reminded, with the initiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on 1 January 1994. No serious leftist has ever doubted that NAFTA was intended as a transcontinental form of capitalist exploitation—a crafty way to transcend international borders and remove economic trade barriers. Yet few oppositionists were willing to do more than criticize NAFTA. The zapatistas, however, went much further and continue today to stand as a beacon of strong yet unorthodox resistance to the megacapitalists who conceived, bore, nursed, and now collect rich dividends from the blood, sweat, tears, and toil of Mexico's rural indigenous and mestizo peoples. How do the zapatistas resist? Mostly by continuing to exist and by making Chiapas their own, despite others' efforts to eliminate them. Yet the author mentions little about the zapatistas' modi operandi and [End Page 164] vivendi. Rather, his research and writing are aimed at the movement's effects in distant lands—mainly Canada and, to a lesser extent, the United States. Before settling into his argument, Khasnabish recapitulates the twentieth-century socialist movement histories of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. All these treatments are of journeyman quality, and his understanding of the nuances of the Mexican experience is commendable. Interestingly, he "contend[s] that the legacy of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1917 has been and continues to be the object of appropriation and contestation by a multiplicity of actors."2 There is no need to "contend" anything. That the Revolution has been appropriated, used, abused, and distorted for every political reason imaginable by all kinds of groups and institutions—foremost among them the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, which held power from 1929 to 2000—is commonly accepted by authors and scholars of twentieth-century Mexico.3 Nonetheless, this book nicely juxtaposes the agrarian struggle of Morelos with the revolutionary panorama that it helped create and in which it arguably occupies center stage. That the Chiapas revolutionaries chose to call themselves "zapatistas" is both apropos and ironic, as both struggles began with military campaigns and, after being stifled by federal forces, dug in to hold the territory they occupied. The similarities end there, because, unlike the zapatistas of...

PEMIKIRAN POLITIK DALAM ISLAM

Muslim theologians, jurists and philosophers have developed Islamic po-litical thought along history. The classic theologians of Syi’ah, Khawarij,Murji’ah, Mu’tazilah and Asy’ariyah schools focus their political thoughton the question of who has the right to rule the Muslim community afterthe death of the prophet Muhammad. Among the jurists, al-Mâwardî ar-gues that the aim of establishing a state is to continue the prophetic mis-sion, namely to protect religion and to enhance the welfare of the Muslimcommunity. Finally, the Muslim philosopher and historian, Ibn Khaldûnargues that the state should be based on group feeling (‘ashabiyah), and thegroup feeling based on religion should be at the top of the other kinds ofgroup feeling.

Occupational narratives, community publishing and worker writing groups

Many different kinds of groups are spontaneously developed through community based activities. Some of these groups may contribute to the life and culture of a particular locality for years but can easily be overlooked because their activity is largely unknown, sustained along the margins of mainstream culture. Informal and organic structures, very local organisation and the ephemeral nature of the materials which record their actions, contribute to their lack of visibility. Some examples are to be found amongst the groups which belong to writers group networks. This article, which is based on focus group interviews with members of worker writing and community based publishing organisations, explores how such groups organise, maintain themselves, and meet the challenges which arise from their marginalisation.

Provision of Microfinance Services: A Comparative Study of SHG versus Grameen Group Models

Group based Lending Models have been built on existing informal lending and saving groups such as Rotating of Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs). The group lending mechanism promises the win-win solution for both the lender and the borrower from the problems caused by the information asymmetry between them. In the sense that the group lending mechanism on one hand reduces certain institutional transaction costs by shifting screening (self selection) and monitoring activities to the group. On the other hand it uses the joint liability (peer pressure) as a substitute for collateral requirements in providing the financial services to the micro economy, which has been hitherto neglected by the formal financial institutions. For last two and half decades various kinds of such group based lending mechanisms have been emerged and are being practiced around the world in serving the microeconomy. The same has been reflected in India where various kinds of group lending mechanisms are being practiced to serve the micro economy. Such a unique situation raised many questions over their effectiveness in terms of their outreach and impact on the intended. The present study tried to address these questions by analyzing the data collected particularly from the same institutional set up. It has been found that the Grameen group model, which has been adapted from the Grameen Bank, Bangladesh is more effective in serving the micro economy than the indigenously developed SHG model. Hence, the study called for the reexamination of the SHG model that is being endorsed by the State.

Groups with the same cohomology as their pro- [formula omitted] completions

For any prime p and group G , denote the pro- p completion of G by G ˆ p . Let C be the class of all groups G such that, for each natural number n and prime number p , H n ( G p ˆ , Z / p ) ≅ H n ( G , Z / p ) , where Z / p is viewed as a discrete, trivial G ˆ p -module. In this article we identify certain kinds of groups that lie in C . In particular, we show that right-angled Artin groups are in C and that this class also contains some special types of free products with amalgamation.

Enrichment and culture of major organism groups in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems

This research focused on the enrichment of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems-SBR reactors fed with activated sludge. P/C and the carbon sources were considered as two main factors to control the enrichment conditions. So high P/C and alternate acetate and propionate were supplied to PAO, low P/C and acetate were supplied to g-GAO, and low P/C and propionate were supplied to α-GAO. Under the suitable pH, temperature, DO of the aerobic phase and load of the influent, the enrichment of these three kinds of groups was achieved with the results below: Accwnulibacter reached 80% of the total bacteria, and the efficiency of P removal was over than 98%. Competibacter could reach 90%of the total bacteria, and also, α-GAO was a absolutely predominant group in its reactor. Furthennore, details just like the autoclaved feed and the completely dissolved feed can affect the results of the enrichment work.

A Positive Detecting Algorithm for Dna Library Screening Based on Cccp

We describe an algorithm for extracting as much information as possible from pooling experiments for library screening based on the concave-convex procedure (CCCP). Called the CCCP pool result decoder (CCPD), it is a positive clone de- tecting algorithm. Its performance is compared, by simulation, with the Bayesian network pool result decoder (BNPD) proposed by Uehara and Jimbo and the Markov chain pool result decoder (MCPD) proposed by Knill et al. in 1996. To find a few positives among a large number of items, one can use group testing. In group testing, multiple items are assayed in groups. If a group has a negative outcome, all items contained in it are negative. This can reduce the total number of tests. On the other hand, if a group is positive, we know that the group contains at least one positive item. By designing many kinds of groups and by testing each of them, we obtain the results for all groups. After knowing the group results, we may be able to estimate which items are likely to be positive. For each of such items, we apply individual tests to determine whether it is positive or negative. Group testing has been used in medical, chemical, and electrical testing; drug screening; pollution control; multiaccess channel communication; and recently in gene assays like clone library screening, protein-protein interaction tests, and other subjects. See for example Du and Hwang (1999), Schliep and Rahmann (2006), Thierry-Mieg (2006), Klau et al. (2007), Thierry-Mieg and Bailly (2008). In this paper we restrict ourselves to group testing for DNA library screening to give a concrete image of testing and to consider a specialized problem in clone library screening. However, the algorithm given in this paper can be applied to any other fields of group testing. In DNA library screening experiments there are a large number of clones, which are short strings of nucleotides A, T, G and C. Through the use of high-quality gene libraries, the study of gene functions has been developed into a very important research field. The gene libraries are obtained from extensive testing and screening of DNA clones. For each clone,

The effect of developmental variation on hybridization and rarity in Stipoid grasses

Developmental variation in some Achnatherum species was evaluated for two kinds of groups, (1) species pairs that do or do not hybridize and (2) rare and common species. Variation was assessed in two different ways, one that captures developmental events expressed in an individual and one reflecting developmental events that are part of the information systems of a species. The former captures the effect of the environment on development; the latter expresses developmental variation without the information controlling ontogenetic events being filtered through the environment. Development variation is lower for species pair that hybridizes when the effect of development in an individual is expressed. When that variation is of the species information system, the non-hybridizing species pair shows a lower level of developmental variation, likely the effect of greater similarity between those species. It is lower for rare species when variation in development is that of the information system of a species. The lower level of developmental variation seen in species pairs that hybridize likely reflects the necessity of compatible developmental programs in order for a hybrid to appear. Lower variation in development in rare species is expected. Here, though, the lower variation is a property of the species and not of the environment.

A Comparison of Transient Boron Diffusion in Silicon, Silicon Carbide and Diamond

The boron diffusion in three kinds of group IV semiconductors: silicon, silicon carbide and synthetic diamond has been studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Ion implantation of 300 keV, 11B-ions to a dose of 21014 cm-2 has been performed. The samples are subsequently annealed at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1650 °C for 5 minutes up to 8 hours. In silicon and silicon carbide, the boron diffusion is attributed to a transient process and the level of out-diffusion is correlated to intrinsic carrier concentration. No transient, out-diffused, boron tail is revealed in diamond at these temperatures.