Kinds Of Gaps Research Articles

Safeguards and the Nuclear-Powered Submarines of the NNWS: there is no gap; there is a first time | Submarinos de Propulsão Nuclear dos NNWS e as Salvaguardas da AIEA: Não Há Lacuna; Há Uma Primeira Vez

Is there a gap in the Nuclear Weapons Nonproliferation Regime related to nuclear material for the propulsion of submarines by Non-nuclear Weapons States? This question arises with the steady advancement of the Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine program and within the AUKUS strategic partnership. This article argues that there is no such gap since the IAEA’s Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements (CSA) addresses this issue. What happens is that no Special Procedures models for this kind of nuclear material have yet been elaborated. The article proceeds in three steps. Firstly, it focuses on the discussion regarding the existence of such a gap. Then, it addresses the CSA signed by Australia and Brazil. The final remarks present the inferences regarding this kind of gap. Received on: 30 Apr. 2023 | Accepted on: 18 Nov. 2023

Numerical Study on the Impact of Gap between Sheets on the Quality of Riveted Single-Strap Butt Joints

Some controllable process parameters in the riveting process such as the gap between sheets, have an important impact on the quality of a riveted butt joint. In this paper, the finite element model of a riveted single-strap butt joint is established with the help of ABAQUS analysis software, and the riveting process is simulated under five kinds of gaps between sheets. From the perspectives of rivet upsetting size, rivet interference, radial deformation of sheet, and analysis of residual stress around the hole of sheet, the influence of the gap between sheets on the connection quality of the riveted butt joint is summarized. The results show that the left and right sheets will contact each other and there is extrusion stress between the sheets when the gap is zero. When the applied tensile load continues to increase, due to the influence of the secondary bending, the strap sheet responsible for the connection produces warping deformation, and there will be no further contact between the sheets. When the gap between sheets increases from 0 to 2 mm, the maximum deformation of strap sheets increases from 0.876 to 0.927 mm, which proves that the gap between sheets have no significant effect on the deformation of the strap sheet.

Anthropological Crisis in the Social Realities of the 21st Century

The article examines the modern anthropological crisis in the context of various social phenomena. The author identifies key features of this crisis and reveals its causes. The article, addressing such philosophical concepts as time, space, happiness, motivation, analyzes the theories on the essence of this crisis. The author discusses the issues of self-alienation in an accelerating and polarizing world, of dialectical antagonism, of contradiction between the Self and the Other. The article critically analyzes the modern forms of consumerism, the consumer society, and the liberal worldview. Written in the essay form, the article poses the questions to the reader: How and why does man lose and acquire his meanings? What role do words and silence play in that? Who wins in the existential race “man versus society”? The author argues that a person does not see his absolute, since his expanding outer space narrows the inner space. The stratification of internal and external space (which is advisable to understand as a consequence of the loss of contact with reality) is the cause of lies, violence, and aggression. Liberal form of worldview is interpreted in a dialectical form: as the opposition of slavery, preserving its original vices. The article demonstrates how progress can lead to chaos in social life. Distinguishing three types of personality (directive, democratic, and liberal-permissive), it is concluded that the latter type of personality forms a border between the external and internal world. This kind of gap is the source of growing social and psycho-logical chaos. The concludes with a discussion of the possibility of happiness in modern social conditions.

Ali Smith's and Olivia Laing's Fictions of Immediacy

Ali Smith's and Olivia Laing's Fictions of Immediacy

Error of small parameter methods in solving shortened equations of a synchronized oscillator

The paper considers the use of recently appeared analytical methods for solving shortened equations of a synchronized oscillator. These are a quasi-small parameter method and a combined small parameter method. Both methods use the classic small parameter method. A peculiarity of their application is that in this case they are used for solving nonlinear differential equations that do not contain a small parameter. The difference between the above methods is in obtaining the equations of the first approximation. In the quasi-small parameter method, they are linear differential equations obtained by linearizing the original nonlinear differential equations in the area of the zero frequency detuning. In the combined small parameter method, the equations of the first approximation are obtained by approximating the original nonlinear differential equations. Of course, a number of transformations of these equations were made for this. The approximation made it possible to obtain better representation of the original nonlinear differential equations by means of linear differential equations. This representation provided a smaller error, which in both cases was presented as a discrepancy. The discrepancy does not allow obtaining a relative error and investigating its peculiarity.
 A study of the relative error of the quasi-small parameter method shows that this error is a continuous function of the frequency detuning with a zero value for a zero frequency detuning.
 A function representing relative error has a gap at zero frequency detuning for the combined small parameter method. However, this kind of gap can be eliminated by additional function definition.

On long period trend estimates of upper-air extreme and sub-extreme temperatures by use of quantile regression

The traditional studies of climate change are based on estimation of trends in average values of climate variables (such as monthly, seasonal, or annual average values of temperature, air pressure, precipitation, wind speed, etc.). However, these estimates do not provide detailed information on changes in the distributions and are not sufficient to answer questions about changes in extreme and sub-extreme values, as well as questions on left and right “tails” of the distributions and changes in the measures of variability. A mechanism called quantile regression (QR) is an instrument for performing such a study. Unlike the traditional regression methods that are based on the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) methodology, QR can provide detailed information about the structure of climate trends for a whole range of values, i.e. including extremal and sub-extremal values. While the known climatological studies of QR trends in extremes and sub-extremes are related to surface meteorological variables, such as surface temperature, it is essential to make similar QR-based studies of trends for the upper-air (UA) temperature. This paper contains results of such an analysis for the UA temperature based on a collection of radiosonde data for more than 30 years of observation. We discuss typical patterns of a detailed structure of climate trends for the upper-air temperature in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere for certain geographic sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. The existing difficulties to obtain realistic results in such a study are shown to be related to various kinds of gaps in the radiosonde data. Therefore, some data quality requirements are vital for such upper-air studies.

Comparative morphological and transcriptomic analyses reveal chemosensory genes in the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

Detection of chemical cues via chemosensory receptor proteins are essential for most animals, and underlies critical behaviors, including location and discrimination of food resources, identification of sexual partners and avoidance of predators. The current knowledge of how chemical cues are detected is based primarily on data acquired from studies on insects, while our understanding of the molecular basis for chemoreception in acari, mites in particular, remains limited. The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is one of the most important blood-feeding ectoparasites of poultry. PRM are active at night which suck the birds' blood during periods of darkness and hide themselves in all kinds of gaps and cracks during the daytime. The diversity in habitat usage, as well as the demonstrated host finding and avoidance behaviors suggest that PRM relies on their sense of smell to orchestrate complex behavioral decisions. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed the presence of candidate variant ionotropic receptors, odorant binding proteins, niemann-pick proteins type C2 and sensory neuron membrane proteins. Some of these proteins were highly and differentially expressed in the forelegs of PRM. Rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors were also identified, while insect-specific odorant receptors and odorant co-receptors were not detected. Furthermore, using scanning electron microscopy, the tarsomeres of all leg pairs were shown to be equipped with sensilla chaetica with or without tip pores, while wall-pored olfactory sensilla chaetica were restricted to the distal-most tarsomeres of the forelegs. This study is the first to describe the presence of chemosensory genes in any Dermanyssidae family. Our findings make a significant step forward in understanding the chemosensory abilities of D. gallinae.

Response of trophic structure and isotopic niches of the food web to flow regime in the Yellow River estuary

Variations in the flow regime lead to changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of nutrients entering the estuary area from the river, which causes corresponding changes in the trophic structure of the estuarine food web and ultimately affects the entire ecosystem. Therefore, studying the responses of estuarine food webs to changes in upstream water and sediment conditions is of great significance for protecting the biodiversity, stability, and functional integrity of estuarine ecosystems. This study focused on the world-famous sandy river, the Yellow River, and the south and north shores of the Yellow River estuary and selected sample areas with different environmental characteristics. Typical species were sampled and measured for carbon- and nitrogen-stable isotopes in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Based on community indicators of stable isotopes, the trophic structure patterns of the aquatic ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary at different times and spaces were described. The results showed that the north shore area had greater trophic diversity and lower trophic redundancy than the south shore area. This kind of gap was more obvious in the wet season when water was abundant than in the dry season. The south shore area with lower aquatic productivity had greater reliance to input from terrestrial organic matter than the north shore area. The increase in terrestrial material input during the wet season increased the carbon-stable isotope value of the south shore food web and changed the basic food sources. The north shore food web, which did not depend on a single food source, had more abundant organic matter sources. The trophic diversity increased in the wet season, but the trophic redundancy was reduced. Our research suggests that the trophic structure patterns of estuarine ecosystems vary with the hydrological regime and environmental conditions, especially turbidity, which greatly affect the stability of estuarine ecosystems.

Addressing Horizontal and Vertical Gaps in Educational Systems

Students are often ill-prepared for the leap in expectations within disciplines when they make the transition from secondary to university-level instruction. Moreover, another equally large challenge exacerbates these vertical disciplinary gaps. At all levels, instruction takes place largely in disciplinary silos – in language and literature, history, mathematics, science, and so on. Learning goals in these silos are often phrased in very different language, e.g. ‘becoming a reader’ (or writer) in language arts, ‘inquiry’ in science, and ‘problem solving’ in mathematics. Such horizontal gaps result in instruction being far less coherent from the student’s perspective than it might be. The Teaching for Robust Understanding framework, known as TRU, may provide a means of addressing both kinds of gap. TRU focuses on the nature of learning environments that support the development of students as powerful learners. Through the lens of the TRU framework one can see commonalities across disciplines and across grade levels, and shape instructional practices accordingly. Within any particular discipline, treating students as active sense makers and arranging learning environments to provide opportunities for active sense making may help to bridge the gap between secondary and higher education.

THE BENEFITS OF ARTBOTS ACTIVITIES IN EDUCATION & SOCIETY

The aim of this research is to present the benefits of working with artbots in education and to investigate further benefits for society. The methods which are implemented in order to reach this aim are related to children's and other audiences' participation in contemporary art practices as well as educational activities which involve artbots. The se practices and activities are rich and diverse ranging from drawing with artbots (with or without coding) to producing small-scale theatrical pieces, happenings and films . However, all the activities presented in this paper are interdisciplinary and involve or connect the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) fields. Another common characteristic of all the activities is that they communicate human values through messages of love and peace as well as through references to beauty, harmony, festivity, mobility, interconnectedness and other qualities of the contemporary living conditions. Which are the learning outcomes and what impact do these practices and activities have on the audiences? In order to give an answer to these questions it is important to take into consideration the different age and social groups as well as the contexts where these activities take place. It is also interesting to see these activities through and beyond STEAM education by highlighting the implementation of the Arts as a way to blaze new trails for fostering creative and innovative thinking. The artbots activities presented in this paper can be easily carried out in various intercultural, intergenerational and interdisciplinary contexts and they can bring together people by bridging many kinds of gaps. This means that artbots activities are a promising field of research and creation in education with multiple opportunities for original activities which benefit education and society

Conversations About Financial Issues in Routine Oncology Practices: A Multicenter Study.

To describe the frequency, content, dynamics, and patterns of cost conversations in academic medical oncology across tumor types. We reviewed 529 audio recordings between May 3, 2012, to September 23, 2014, from a prospective three-site communication study in which patients at any stage of management for any solid tumor malignancy were seen in routine oncology appointments. Recordings were deidentified, transcribed, and flagged for any mention of cost. We coded encounters and used qualitative thematic analysis. Financial issues were discussed in 151 (28%) of 529 recordings. Conversations lasted shorter than 2 minutes on average. Patients/caregivers raised a majority of discussions (106 of 151), and 40% of cost concerns raised by patients/caregivers were not verbally acknowledged by clinicians. Social service referrals were made only six times. Themes from content analysis were related to insurance eligibility/process, work insecurity, cost of drugs, cost used as tool to influence medical decision making, health care-specific costs, and basic needs. Financial concerns influenced oncology work processes via test or medication coverage denials, creating paperwork for clinicians, potentially influencing patient involvement in trials, and leading to medication self-rationing or similar behaviors. Typically, financial concerns were associated with negative emotions. Financial issues were raised in approximately one in four academic oncology visits. These brief conversations were usually initiated by patients/caregivers, went frequently unaddressed by clinicians, and seemed to influence medical decision making and work processes and contribute to distress. Themes identified shed light on the kinds of gaps that must be addressed to help patients with cancer cope with the rising cost of care.

A simplified structural model of bump-type foil bearings based on contact mechanics including gaps and friction

Abstract The paper introduces a structural model for bump-type foil bearings based on contact mechanics including gaps and friction. The starting point is a model introduced in [32] were the bump foil is approximated by a specific structure of interacting springs. Following this model, contacts between the top and bump foils and between the bump foil and the sleeve are always closed. Recent analyses [31] showed that this not always verified: contacts can become loose even for very simple loading situations. A new model is then developed for considering these situations. The new model takes into account the elasticity of the top foil and three kind of gaps: between the rotor and the top foil, between the top and the bump foils and between the bump foils and the sleeve. The former model of the bump foil was extended by considering an additional degree of freedom per bump. Friction was modeled with Coulomb law. An efficient numerical procedure borrowed from contact mechanics ([41], [42]) was implemented for solving the structural problem with friction and close/loose gaps. The procedure uses the augmented Lagrangian algorithm for the normal contact forces and the penalty method for the tangential friction force. The procedure is very robust in dealing with stick-slip situations and close/loose contacts. The model was validated by comparisons with results from the literature ([31], [32]). By considering gaps in the foil structure and close/loose contacts, the model is not only closer to reality but can also handle manufacturing errors of the foil structure. This is shown by considering bump foil height manufacturing errors.

Must Philosophy be Mass doesn't it?

The articles is based on the existence of a kind of gap between a philosopher and students. Future engineers and even journalists live in other system of ideals. The aim of author is not reasoning in the categories «of due», but study that, why students criticize philosophy. The are two groups of critics – simpletons and non-simpletons. A simpletons criticizes because a philosopher destroys the world clarity. A non-simpletons criticizes because sometimes a philosopher teaches the dogmas. Both criticisms determine the attitude toward a deconstruction. For a philosopher it would be easier to follow the demands of the simpletons and to revive a dogma. But in this case philosophy would be converted into ideology. Therefore a philosopher must answer upon requests non-simpletons: teach (and to learn) to freedom of thinking, ability to look at the generally accepted from the unusual point of view.

Interactions between scientific and social rationality: recommendation of intermediate layer for transdisciplinary sustainable science

This study analyzes how two different kinds of rationality—scientific and social—interact with each other with respect to the management of global climate change (GCC) risks. Interactions between scientific and social rationalities have two meanings: one is interaction between researchers and citizens (science and society), and the other is interaction between natural scientists and social scientists (among disciplines). As for former meaning, the present study conducted several attempts of “talking about climate” with citizens as transdisciplinary research practice in sustainable science. As for the latter meaning, the present study conducted transdisciplinary research among social scientists and natural scientists. The results show that there are three types of understanding on GCC: (A) understanding of the mechanism of GCC, (B) understanding of the effect of GCC, and (C) understanding of the countermeasures. The results also show the gaps between the understanding of experts and that of citizens: whereas experts want to show a Type A understanding first and then Type B followed by Type C, citizens tend to focus on Types B and C first. In addition, natural scientists tend to divide value-free statements and value-laden statements, whereas social scientists tend to consider that every statement includes value judgements. Here, natural scientists think of themselves as being neutral, because they divide technical issues and ethical issues, while citizens think that experts are not neutral, because they see natural scientists as putting more value on GCC risks than other risks. It is easy in scientific papers to criticize dichotomy between facts and value and linear model in which the interaction between science and policy is conceived of as unidimensional, linear, and one way: from science to policy. However, in actual interaction in transdisciplinary practice, these kinds of dichotomy and linear model still underlie in the base of experts’ thinking. To overcome these kinds of gaps between experts and citizen as well as between natural scientists and social scientists, we recommended a discussion space as an intermediate layer between government, experts, and public.

Modeling and analysis of mover gaps in tubular moving-magnet linear oscillating motors

A tubular moving-magnet linear oscillating motor (TMMLOM) has merits of high efficiency and excellent dynamic capability. To enhance the thrust performance, quasi-Halbach permanent magnet (PM) arrays are arranged on its mover in the application of a linear electro-hydrostatic actuator in more electric aircraft. The arrays are assembled by several individual segments, which lead to gaps between them inevitably. To investigate the effects of the gaps on the radial magnetic flux density and the machine thrust in this paper, an analytical model is built considering both axial and radial gaps. The model is validated by finite element simulations and experimental results. Distributions of the magnetic flux are described in condition of different sizes of radial and axial gaps. Besides, the output force is also discussed in normal and end windings. Finally, the model has demonstrated that both kinds of gaps have a negative effect on the thrust, and the linear motor is more sensitive to radial ones.

Gap structure of 1D cut and project Hamiltonians

We study the gap properties of nearest neighbors tight binding models on quasiperiodic chains. We argue that two kind of gaps should be distinguished: stable and transient. We show that stable gaps have a well defined quasiperiodic limit. We also show that there is a direct relation between the gap size and the gap label.

ДОГОВІРНЕ СПАДКУВАННЯ В МІЖНАРОДНОМУ ПРИВАТНОМУ ПРАВІ

The scientific article raises the issue of contractual inheritance regulation in private international law. Inheritance is defined as a guarantee of human property rights on the legal basis of many countries in the world, as an important institution of law which requires additional research due to foreign element complications. The article contains examples of how countries define and regulate this issue differently at the legislative level. The views of scientists have been considered and the concept of "inheritance statute" has been formed, which is characterized by its multifaceted composition. To determine it in international practice two approaches are used, which depend on the nature of the property, whether it is movable or immovable. Spain and Quebec have been analyzed as representatives of the application of different approaches. It has been emphasized that the inheritance of real estate is more understandable in contrast to the inheritance of movable property, which is complicated by different mechanisms of state regulation. Hereditary and obligatory statutes have been considered and explained. The article draws attention to the problem of splitting the inheritance statute in private international law, which is common in nature, because it is due to the existence of several possible legal systems to regulate such legal relations. It has been pointed out that this issue is a kind of gap in the establishment of relations with a foreign element and, accordingly, necessarily requires detailed study and research, and as a consequence, the separation of contractual inheritance statute at the regulatory level. This need is primarily due to the fact that there are difficulties in establishing the governing law caused by several statutes and connecting factors, because the imperfection of the connecting mechanisms prevents the establishment of contractual inheritance at the appropriate level.

Flame propagation and detonation initiation distance of ethylene/oxygen in narrow gap

Flame propagation and detonation initiation distances (DID) of the ethylene/oxygen mixture in different narrow gaps at initial operating pressure 5–50kPa were experimentally investigated with soot track records and high-speed digital imaging. The narrow gaps were combined with some channels, the width of 1.0mm, 2.2mm, 2.9mm, 4.0mm, the height of 10mm, 20mm, 30mm and the length of 1220mm. The correlations of the DID on initial pressure and gap size were discussed. While the initial pressure was different in macro-scale tube, the effect of minimum hydraulic diameter and boundary layer on acceleration of flame during the process of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) and DID in narrow gap has obviously different variation trend. Compared with large scale tube, the boundary layer plays an important role in flame acceleration process, which causes different change rule of DID in the narrow gap. The overdriven detonation waves decrease to steady detonation wave at about 2000m/s in three kinds of gap with different height. The flame speed rose sharply from 340m/s to 2760m/s along approximately 30mm distance in W=30mm gap, significantly higher than Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) speed 2326m/s. The process of flame development and DDT were presented and the variation trends of DID with the height or width of gap at different initial pressure were gained. The influence of width-height ratio on DID gradually weaken with increase of the initial pressure.

Metanephrine neuroendocrine tumor marker detection by SERS using Au nanoparticle/Au film sandwich architecture.

Neuroendocrine tumors, such as pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma, are dangerous tumors that constitute a potential threat for a large number of patients. Currently, the biochemical diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors is based on measurement of the direct secretory products of the adrenomedullary-sympathetic system or of their metabolites, such as catecholamines or their metanephrine derivatives, from plasma or urine. The techniques used for analysis of plasma free metanephrines, i.e. high-performance liquid chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry are technically-demanding and time consuming, which limit their availability. Here we demonstrate a simple, fast and low-cost method for detecting metanephrine by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). The protocol consists in using evaporation-induced self-assembly of gold (Au) nanoparticles incubated with the analyte, on planar gold films. The assembly process produces regions with a dense distribution of both inter-particle gaps and particle-film gaps. Finite-difference time-domain simulations confirm that both kinds of gaps are locations of enhanced electromagnetic fields resulting from inter-particle and particle-film plasmonic coupling, useful for SERS amplification. Metanephrine vibrational bands assignment was performed according to density functional theory calculations. Metanephrine metabolite was detected in liquid at concentration levels lower than previously reported for other similar metabolites. The obtained results demonstrate that the Au nanoparticle/Au film exhibits noticeable SERS amplification of the adsorbed metabolite and can be used in the design of efficient, stable SERS-active substrates for the detection and identification of specific tumor markers.

An exploration of rumor combating behavior on social media in the context of social crises

This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the formation of social media users’ rumor combating behavior during crises by merging the theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model into one theoretical framework. Based on a sample of 394 social media users, the descriptive statistical analysis showed two different kinds of gaps. “Higher awareness but lower behavior gap” represented gaps from higher-scoring constructs (including awareness of adverse consequences caused by rumors, ascribed responsibility of adverse consequences, sense of obligation and behavioral intention to combat rumors) to lower-scoring actual behavior, whereas “lower attitude but higher behavior gap” represented the gap from lower-scoring attitudes toward rumor combating to higher-scoring actual behavior. The results of the structural analysis demonstrated that the proposed model had a satisfactory level of prediction power for pro-social rumor combating behavior. The findings also supported all the hypothesized relationships among the model constructs except the direct influences of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intention and verified the mediating roles of the model constructs. In particular, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and awareness of adverse consequences were the three most important predictors of actual rumor combating behavior.