Kind Of Equality Research Articles

Proportionality and quantitative relationships in physics

Considers some aspects of quantitative relationships involved in learning physics. These are proportionality, various kinds of equality and the need for generality. The distinctions may seem to some extent artificial, for the physics curriculum is very much a seamless robe. However, some distinguishing is necessary if the physics curriculum is to be examined with regard to pupil outcomes. Knowledge relevant to proportionality and other aspects of quantitative relationships (which is often perhaps implicitly assumed) should be subsumed by the successful learning of physics: as such it need not feature in summative assessment and does not seem to do so in practice. If, however, some children fail to learn much physics theory, for whatever reason, they could be far more aware of the difficulties involved that are either their teachers or their more successful colleagues. It could be the case that some children become confused or demotivated by some of the various aspects of quantitative relationships and so remain confused or ignorant as regard the intended outcomes of the curriculum. The literature indicates that many children do indeed remain confused and/or ignorant (e.g. see Gilbert and Watts 1983).

Adaptive Lattice Decision-Feedback Equalizers--Their Performance and Application to Time-Variant Multipath Channels

This paper presents two types of adaptive lattice decisionfeedback equalizers (DFE), the least squares (LS) lattice DFE and the gradient lattice DFE. Their performance has been investigated on both time-invariant and time-variant channels through computer simulations and compared to other kinds of equalizers. An analysis of the self-noise and tracking characteristics of the LS DFE and the DFE employing the Widrow-Hoff least mean square adaptive algorithm (LMS DFE) are also given. The analysis and simulation results show that the LS lattice DFE has the faster initial convergence rate, while the gradient lattice DFE is computationally more efficient. The main advantages of the lattice DFE's are their numerical stability, their computational efficiency, the flexibility to change their length, and their excellent capabilities for tracking rapidly time-variant channels.

Equality and Bus Transit Funding Policies

This study examines different ways to fund a municipal service and evaluates funding schemes in terms of various criteria of equality. Findings indicate that several kinds of equality are unreasonable or impossible to attain; other funding policies have costly implications for local budgets. Most important, the inability of policymakers to achieve several definitions of equality simultaneously is illustrated. Because of this difficulty, the decision-making processes surrounding the funding or distribution of municipal services are likely to generate significant political conflicts.

Study of a Time-Compression Technique for TV Transmission Using a Chirp Filter and Envelope Detection

We study a time-compression (or expansion) technique for possible application in communication signal processing, e.g., broadcast-quality TV transmission through satellites. The method uses a linear chirp, a linear dispersive filter realized by surface acoustic wave devices and an envelope detector. This technique is heuristic and can be viewed as a quasistationary model of the FM wave involved. Numerical results show that excessive distortion is created, and its application to TV transmission is not suitable unless some kind of equalization is provided. One such form of equalization is the chirp transform processor which involves considerably more complexity. Simpler equalizations may be possible but do not seem to be straightforward.

Democratic Revolution in England: A Possibility?

The purpose of this essay is to explore the possibility of a democratic revolution in England just prior to the Franco-British War of 1793. I hope to correct, in a minor way, one of the assumptions held by R. R. Palmer in his analysis of the progress of democratic revolution in England.Palmer presented his thesis in The Age of the Democratic Revolution, which appeared in two volumes, in 1959 and 1964. Here Palmer proposed a new interpretation of the major political developments of Western Europe.It is argued that this whole civilization was swept in the last four decades of the eighteenth century by a single revolutionary movement, which manifested itself in different ways and with varying success in different countries, yet in all of them showed similar objectives and principles.Palmer's synthesis of these objectives and principles can be summed up in his title: this was the Age of the Democratic Revolution, which “signified a new feeling for a kind of equality, or at least a discomfort with older forms of stratification and formal rank.” All western countries underwent this revolution, including England.Palmer's treatment of Britain places a responsibility upon historians of that country to determine whether this new interpretation clarifies or obscures the development of events. If there was a single democratic revolution, how and when was it manifested in England, and what were the causes of its failure? Were the Wilkesite, County Association, and workingmen's association movements the background of the gradualist reform movements of the nineteenth century, or the background of a revolution that failed in the eighteenth? Answers to these questions will not be derived easily, and the purpose of this essay is not nearly so ambitious. I intend to explore only the possibility of a revolution in England in 1792.

The Revolutionary Significance of Cadres Working as Soldiers in the Armed Forces

The relationship between officers and men in the Chinese People's Liberation Army is a relationship of equality among ordinary workers. This sort of equality is the embodiment of the communist spirit. It is a glorious tradition long held by the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Early in the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chairman Mao established the unity of officers and men as one of the principles of PLA military construction. For several decades the Chinese People's Liberation Army has consistently followed Chairman Mao's instructions, taking the principle of unity of officers and men and the idea of equality between officers and men, and making these the basic principles in managing relationships within the army. Under the guidance of these principles, army officers are leaders, but they also live among the masses of soldiers. Their appearance is that of an ordinary soldier, and they are under the surveillance of the masses. Soldiers are followers, but they also have the right to take part in the management of their companies. Soldiers and officers are politically equal. This kind of equality is an extremely important factor in guaranteeing that our army will defeat even those enemies that are much more powerful than we are.

One Sample Limits of Some Two-Sample Rank Tests

Abstract A composite hypothesis asserting some kind of equality about two distributions may be tested by use of a two-sample statistic. It is often true that if one sample size is allowed to become infinite in this statistic then it is interpretable as one for testing a simple hypothesis about the distribution furnishing the finite sample. (The simple hypothesis is furnished by the “infinite sample.”) Wilcoxon's two-sample test studied in this way becomes a useful tool for certain kinds of problems. A rank test of Lehmann's reduces to either Fisher's test for combining independent tests of significance or to one once proposed by Karl Pearson for the same purpose. Two natural one-sample limits of two-sample median tests are also presented.

Different Kinds of Equality

When Thomas Jefferson suggested that all men were created free and equal, he raised two interesting questions. The first question, “What is freedom?” is at present being given some thought by the political scientists, so it seems only fair that we should do our part by attempting to answer the second question, “What is equality?”