Kinds Of Drivers Research Articles

Becoming a freelancer or contractor? Drivers’ contractual mode and schedule decisions in a dual sourcing market

In the ride-hailing market, the platforms could recruit contractors subject to prescriptive schedules to reduce the labor supply uncertainty and balance the demand and supply, and the drivers are entitled to become a freelancer or a contractor and choose the schedule they would like to provide the service. This paper proposes an analytical framework to capture the drivers’ decisions of becoming a freelancer and contractor as well as how to arrange their work schedules in a dual sourcing market. The utility structures for two kinds of drivers, freelancers and contractors, are defined and a time-expanded network is adopted to portray the drivers’ work schedule choices. With this setting, the drivers’ simultaneous contractual mode and work schedule selection model is formulated and the algorithm is designed. The numerical examples are conducted to investigate the characteristics of the equilibrium solutions. The results show that a dual-sourcing market is always advantageous to contractors and conditionally beneficial to the platform, freelancers and customers. When there is low potential demand, higher fixed salary is preferred for the platform to attract contractor and complement the labor supply. When the market is thriving, the effect of the profits’ increment by dual-sourcing is not obvious. This work could provide new insights on how to manage a dual-sourcing market for the platform.

Exploring the sustainability dimensions of coffee agro-industry: a critical review and future research agenda

The international coffee organisation is committed to providing information and conducting structured studies to regularly report on the development of relevant aspects or indicators of the coffee sector to reduce climate change and environmental impacts. The international community is progressively building green ecosystems that maintain an effective climate to create increased opportunities to promote low-carbon and climate-resilient development paths, and there are various kinds of drivers or indicators as key success factors in the custom and optional coffee agroindustry sector that must be considered following the social, environmental and system conditions that are implemented to achieve sustainable productivity. This paper aims to analyse the key dimensions of selected (literature) articles from 2010 to 2020 using Harzing’s or Perish, Mendeley, Microsoft Excel and Vosviewer applications by identifying, extracting and synthesising several scientific articles related to agriculture. Coffee. Industry to be the basis of a sustainable future research agenda. The determination of the sustainable dimension refers to the need for future research (future research agenda) to be carried out, while the processing and critical review of the paper (a critical review) is carried out by classifying the key dimensions related to the total factor of green productivity. The results obtained on network overlay and density visualisation resulted in further research: (1) coffee consumption, (2) sustainable supply chain, (3) environmental sustainability, (4) green coffee beans, and (5) speciality or fine coffee.

Understanding trophic structure variation in fish assemblages of subtropical shallow lakes: Combined effects of ecosystem size, productivity, and disturbance

Global environmental change has altered biotic interactions in ecosystems. Trophic structure is a major characteristic of ecosystems, and understanding the factors determining trophic structure is thus important for predicting the response of ecological dynamics and ecosystem services to future environmental change. Different kinds of drivers, including ecosystem size, productivity, and disturbance, have been proposed to explain trophic structure variation in various ecosystems. Much remains unknown about how these drivers operate in determining trophic structure and its underlying mechanisms, particularly in shallow lakes. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of ecosystem size, productivity and disturbance in influencing the trophic structure of fish assemblages in 30 subtropical shallow lakes. We determined that (1) ecosystem size, productivity and disturbance had no effect on food chain length; (2) the mean trophic level increased with increasing ecosystem size and productivity, with productivity contributing the most to explaining the variance in mean trophic level; and (3) ecosystem size, productivity, and disturbance, alone or combined, affected the proportion of species at specific trophic levels. These results indicate the potential for systematic discrepancies in the drivers of trophic structure among different systems and highlight that focusing on food chain length alone may not be sufficient in reflecting the variation in trophic status. Thus, changes in the mean trophic level and specific trophic-level guilds must be considered in future lake management practices.

Progress of intense heavy ion beam driven high energy density physics

Intense ion beams can quasi-isometrically heat any high-density sample and generate warm dense matter (WDM) with large scale, uniform state distribution without any shock wave inside. This kind of driver provides a new opportunity for the laboratory high energy density physics (HEDP) research. The typical intense ion beam accelerators around the world, as well as their critical parameters and research plans of HEDP study are introduced.The progress of ion driven WDM generation and evolution using PIC and hydrodynamic simulations is shown. The high energy electron beam radiography technique with high spatial resolution, high temporal evolution, and high penetrating ability is also introduced. The collisional and charge transfer processes of the interaction between low-to-medium energy ion and plasma are analyzed. The nonlinear effect during the intense ion beam stopping and transportation process are presented.

Strategic directions for the development of consumer cooperation in rural areas (on the example of the south- and north-eastern regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The revival and sustainable development of consumer cooperation in rural areas is currently one of the strategic directions of modern agricultural policy. Based on the advanced foreign and domestic experience, this is most relevant in relation to depressed rural areas, where cooperation can be a kind of driver in improving the quality of socio-economic development. Due to the development of consumer cooperatives of various forms and areas of activity, not only the problems of production, processing and marketing of agricultural products are effectively solved, but also the emergence of new non-agricultural sectors of the rural economy, its wide diversification is initiated, which contributes to the creation of new jobs, an increase in income and the quality of life of the population. Republic of Bashkortostan at the end of 2018–2019 is the leader among the subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives created annually. However, the problem of their sustainability in the long term is currently acute. In addition, it is important to preserve the system of the Bashkir Union of Consumer Societies that has existed since the beginning of the 20th century and to revive it on a new market basis. Therefore, within the framework of this article, using the example of the southeastern and north-eastern regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the need to develop and implement, in addition to regional, municipal and intermunicipal strategies for the development of agricultural consumer cooperatives, including the second and third levels, for the organization of sustainable regional cooperative systems is actualized. and lifting depressed rural areas out of the crisis

High Arctic ecosystem states: Conceptual models of vegetation change to guide long-term monitoring and research

Vegetation change has consequences for terrestrial ecosystem structure and functioning and may involve climate feedbacks. Hence, when monitoring ecosystem states and changes thereof, the vegetation is often a primary monitoring target. Here, we summarize current understanding of vegetation change in the High Arctic—the World’s most rapidly warming region—in the context of ecosystem monitoring. To foster development of deployable monitoring strategies, we categorize different kinds of drivers (disturbances or stresses) of vegetation change either as pulse (i.e. drivers that occur as sudden and short events, though their effects may be long lasting) or press (i.e. drivers where change in conditions remains in place for a prolonged period, or slowly increases in pressure). To account for the great heterogeneity in vegetation responses to climate change and other drivers, we stress the need for increased use of ecosystem-specific conceptual models to guide monitoring and ecological studies in the Arctic. We discuss a conceptual model with three hypothesized alternative vegetation states characterized by mosses, herbaceous plants, and bare ground patches, respectively. We use moss-graminoid tundra of Svalbard as a case study to discuss the documented and potential impacts of different drivers on the possible transitions between those states. Our current understanding points to likely additive effects of herbivores and a warming climate, driving this ecosystem from a moss-dominated state with cool soils, shallow active layer and slow nutrient cycling to an ecosystem with warmer soil, deeper permafrost thaw, and faster nutrient cycling. Herbaceous-dominated vegetation and (patchy) bare ground would present two states in response to those drivers. Conceptual models are an operational tool to focus monitoring efforts towards management needs and identify the most pressing scientific questions. We promote greater use of conceptual models in conjunction with a state-and-transition framework in monitoring to ensure fit for purpose approaches. Defined expectations of the focal systems’ responses to different drivers also facilitate linking local and regional monitoring efforts to international initiatives, such as the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program.

Effects of the Driver’s Disturbance Risk Preference Heterogeneity and its System Thresholds on Traffic Flow Instability

Driver’s disturbance risk preference is defined as the driver’s reaction degree to the disturbance, which is one kind of driver’s attributes and can be expressed by the disturbance risk preference coefficient. This paper first attempts to investigate the effects of the driver’s disturbance risk preference heterogeneity and its system thresholds on traffic flow instability based on a car-following model. An analytical analysis is conducted to obtain the calculation formulas of traffic system unstable threshold and traffic system instability eliminated threshold and traffic flow unstable region headway range, and the calculation method of the probability of traffic congestion caused by a small disturbance under some traffic scenarios, and then, the numerical analysis is carried out to present the main contributions and findings of this paper. It is shown that: 1) when the disturbance risk preference coefficient ratio between the preceding vehicle driver and the following vehicle driver is not less than the traffic system unstable threshold, the traffic flow is always unstable; 2) when the disturbance risk preference coefficient ratio between the preceding vehicle driver and the following vehicle driver is not bigger than the traffic system instability eliminated threshold, the traffic flow instability is completely eliminated; and 3) when the disturbance risk preference coefficient ratio between the preceding vehicle driver and the following vehicle driver is bigger than the traffic system instability eliminated threshold and less than the traffic system unstable threshold, such as for the general traffic situation, the smaller the coefficient ratio, the traffic flow instability is smaller, and vice versa.

Personalized Lane-Change Assistance System With Driver Behavior Identification

An in-depth study on driving habits and personalized driving-assistance systems is conducive to the realization of vehicle safety and intelligent driving. In this paper, we present a personalized vehicle lane-change assistance system integrated with a driver-behavior identification strategy. First, the driver-behavior data-acquisition system is designed and established. Based on this, the input data of different kinds of drivers along with vehicle signals are collected under typical working conditions. The drivers are classified utilizing factor analysis and a fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, and the identification of driver behavior is realized using a backpropagation neural network optimized by a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Then, personalized warning, planning, and control systems are designed for lane changing. The proposed personalized lane-change assistance system can provide more personalized recommendations to the drivers, increasing the potential for more widespread acceptance and use of advanced driver-assistance system. Finally, the correctness of the proposed personalized lane-change system is evaluated by conducting computer simulations and a driver-in-the-loop- simulation under various conditions. And the results show that the lane-change assistance system based on driver behavior can meet the driving needs of different drivers without sacrificing safety.

Community- and ecosystem-level effects of multiple environmental change drivers: Beyond null model testing.

Understanding the joint effect of multiple drivers of environmental change is a key scientific challenge. The dominant approach today is to compare observed joint effects with predictions from various types of null models. Drivers are said to combine synergistically (antagonistically) when their observed joint effect is larger (smaller) than that predicted by the null model. Here, I argue that this approach does not promote understanding of effects on important community- and ecosystem-level variables such as biodiversity and ecosystem function. I use ecological theory to show that different mechanisms can lead to the same deviation from a null model's prediction. Inversely, I show that the same mechanism can lead to different deviations from a null model's prediction. These examples illustrate that it is not possible to make strong mechanistic inferences from null models. Next, I present an alternative framework to study such effects. This framework makes a clear distinction between two different kinds of drivers (resource ratio shifts and multiple stressors) and integrates both by incorporating stressor effects into resource uptake theory. I show that this framework can advance understanding because of three reasons. First, it forces formalization of "multiple stressors," using factors that describe the number and kind of stressors, their selectivity and dynamic behaviour, and the initial trait diversity and tolerance among species. Second, it produces testable predictions on how these factors affect biodiversity and ecosystem function, alone and in combination with resource ratio shifts. Third, it can fail in informative ways. That is, its assumptions are clear, so that different kinds of deviations between predictions and observed effects can guide new experiments and theory improvement. I conclude that this framework will more effectively progress understanding of global change effects on communities and ecosystems than does the current practice of null model testing.

An empirical study on travel patterns of internet based ride-sharing

The rapid growth of internet based ride-sharing brings great changes to residents' travel and city traffic. However, few studies had employed empirical data to examine the unique travel patterns of internet based ride-sharing trips. In this paper, we compare taxi trip records and internet based ride-sharing trip records provided by DiDi company. Results reveal many interesting findings that had never been reported before. From the viewpoint of service patterns, ride-sharing mainly increases supplies in hot areas and peak hours. By applying a non-negative matrix factorization method, we find that ride-sharing principally serves as an approach for commuting. So, as an effective supplement to traditional taxi service, it regulates spatial and temporal supply-demand imbalance, especially during morning and evening rush periods. From the viewpoint of individual behavior patterns, we use a clustering method to identify two kinds of internet based ride-sharing drivers. The first kind of drivers usually provides ride-sharing along daily home-work commuting. Trips served by these drivers have relatively constant origin-designation (OD) pairs. The second kind of drivers does not serve regularly and roams around the city even in working hours. Therefore, there are no constant OD pairs in their ride-sharing trips. Counterintuitively, we find that home-work commuting drivers account for only a small part of total drivers and they only serve a small number of commuting trips. In addition, internet based ride-sharing is not just traditional hitchhiking worked through mobile internet. We find that internet based ride-sharing drivers intend to make long distance trips, and they intend to detour further to pick up or drop off passengers than traditional hitchhike drivers since they are paid. All these findings are helpful for policy makers at all levels to make informed decisions about deployment of internet based ride-sharing service. This paper also verifies that big data analytics is particularly useful and powerful in the analysis of ride-sharing and taxi service patterns.

Community dynamics of stabilized dune xerophytic shrubs

To conciliate the individualistic and holistic paradigms dominating community ecology, I analysed the main factors driving the distribution of xerophytic shrub communities at different scales. I found that the patchy distribution of xerophytic shrubs in southwestern Portugal mainly responds to both local (i.e., soil organic matter) and regional (i.e., climate) factors, confirming the importance of processes acting at different scales. I propose a conceptual model including the ecological dynamics of these communities supported by the analyses of both kinds of drivers and changes in functional diversity. The ecological dynamics between the communities dominated by Stauracanthus genistoides and Ulex australis throughout their co-occurrence area were significantly consistent, despite the factors driving this successional gradient changing regionally. An integrative approach for linking species diversification and distribution assessed the role of edaphic and climatic requirements in the current parapatric distribution of the three species of the genus Stauracanthus.

Factors causing aberrant driving behaviors: A model of problem drivers in China

ABSTRACTThe motive of this study was to investigate the aberrant driving behaviors of “problem drivers” who had more violations and accidents, measure the characteristics of them, and explore the factors that make them problem drivers. A questionnaire that measures driving behaviors, driving attitudes, driving skills, and personality characteristics was implemented via the Internet, to problem drivers (frequent violations or more accidents) and safe drivers (fewer violations or accidents). A logistic regression model was employed to explore what kinds of drivers had more traffic violations or accidents. Results showed that age and frequency of driving were significantly correlated with their violations and accidents. Problem drivers have poor driving skills and tend to drive faster, which leading to more violations. Attitudes toward bicycle riding also had a significant effect on Chinese drivers' driving behaviors. However, the two groups did not show significant differences on personality characteristics. The results suggested that attitude and driving skill were significant factors that influence penalty points and accidents of drivers in China. This research can provide guidance in driving behavior modification and traffic safety education. Behaviors of drivers in China may become safer if their skills can be improved and their attitudes toward traffic safety are changed.

Compositional changes in thermophilous oak forests in Poland over time: do they correspond to European trends?

AbstractQuestionsHave compositional changes occurred in thermophilous oak forests in Poland during the past two decades? What kinds of drivers might be responsible for these changes? Are the thermophilous oak woods still rich in species or have they rather lost their diversity?LocationSudetes Mts., SW Poland.MethodsThe vegetation of thermophilous oak forests within four distinct areas was surveyed on 92 semi‐permanent plots in the time periods from 1992 to 1994 and from 2010 to 2014. The overall pattern in vegetation changes, trends in species composition and site parameters, as well as the diversity of studied communities were analysed using ordination and permutation techniques.ResultsThe species composition of thermophilous oak forests has changed significantly. We recorded a decrease in the share of oligotrophic light‐demanding species, whereas mesotrophic light‐demanding and nitrophilous species showed an upward trend. Regarding the fourth group of shade‐tolerant species, their share varied depending on the site. The analysis of habitat parameters revealed that the studied oak forest communities generally shifted from communities of moderately oligotrophic and mesic character towards forests growing on nutrient‐richer but drier habitats. Interestingly, the observed change in species composition was not accompanied by the loss of biodiversity that has generally been reported in other types of thermophilous forests in Europe.ConclusionsChanges observed within thermophilous and previously coppiced oak forests of southwest Poland are going in a direction which has not been recognized so far in analogous communities. The transition of studied communities is probably a result of the cumulative influence of several drivers, the most crucial of which seem to be soil regeneration, after the period of intensive acidity caused by sulphur emission between 1960 and 2000, and decreasing moisture. The observed changes are independent of the type of forest management (or the lack thereof) within the study sites.

High speed gate driver circuit basd on metal oxide thin film transistors

This paper presents a new high speed gate driver circuit driven by In-Zn-O thin film transistors. Two methods are employed to improve the speed of this dirver: First, the input stage multiplex structure is adopted, one input stage drives three output stages; this could reduce the quantity of thin film transistors and also could achieve the narrow bezels in the AMOLED or AMLCD displays. Even the work frequency of the input stage becomes 1/3 of the output stage. When the speed of the circuit increass, there is enough time for input stage charging and discharging. So this kind of driver is suitable for high speed driving method. Second, three times the capacitance coupled effect generated in the gate driver can pull up the voltage level of the key nodes in the circuit, ensuring the signal integrity, While the first time the effect generated in the input stage is to reduce the charge time of the cascade signal and improve the speed of input stage. The second time that generated between input stage and output stage contrbutes to the integrity of cascade ouput signal and output control signal. A diode-connected thin film transistor applied to connect the output control signal and the gate of pull-up thin film transistors in output stage generates the three time capacitance coupled effects. Since the capacitance coupled effect can pull up the gate voltage of the pull-up thin film transistors during output period, the driving ability of the pull-up thin film transistors and the working speed could be promoted effectively. Simulation result shows that the capacitance coupled effect of each key node can pull up the voltage level considerably and the gate driver can normally work at the speed of 4 s. Finally, ten stage gate driver circuits have been fabricated successfully including ten input stages and thirty output stages. The test result shows that the proposed gate driver could work normally with a load of R=5 k and C=100 pF. Furthermore, the high speed test result shows that the output signal pulse width of the circuit is 2 s meeting the driving demands of the 4 k8 k display at the frame rate of 120 Hz. The power consumption of the gate dirver circuit is measured in different resolutions under the frame frequencies of 60 and 120 Hz respectively.

Relativistic electron response to the combined magnetospheric impact of a coronal mass ejection overlapping with a high‐speed stream: Van Allen Probes observations

AbstractDuring early November 2013, the magnetosphere experienced concurrent driving by a coronal mass ejection (CME) during an ongoing high‐speed stream (HSS) event. The relativistic electron response to these two kinds of drivers, i.e., HSS and CME, is typically different, with the former often leading to a slower buildup of electrons at larger radial distances, while the latter energizing electrons rapidly with flux enhancements occurring closer to the Earth. We present a detailed analysis of the relativistic electron response including radial profiles of phase space density as observed by both Magnetic Electron and Ion Sensor (MagEIS) and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope instruments on the Van Allen Probes mission. Data from the MagEIS instrument establish the behavior of lower energy (<1 MeV) electrons which span both intermediary and seed populations during electron energization. Measurements characterizing the plasma waves and magnetospheric electric and magnetic fields during this period are obtained by the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science instrument on board Van Allen Probes, Search Coil Magnetometer and Flux Gate Magnetometer instruments on board Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, and the low‐altitude Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites. These observations suggest that during this time period, both radial transport and local in situ processes are involved in the energization of electrons. The energization attributable to radial diffusion is most clearly evident for the lower energy (<1 MeV) electrons, while the effects of in situ energization by interaction of chorus waves are prominent in the higher‐energy electrons.

Developing CSR in professional football clubs: drivers and phases

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of how corporate social responsibility (CSR) develops within professional football clubs, along with its organizational implications, phases, drivers and barriers for corporate governance, given that professional football organizations have become particularly strong socio-political business institutions, often home to numerous social and business relationships. Additionally it aims to consider CSR development generally drawing specifically on examples from Scottish professional football while answering two key research questions: what kind of drivers do clubs identify as reasons to develop CSR? and Can developmental phases be identified during this process?

Control Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Driving Style Identification

The driving style comprehensive identification method based on the entropy theory is presented. The error and error proportion of each identification result are calculated. The entropy and the variation degree of the identification error of each identification method are calculated based on the definition of information entropy. According to the entropy and the variation degree of the identification error, the weight of each kind of identification method can be determined in the comprehensive identification method, and the driving style comprehensive identification algorithm is derived. The control strategy of hybrid electric vehicles based on the driving style identification is proposed. The economic control strategy and dynamic control strategy are established. Depending on the results of driving style identification, aiming at different kinds of drivers, the mode of control strategies can be adjusted, so the demands of different kinds of drivers can be satisfied. The hybrid electric vehicle simulation model and control strategy model are built, and the simulations have been done. Due to the simulation results, the drivers’ intention comprehensive identification method based on the entropy theory is proved to represent the driver’s driving style systematically and comprehensively, and the hybrid electric vehicle control strategy based on the driving style identification can make the vehicles satisfy different drivers’ demands.

초보운전자 생애 첫 교통법규 위반기간에 영향을 미치는 요인

PURPOSES : This study deals with first traffic violations occurred by novice drivers, which may be associated with traffic accidents. The objective of this study is to identify what kinds of drivers' characteristics influence on duration till the first traffic violation. METHODS : For the study, Survival Analysis and Cox proportional hazard model, that are usually used in the medical field, were employed. Survival Analysis was conducted to investigate whether there exist differences in survival duration by each covariate, whereas Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify significant factors that affect survival duration till novice drivers violate traffic regulations for the first time after getting a driver license. RESULTS : The results of Survival Analysis indicate that female, age (less than 21), low-frequency examinee of written exam, and non-crash involved drivers have longer duration till the first violation compared to male, greater than 21 years old, high-frequency examinee of written exam, and crash involved drivers, respectively. For the Cox proportional hazard model, license class 1 acquisitor was found to increase the survival duration till the first traffic violation was made, while male, age of 21-24, age of 25-34, age of 45-54, and crash involved drivers were more likely to reduce the survival duration. CONCLUSIONS : Absolutely, traffic violation is closely related to traffic accidents and all of the drivers should keep the traffic regulations to enhance highway safety. The results of this study might provide some insights to construct safe road environments by controlling the factors that reduce the traffic violation duration of novice drivers.

Effect of violating the traffic light rule in the Biham-Middleton-Levine traffic flow model

This paper studies the effect of violating the traffic light rule in the Biham-Middleton-Levine (BML) traffic flow model. It is assumed that there are two kinds of drivers: normal drivers obey the traffic light rule and violators disobey it. Simulation results show that although the existence of violators increases the average velocity in the free-flowing phase, it decreases the threshold from free-flowing phase to jam. With the presence of violators, a new kind of configuration with stripe slopes −2 and −1/2 has been found in the free-flowing phase. We have developed an analytical investigation which successfully predicts the average velocity in the free-flowing phase. A phase separation phenomenon, where jams and freely flowing traffic coexist, has been found in the intermediate car density range. The mechanism of the phase separation has been illustrated.

Violating traffic light behavior in the Biham-Middleton-Levine traffic flow model

Effects of violating traffic light behavior are studied in this paper based on the cellular automata (CA) model proposed by Biham-Middleton-Levine (BML). We define two kinds of drivers: one obeys the traffic light rule, the other ignores it. Simulation results show that the violator increases the average velocity of free flowing phase while decreases the critical car density. We predicted the average velocity in the free flowing phase by ignoring the correlation among cars. A phase separation phenomenon, where jams and freely flowing traffic coexist, has been found in intermediate car density range. The occurrence reason of phase separation has been explained.