Kinds Of Compatibilizers Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐based double‐monomer grafted polylactic acid compatibilizer

AbstractGrafted maleic anhydrides (MAHs) are common compatibilizers, and the Epoxy (EP) group exhibits high activity of epoxy functional groups and strong affinity with both acidic and basic groups. Therefore, high efficiency and broad‐spectrum compatibilizers can be obtained by grafting these two monomers onto the polymer molecular chain. In this study, the grafted MAH was used as the graft platform to add the second graft monomer, and the bisphenol A epoxy resin (E51) with two epoxy functional groups or the tri‐epoxy functional triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), was added into the polylactic acid molecular chain, in order to prepare the double‐monomer grafted PLA compatibilizers. Three kinds of compatibilizers, polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride (PLA‐g‐MAH), polylactic acid double grafted maleic anhydride/bisphenol A epoxy resin (PLA‐g‐MAH‐E51), and polylactic acid double grafted maleic anhydride/triglycidyl isocyanurate (PLA‐g‐MAH‐TGIC) were successfully prepared using this single‐step method. Finally, FTIR and 1H‐NMR were adopted to measure the grafting degrees and structures of the grafted products. The grafting degree of PLA‐g‐MAH20% was 5.36%, the MAH and EP grafting degrees of PLA‐g‐MAH 20%‐E51 6% were 2.47% and 1.15%, respectively, and the MAH and EP grafting degrees of PLA‐g‐MAH 20%‐TGIC6% were 2.30% and 0.93%, respectively. A portion of that EP was grafted onto the PLA molecular chain by reacting with grafted anhydride, resulting in a decrease in the number of grafted anhydride groups.

How to be a compatibilist in metaphysics: the epistemic strategy

ABSTRACT Conflicts between our best philosophical theories (BPTs) and our common beliefs are widespread. For example, if eliminativism is our BPT, then our BPT conflicts with common beliefs about the existence of middle-sized composite artifacts. ‘Compatibilism’ is the name usually given to a theoretical attitude, according to which, in the case of a conflict between BPT and a common belief P, we should try to find a reconciliation. The two major variants of compatibilism are ‘semantic compatibilism’ (SC) and ‘cognitive compatibilism’ (CC). According to SC, to be reconciled with BPT is the ‘real’ version of the content of our ordinary assertions; according to CC, to be reconciled with BPT is the mental state we are ‘really’ in while thinking P. In this paper, we present a new kind of compatibilism, epistemic compatibilism (EC). According to EC, to be reconciled with BPT is the explanation of why we believe that P. After presenting EC, we will argue that it fares better than SC and CC for at least two related reasons: EC does not rely on any form of what we call semantic or cognitive ‘recarving’; thus, EC avoids some sceptical problems that affect the other two versions of compatibilism.

Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polylactic Acid under the Influence of Polyolefin Elastomers

Crystallization kinetics of various blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polyolefin elastomer (POE) was studied through nonisothermal experimental investigations and theoretical approaches. The PLA/POE blends were prepared in a melt mixing process by using two types of POEs and compatibilizers. The rubber phases used were adopted on the basis of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) type olefin elastomers. The effects of two kinds of compatibilizers containing ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ethylene acrylic ester-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EGMA) on the morphology and various parameters of crystallization of PLA were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements, respectively. The morphology investigations on PLA blends containing PP based olefin elastomers showed that the introduction of EGMA compatibilizer into the matrix led to a more than 100% reduction in the size of the rubber droplets. The experimental measurements of crystallization behavior of various PLA/POE blends showed that the POEs and compatibilizers could cause a fall in the initial crystallization temperature more than 13 °C. The theoretical approaches used for studying the kinetics of crystallization of PLA in the presence of various POEs and compatibilizers indicated a decrease in the crystallinity of PLA and a 64% reduction in the activation energy compared to the neat PLA. The results suggest that the largest variation in the crystallization kinetic parameters of PLA was resulted from the PP based olefin elastomer and EGMA compatibilizer.

Effect of Different Compatibilizers on the Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) Blends Prepared under Intense Shear Flow Field

In this report, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with three kinds of compatibilizers were melt blended under intensive shear flow. A self-made parallel three-screw extruder was developed to generate such flow during the process. Mechanical properties, chemical reactions among PLA, PBAT and compatibilizers, rheological behavior and morphology were investigated. The mechanical tests showed that the notched impact strength of super-tough composite with 10 wt% EGMA is about 20 times than that of pure PLA. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that the epoxy functional groups or maleic anhydride functional groups of KT-20, KT-915 and EGMA reacted with the hydroxyl groups of PLA or PBAT macromolecules, resulting in a bridge of PLA and PBAT. About rheological properties, the tan δ—angular frequency curves and the η’’- η’ curves confirmed the chemical reactions mentioned above and indicated better compatibility of η’’- η’ between PLA and PBAT, respectively. Meanwhile, the loss modulus and storage modulus—angular frequency curves demonstrated the discrepancy of different compatibilizer components. In particular, from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, it can be seen that the phase size and dispersion uniformity of PBAT adjusted by compatibilizer, corresponding to better compatibility that is described in the η’’- η’ curves. The approach for producing super-tough PLA/PBAT/compatibilizer by intensive shear flow provides a viable direction for further improving PLA performance.

Crystallization Behavior and Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites.

Glass fiber with different content and different kinds of compatibilizers were used to prepare glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene (GFRP) composites. β-nucleating agent with different content was used to prepare β-polypropylene (PP), after which the toughness, crystallization ability and heat resistance were all enhanced. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) showed that the crystallite degree and crystallization ability were all greatly improved and β-PP was in dominant position. At last, both β-nucleating agent and glass fiber were used to modify the PP composites (β-GFRP). The formation of β-form PP made the matrix softer, which was beneficial for energy absorption and enhancement of toughness. The tensile strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved dramatically, which were attributed to the coeffect of framework structure of GF and β-form PP.

Interpretations of Probability and Bayesian Inference—an Overview

In this article, I first give a short outline of the different interpretations of the concept of probability that emerged in the twentieth century. In what follows, I give an overview of the main problems and problematic concepts from the philosophy of probability and show how they relate to Bayesian inference. In this overview, I emphasise that the understanding of the main concepts related to different interpretations of probability influences the understanding and status of Bayesian inference. In the conclusion, I express that, from a broad epistemological point of view, a kind of compatibilism between the two main lines of interpretations of probability is worth pursuing, as they represent different aspects of the epistemological process.

Role of calcium carbonate as an interfacial compatibilizer in the magneto-rheological elastomers based on ethylene/acrylic elastomer (AEM) and its magneto-induced properties

The interfacial interaction between carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) and elastomer matrix impacts the damping and mechanical properties of magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs). In this work, the calcium carbonate as a kind of compatibilizer was used to prepare high performances MREs based on ethylene/acrylic elastomer (AEM). The interfacial structure, mechanical properties and magneto-induced dynamic properties were characterized. The results showed that CaCO3 not only reinforced the AEM rubber, but also absorbed on the surface of CIPs. It acted as compatibilizer in the MREs based on AEM. The tensile strength of MREs increased with increasing the CaCO3 content. The magneto-induced properties had been enhanced due to the stress transfer among magnetic particles via additional of non-magnetic particles.

Barrier improvement of the biaxial oriented polypropylene films using passive mechanisms

Barrier properties of the biaxial oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films are the most important properties in food packaging industry. In this study different compatibilizers and materials were examined in order to find an appropriate blend composition to minimize the oxygen permeability of the films. It was observed that using organoclay and nanocomposits have positive effect on the oxygen permeability although the kind of compatibilizer is important. Through all evaluated materials the PVA (Poly(vinyl alcohol)) and MA (Maleic Anhydride) were the most successful selection for this goal. The BOPP film blended by PVA achieved the lowest oxygen transfer rate (300 cc 20μm/m2 24h atm) in compared with all other conventional BOPP films. In a novel action, both modified clay and PVA were used to produce a resistant blend. As each component was successfully improved the barrier properties of the BOPP film, it was tried to examine the synergistic effect of using both of them at the same time. The best oxygen permeability (220 cc 20μm/m2 24h atm) was found for the PP/gPP/PVA+Organoclay with the composition of 60/10/20+10 weigh %. X-ray analysis and scanning electron microscope were used to identify the occurred event in the polymers.

Reinforcement of recycled PET for mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene

Abstract For high-value use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) resource and simultaneous development of high performance isotactic polypropylene (PP) materials, the blends of r-PET with PP and its compatibilized versions were prepared. PP-g-MA, POE-g-MA and EVA-g-MA with same functional group, as well as their mixtures, were used as compatibilizer. The crystallization behavior, mechanical properties and microphotographs of r-PET/compatibilizer, r-PET/PP bleds and its compatibilized versions were characterized. The results indicated that addition of compatibilizer decreased the tensile and flexural strength of r-PET and slightly improve its impact strength. The introduction of r-PET to PP matrix increased the tensile and flexural strength of PP. The tensile and flexural strength of compatibilized r-PET/PP are dependent on the kinds of compatibilizers. Addition of PP-g-MA improved the tensile and flexural strength of r-PET/PP blends and introduction of POE-g-MA or EVA-g-MA increased the impact strength of r-PET/PP blends. Effect of compatibilizer and its mixtures and r-PET content on the mechanical properties of compatibilized r-PET/PP blends is discussed. The r-PET/PP blends with high strength and toughness can be obtained by compatibilization of the mixtures of PP-g-MA and POE-g-MA (or EVA-g-MA). This investigation provides an effective method to use the r-PET to prepare high performance PP blends with low cost and high-value.

Improving Properties of Dynamic Vulcanized Polyurethane and Silicone Rubber Elastomer through Controlling Interphase Layer

ABSTRACTIn this work, a new kind of compatibilizer was prepared through the reaction between hyperbranched polyurethane and isocyanate-modified silicone oil and its application in the dynamic vulcanized polyurethane and silicone rubber elastomer was investigated. Compared with that of dynamic vulcanized thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/silicone rubber elastomer without compatibilizer, the introduction of 3% silicone-modified hyperbranched polyurethane lead to the increase in tensile strength from 8.1 to 13.9 MPa and the tear strength from 56.2 to 75.2 kN/m. The introduction of silicone-modified hyperbranched polyurethane as an interphase layer controller leads to the improvement in properties of TPU/silicone rubber elastomer.

Effect of different compatibilizers on the mechanical and thermal properties of starch/polypropylene blends

ABSTRACTStarch was treated with three kinds of compatibilizers (coupling agents or modifying agents), KH‐550, KH‐570, and glycerin monostearate. Blends of polypropylene (PP) and treated starch were prepared by a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of the starch before and after treatments and the kinds and contents of the compatibilizers on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PP/starch blends were investigated in this study. We found that the mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break) of the blends were obviously improved with increasing content of different kinds of compatibilizers. Meanwhile, the most significant improvement in the mechanical properties was obtained in the samples containing just a 1 wt % loading of compatibilizers, and KH‐570 had the best improved effects among the different kinds of compatibilizers. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that to some extent, the thermal stability of the PP/starch blends was improved after the addition of compatibilizers. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the dispersion of starch in the PP matrix and adhesion between the starch and PP matrix were obviously improved after the addition of compatibilizers. KH‐570 not only had the best improved effects among the coupling agents but also still acted as a similar plasticizer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43332.

Study on the microstructure and properties of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR)/polyamide‐12 (PA12) thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs)

ABSTRACTIn this study, polyamide‐12 (PA12)/brominated isobutylene‐isoprene (BIIR) TPVs with good mechanical properties and low gas permeability were prepared by dynamic vulcanization in a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of three kinds of compatibilizers on the microstructure and properties of BIIR/PA12 TPV were studied. The compatibility between BIIR and PA12 was improved when maleated hydrocarbon polymeric compatibilizer is added. The reaction between maleic anhydride and amine in polyamide leads to the in situ formation of hydrocarbon polymer grafted polyamide which subsequently can be used to lower the interfacial tension between BIIR and polyamide. The compatibilizing effect of maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) on BIIR/PA12 blends is the best among these compatibilizers because the surface energy of PP‐g‐MAH is very close to that of BIIR. The dispersed rubber phase of the blend compatibilized by PP‐g‐MAH shows the smallest size and more uniform size distribution, and the resulting TPVs show the best mechanical properties. The effects of fillers on the properties of BIIR/PA12 TPV were also investigated. The size of the BIIR phase increases with the increase in the content of CaCO3. The modulus and tensile strength of TPVs increased with the increase in the content of CaCO3 because of the reinforcing effect of CaCO3 on TPVs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43043.

Effect of High-Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite Compatibilizer Type on the Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Nano-Homocomposites

In this paper, the effect of nanocomposite compatibilizer type on the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of new class of polyethylene (PE) homocomposites, comprising PE/clay nanocomposites as matrix and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers as reinforcement, was investigated. These were manufactured by a combination of powder impregnation and film stacking methods, introduced in previous research. Three types of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Nanocomposites were prepared based on the various compatibilizers used: (i) nanocomposites containing HDPE-grafted maleic anhydride (HDPE-g-MA) as compatibilizer of clay and HDPE matrix, (ii) linear low-density polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (LLDPE-g-MA) used as compatibilizer, and (iii) nanocomposites without any compatibilizer. The effects of the presence and compatibilizer type on the quality of clay dispersion, and also the interface features of HDPE-nanocomposite and UHMWPE fibers were investigated and compared with each other. The results demonstrated that the kind of compatibilizer was an important factor determining the dispersion state of clay platelets, and influenced the UHMWPE fiber–PE matrix interface adhesion and the mechanical properties of the PE nano-homocomposites.

Effectiveness of Compatibilizer on Mechanical Properties of Recycled PET Blends with PE, PP, and PS

Recycled PET (R-PET) is well known to exhibit brittle behavior in the presence of notches and indicated the low heat distortion temperature. In addition, it is hard to prevent some impurities such as cap or label of the bottle that mixed into R-PET during the recycling process. In this paper, the effect of the amounts and kinds of compatibilizers on the morphological characteristics and mechanical performance of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) compounded with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) was investigated. From the results, with an increase in the glycidyl methacrylate modified PE (EGMA) additive contents, in the increment of the Izod impact strength of Composite-G was obtained. In addition, it was found that the miscibility of Composite-G was improved with increasing the amount of EGMA, which indicated from the result of SEM images.

Influence of fiber length and compatibilizer on mechanical properties of long glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6

The influences of the glass fiber content and initial length on the mechanical properties of long glass fiber reinforced nylon 66 (LGF-PA66) were investigated, and then the appropriate glass fiber content (30%) and initial glass fiber length (10 mm) were determined to study the effect of three kinds of compatibilizers (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH), maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-MAH) and maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM-g-MAH)) on the mechanical properties of the LGF-PA66 composites. It is found that a maximum tensile strength is reached for the composites when any of the different compatibilizers are 2.5 wt%. However, the influence of PP-g-MAH on the impact strength of composites is different from the others. Tensile strength and notched impact strength models were applied to interpret the experimental results of the mechanical properties.

Effect of blending way on β-crystallization tendency of compatibilized β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the β-crystallization tendency in the β-nucleated iPP blends. The β-nucleated iPP/compatibilizers blends, β-nucleated iPP/PET blends and its compatibilized versions with four kinds of compatibilizers (PP-g-MA, PP-g-GMA, POE-g-MA, and EVA-g-MA) were prepared by different blending ways. The effect of compatibilizers and blending ways on the non-isothermal crystallization and melting characteristics and the β-crystallization tendency of β-nucleated iPP blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative content of the β-phase were characterised by the k β values determined on the basis of the wide angle X-ray diffractogram. The results indicated that the β-crystallization tendency of β-nucleated iPP blends depends on the kinds of compatibilizer. Addition of PP-g-MA significantly reduced the β-crystallization tendency of β-nucleated iPP, while PP-g-GMA, POE-g-MA, and EVA-g-MA have little effect on it. In the compatibilized β-nucleated iPP/PET blends, the blending ways, which controlled the dispersion of β-nucleating agent, influences the β-crystallization tendency intensively. The high β-crystallization tendency and β-crystal content were obtained for compatibilized β-nucleated iPP/PET blends prepared firstly at high temperature and β-nucleating agent added into blends at low temperature; however, the type of compatibilizers has little effect on β-crystallization tendency and melting behavior of blends.

Compatibilizer in waste tire powder and low‐density polyethylene blends and the blends modified asphalt

AbstractWith the increasing ratio of waste tire powder (WTP) to low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), the hardness and tensile strength of the WTP/LDPE blends decreased while the elongation at break increased. Five kinds of compatibilizers, such as maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MA), maleic anhydride‐grafted ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE‐g‐MA), maleic anhydride‐grafted linear LDPE, maleic anhydride‐grafted ethylene vinyl‐acetate copolymer, and maleic anhydride‐grafted styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene, were incorporated to prepare WTP/LDPE blends, respectively. PE‐g‐MA and POE‐g‐MA reinforced the tensile stress and toughness of the blends. The toughness value of POE‐g‐MA incorporating blends was the highest, reached to 2032.3 MJ/m3, while that of the control was only 1402.9 MJ/m3. Therefore, POE‐g‐MA was selected as asphalt modifier. The toughness value reached to the highest level when the content of POE‐g‐MA was about 8%. Besides that the softening point of the modified asphalt would be higher than 60°C, whereas the content of WTP/LDPE blend was more than 5%, and the blends were mixed by stirring under the shearing speed of 3000 rpm for 20 min. Especially, when the blend content was 8.5%, the softening point arrived at 82°C, contributing to asphalt strength and elastic properties in a wide range of temperature. In addition, the swelling property of POE‐g‐MA/WTP/LDPE blend was better than that of the other compalibitizers, which indicated that POE‐g‐MA /WTP/LDPE blend was much compatible with asphalt. Also, the excellent compatibility would result in the good mechanical and processing properties of the modified asphalt. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Study on Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) of Waste Polypropylene/Waste Ground Rubber Tire Powder

Recycling represents a valid alternative to the disposal of postconsumer materials if it is possible to obtain new materials with good properties. In this work the possibility to produce secondary materials by blending waste polypropylene (WPP) and waste ground rubber tire powder (WGRT) was studied. Several comparative experiments were made to evaluate the influence of bitumen content and different compatibilizers on the properties of WPP/WGRT blends using a universal testing machine (UTM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and capillary rheometry. The results suggested that the properties of WPP/WGRT blends were dependent on the content of bitumen and the kind of compatibilizer.

Effect of interfacial interaction on the crystallization and mechanical properties of PP/nano‐CaCO3 composites modified by compatibilizers

AbstractTo investigate the effect of interfacial interaction on the crystallization and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/nano‐CaCO3 composites, three kinds of compatibilizers [PP grafted with maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA), ethylene–octene copolymer grafted with MA (POE‐g‐MA), and ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer grafted with MA (EVA‐g‐MA)] with the same polar groups (MA) but different backbones were used as compatibilizers to obtain various interfacial interactions among nano‐CaCO3, compatibilizer, and PP. The results indicated that compatibilizers encapsulated nano‐CaCO3 particles, forming a core–shell structure, and two interfaces were obtained in the compatibilized composites: interface between PP and compatibilizer and interface between compatibilizer and nano‐CaCO3 particles. The crystallization and mechanical properties of PP/nano‐CaCO3 composites were dependent on the interfacial interactions of these two interfaces, especially the interfacial interaction between PP and compatibilizer. The good compatibility between PP chain in PP‐g‐MA and PP matrix improved the dispersion of nano‐CaCO3 particles, favored the nucleation effect of nano‐CaCO3, increased the tensile strength and modulus, but reduced the ductility and impact strength of composites. The partial compatibility between POE in POE‐g‐MA and PP matrix had little effect on crystallization and mechanical properties of PP/nano‐CaCO3 composites. The poor compatibility between EVA in EVA‐g‐MA and PP matrix retarded the nucleation effect of nano‐CaCO3, and reduced the tensile strength, modulus, and impact strength. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

EFFECTS OF COMPATIBILIZERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/LIGNIN BLENDS

Low density polyethylene (LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending. Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) which is harder than LDPE were used to improve the interfacial adhesion. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the dispersion of lignin in LDPE matrix. The results showed that both of the compatibilizers could improve the interaction between the low density polyethylene and lignin. However, the effects of the two compatibilizers on the mechanical properties of LDPE/lignin blends were different. The elongation at break of the blends was obviously increased by adding EVA, while significant improvement of tensile strength was observed by adding PE-g-MA. Several theoretical models have been used to further analyze the experimental data, combined with the morphological observation of tensile fractured surfaces by SEM.