Kind Of Boundary Research Articles

When I use a word . . . . Defining with finesse

The word for a definition in both Latin and Greek is a word meaning or derived from a word meaning a boundary. In Greek it is ὅρισμός (horismos) from ὅρος (horos), a boundary. The horizon is a kind of boundary, and a definition is limited by its horizon, the place beyond which no more meaning should be included. In Latin the word for a definition is finis, which also means a boundary. Five features characterise a good definition: it should describe all the essential attributes of the thing being defined, no more no less; it should avoid circularity, such as defining a medication error as an error in medication; it should be neither too wide nor too narrow; it should not use obscure terms that may themselves need definition; and it should be couched in positive terms, saying what something is, not what it is not. All of these apply as much to definitions of medical words as to any other kinds.

Sand, Water, and Stars: Chinese Mapping of the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts

Abstract Many Chinese maps from the mid-sixteenth century onwards mark the Gobi Desert as a prominent strip visually separating China from what lies beyond. Even before that time, the Gobi, as well as the Taklamakan Desert appeared on maps. Influenced by statements from the early classic “Yugong,” Chinese scholars and Han literati during late imperial China’s history had perceived the deserts as some kind of boundary, while with the integration of these regions into Qing territory, the imperial Manchu view shifted away from the desert being a boundary. The terms for the desert as well as the graphical depiction on maps link the desert to water and to some extent also to celestial phenomena. This article explores the history and cultural significance of the desert from the Song to the mid-Qing period based on maps in relation with relevant texts and draws connections to the origins and changes of these depictions.

Retained austenite-aided cyclic plasticity of the quenched 9Ni steel

This study focuses on the low cycle fatigue mechanism of the quenched 9Ni martensitic steel containing retained austenite films at martensite laths. HRTEM and EBSD suggested that extrusions developed along Low Angle Boundaries or along High Angle Boundaries at low and high strain respectively. Short cracks grew along LAB at low strain while they used any kind of boundary as well as crossed the martensite laths at high strain. Retained austenite allowed a flowing of matter along interfaces by acting as a lubricant. Consequently, the Coffin-Manson relation exhibited a bilinearity with a change in curve slope at Δεt = 1%.

The Fury Archives: Female Citizenship, Human Rights, and the International Avant-Gardes by Jill Richards

Reviewed by: The Fury Archives: Female Citizenship, Human Rights, and the International Avant-Gardes by Jill Richards Eleni Coundouriotis, Professor (bio) Jill Richards, The Fury Archives: Female Citizenship, Human Rights, and the International Avant-Gardes. (Columbia University Presss, 2020), ISBN 978-0-231-19711-3, 329 pages. Jill Richards takes up the first decades of the twentieth century in her provocative, transatlantic study of the feminist avant-garde. She posits that the confluence of an avant-garde visual aesthetic of montage with feminist agitation shows politically visible, angry female subjects as challenges to the liberal subject on which we have built our human rights narratives to date. Focusing on types of action and creativity rather than individual figures or works, Richards emphasizes collectivity rather than individuality. She juxtaposes historical examples from both sides of the Atlantic and across the English Channel in novel comparative readings that reconfigure the human by foregrounding (and challenging) the assumptions about the inhumanity of nonconforming female subjects. Traversing the boundary between the intimate and the public, Richards shows us how to look anew at female citizenship. Demands for equality and inclusion are historically recursive but not stalled. They produce new configurations of political subjects and actions. Moreover, Richards eschews identity and affect in the sense of injury or sentimentality. Hence she participates in a movement by literary scholars to shift away from the debates about sympathy and the instrumentality of creative works for human rights. For Richards, creative works rub against received histories to open up the past and thus seed novel theoretical insights about the meaning of human rights. There is much that is counterintuitive in this book, beginning with its timeline, which extends an entire century, starting with the Paris Commune and ending with the works of British-Mexican surrealist Leonora Carrington from the 1970s. Examining the female arsonists of the Paris Commune, Richards locates an emergent technique of collage in the photography of Ernest Charles Appert. Appert shifted from taking individual portraits of the women who were arrested during the insurrection to composing collective tableaux, most striking among them an image where he mounted photographs of the women's faces onto an imaginary composition of crowded bodies in the prison's interior. A response to the questions about the juridical humanity of these "furies, " Appert's work helps Richards establish the method of her inquiry. It is not the representativeness of the actions that matter as much as the effort to convey them in the moment—in newspapers, pamphlets, committee meeting minutes, or performative creative responses interjected into the political arena. The mediation of events—the taking up of form in representation—is in itself a sphere of action that carries out a contest over the meaning of human rights. Richards's emphasis on a present temporality brings into view the "long middle" of political struggle when action repeats itself without a clear sign [End Page 607] of resolution either in success or failure.1 Her archive is full of lists (from tables of contents to announcements of events in newspapers to serialized images), and she deliberately casts aside texts that rely on the "backward gaze of the storyteller."2 Richards, moreover, describes her study as a "counterhistory" that "shifts our understanding of rights from a kind of boundary between citizen and noncitizen, to a set of practices that dismantle such boundaries in the attempt to rebuild social relations and social life."3 She is interested in how rights make demands for justice "beyond the remedies provided by positive law."4 Postcolonial scholars, who confront the legacies of exclusion and dehumanization cemented in the governance structures of states and intergovernmental organizations shaped by empire, have put a similar emphasis on moving beyond the law. Richards provides various openings to integrate postcolonial methodologies by resituating familiar figures in the history of the avant-gardes. Thus, for example, we re-encounter E. D. Morel, the Congo Reform Association founder, who is an exemplary figure in the history of humanitarianism. Now, however, he appears alarmingly prejudiced. His pamphlet, The Horror on the Rhine, exposed the purported sexual violence by French African troops stationed with the Allied occupation of the Rhineland against German women.5 The...

The Banking/Commercial Separation Doctrine in Comparative Perspective

This report, prepared for the Department of Finance, Government of Canada, summarizes research undertaken across five jurisdictions – Australia, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US, federal level only) – with respect to a particular kind of boundary on the business of banking: the separation of banking business from commercial business. “Commercial” here means the provision of non-financial goods and services. This separation exists under what in the United States has long been referred to as the “banking/commercial separation doctrine”. The report considers the historical justifications for the doctrine in the context of the modern “business of banking”, which has changed radically over the past 30 years. It argues that the doctrine has become anachronistic. It carefully considers the regimes in jurisdictions like the UK and Australia, which have no equivalent doctrine. However, the report also argues that the systemic risk and consumer protection concerns that produced the banking/commercial separation doctrine are as real as ever. The report argues for regulating systemic risk and consumer protection risks directly and explicitly, in an evidence-based fashion, rather than relying on the proxy of a blunt, bright-line rule like the separation doctrine.

An Indonesian speech synthesis system considering low-power event before vowel-starting-syllable

In our Indonesian concatenative speech synthesis system, there existed a linking issue between vowel-starting-syllable with its preceding phoneme. Unlike other languages, in Indonesian the power of the speech signal decreases (sometime it is a pause) in this kind of boundary. Phonemes before and after the boundary are uttered separately. For example, the underlined phonemes before and after the boundary in “buah apel (apple fruit)” are not to be uttered continuously, but should be separated. This is not the case in English, where the underlined phonemes in “an apple” are linked. We did not treat this kind of low-power event (“lpow”) explicitly, such that the lpow generated indirectly from the syllable boundary information, is sometime too short, resulting in the above linking issue. In this paper, we propose to explicitly treat the lpow. The lpow is treated similarly with phoneme during the model training, so that it is appropriately generated during the synthesis. We confirmed that the synthesized speech is more natural by the introduction of lpow.

Mathematical Study of Degenerate Boundary Layers: A Large Scale Ocean Circulation Problem

This paper is concerned with a complete asymptotic analysis as $\mathfrak{E} \to 0$ of the stationary Munk equation $\partial_x\psi-\mathfrak{E} \Delta^2 \psi= \tau$ in a domain $\Omega\subset \mathbf{R}^2$, supplemented with boundary conditions for $\psi $ and $\partial_n \psi$. This equation is a simple model for the circulation of currents in closed basins, the variables $x$ and $y$ being respectively the longitude and the latitude. A crude analysis shows that as $\mathfrak{E} \to 0$, the weak limit of $\psi$ satisfies the so-called Sverdrup transport equation inside the domain, namely $\partial_x \psi^0=\tau$, while boundary layers appear in the vicinity of the boundary. These boundary layers, which are the main center of interest of the present paper, exhibit several types of peculiar behaviour. First, the size of the boundary layer on the western and eastern boundary, which had already been computed by several authors, becomes formally very large as one approaches northern and southern portions of the boudary, i.e. pieces of the boundary on which the normal is vertical. This phenomenon is known as geostrophic degeneracy. In order to avoid such singular behaviour, previous studies imposed restrictive assumptions on the domain $\Omega$ and on the forcing term $\tau$. Here, we prove that a superposition of two boundary layers occurs in the vicinity of such points: the classical western or eastern boundary layers, and some northern or southern boundary layers, whose mathematical derivation is completely new. The size of northern/southern boundary layers is much larger than the one of western boundary layers ($\mathfrak{E}^{1/4}$ vs. $\mathfrak{E}^{1/3}$). We explain in detail how the superposition takes place, depending on the geometry of the boundary. Moreover, when the domain $\Omega$ is not connex in the $x$ direction, $\psi^0$ is not continuous in $\Omega$, and singular layers appear in order to correct its discontinuities. These singular layers are concentrated in the vicinity of horizontal lines, and therefore penetrate the interior of the domain $\Omega$. Hence we exhibit some kind of boundary layer separation. However, we emphasize that we remain able to prove a convergence theorem, so that the singular layers somehow remain stable, in spite of the separation. Eventually, the effect of boundary layers is non-local in several aspects. On the first hand, for algebraic reasons, the boundary layer equation is radically different on the west and east parts of the boundary. As a consequence, the Sverdrup equation is endowed with a Dirichlet condition on the East boundary, and no condition on the West boundary. Therefore western and eastern boundary layers have in fact an influence on the whole domain $\Omega$, and not only near the boundary. On the second hand, the northern and southern boundary layer profiles obey a propagation equation, where the space variable $x$ plays the role of time, and are therefore not local.

‘Occupied territory is occupied territory’: James Baldwin, Palestine and the possibilities of transnational solidarity

In his 1966 essay ‘A Report from Occupied Territory’, James Baldwin wrote that ‘occupied territory is occupied territory, even though it be found in that New World which the Europeans conquered’. Though written 50 years ago, Baldwin’s observations continue to resonate, indicating historical trends across geographical experiences affected by the legacy of colonialism. A growing theme in development and peace building studies relates to a kind of boundary crossing that sees academics and activists drawing linkages across spatial and temporal divides. The situation in Palestine–Israel has taken an increasingly central role in mobilising transnational solidarities that cross such boundaries. By examining James Baldwin’s analysis of Harlem’s ‘occupation’ – as well as drawing from a range of voices such as Achille Mbembe, Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Toni Morrison and Laleh Khalili – this paper will explore the shared experiences of racism, colonialism, military occupation and dispossession that separate and divide, and the possibilities for transnational solidarities that defy those separations.

On the Shore: Thinking Water at a Prospective Mining Site in Northern Norway

ABSTRACTDrawing on material from a projected copper mine development in northern Norway, the text explores and contrasts several ways in which water functions as a local “theory machine” to model, reflect, organize, intervene into, and think through relations. Working back from specific examples, it identifies three locally important modes for thinking (with) water: water as a constitutive metaphor, structuring particular ontologies of the social; water as a normative diagram, organizing potential future formations; and water as a kind of boundary, antagonistic (potentially) to the spatial logics of the capitalist resource extraction project. Situating these three “theory machines” of water within the current resource boom in northern Scandinavia, the text examines their potential valence—as figures for thinking through politics, sociality, and relations (human and otherwise) in an age defined, increasingly, by ecological upheavals.

Conservation law models for traffic flow on a network of roads

The paper develops a model of traffic flow near an intersection, where drivers seeking to enter a congested road wait in a buffer of limited capacity. Initial data comprise the vehicle density on each road, together with the percentage of drivers approaching the intersection who wish to turn into each of the outgoing roads. &nbsp If the queue sizes within the buffer are known, then the initial-boundary value problems become decoupled and can be independently solved along each incoming road. Three variational problems are introduced, related to different kind of boundary conditions. From the value functions, one recovers the traffic density along each incoming or outgoing road by a Lax type formula. &nbsp Conversely, if these value functions are known, then the queue sizes can be determined by balancing the boundary fluxes of all incoming and outgoing roads. In this way one obtains a contractive transformation, whose fixed point yields the unique solution of the Cauchy problem for traffic flow in an neighborhood of the intersection. &nbsp The present model accounts for backward propagation of queues along roads leading to a crowded intersection, it achieves well-posedness for general $L^\infty $ data, and continuity w.r.t. weak convergence of the initial densities.

Boundary-Constraint Meshing Based on Paving Method

This paper would modify thepaving method of Blacker and Stephenson [1] to generate boundary-constraint quad-mesh for arbitrary plane geometry. The basic idea for the present method is to classify the initial boundaries into closed borders and open borders.The closed borders aredescribed in a manner just the same as the paving method while the open borders areheuristically modeled as cracks with zero-width.And then the two kinds of borders aredelicatelyconnected each other to generate a new kind of boundary, named generalized closed boundary. Based on the newboundaries, the paving methodin Ref. [1] is adopted and modified slightly to generate quadrilateral elements by layering the geometry from the boundary toward the interior. And finally some meshing examples would be presented to illustrate the availability and power of the modified paving method.

“There’s no Lack of Void”: Waste and Abundance in Beckett and DeLillo

�� ��� The opposition between Waste and abundance offers itself, arguably, as that which structures contemporary culture more fundamentally than any other. The experience of living in the West today is defined by the perception of abundance, or of superabundance. There is more of everything. When George Bush famously quipped to his supporters at a fundraising dinner during his 2004 presidential campaign that they were the “haves and the have mores,” he unwittingly identified a deeper failure in the culture to think of wealth as in any sense limited, or balanced against poverty as its defining opposition. 1 There is only having and having more, without the shadow of having less and not having. The physical sign of relative poverty in the West, accordingly, is not malnutrition, not wasting away, but obesity, as if what remains of poverty can only show itself in a weakened resistance to the dangers of abundance. Where the distribution of resources—commodities as well as capital and mineral reserve—has traditionally been understood as an unequal sharing, as balancing the wealth of the few against the poverty of the many, the global economy has produced, and been produced by, the apparition of a wealth without limit, a wealth that will grow by contact with poverty, until, in Tony Blair’s and Anthony Giddens’s vision of third-way globalization, the market will make everyone rich, will eradicate poverty and suffering. 2 This is a benign version of the horrible sexual appetite that Hamlet so dreaded in his mother, the “increase of appetite” that “grows by what it fed on” (188, 1, 2, 144-145). But if wealth has absorbed or assimilated its other, in a utopian movement towards an unlimited global surplus, this supposed triumph of abundance over scarcity has produced another limit, another kind of boundary. Abundance may no longer be limited by poverty in the neo-conservative political imagination (although of course it is so in the material distribution of wealth, which is as uneven as ever), but it is shadowed instead by the more uncanny figure of waste. The more there is, the more we make, the more we consume, the more waste—that monstrous

Experimental study of the microscopic mechanisms of magnetization reversal inFeNi∕FeMnexchange-biased ferromagnet/antiferromagnet polycrystalline bilayers using the magneto-optical indicator film technique

Remagnetization of the $\mathrm{FeNi}∕\mathrm{FeMn}$ bilayer was investigated using the magneto-optical indicator film imaging technique. We show the formation and breakdown of the homogeneous exchange spring into exchange springs of opposite chiralities during reversal in a rotating magnetic field. In reversal with a linear field, contrary to theoretical predictions, the winding of the exchange spring occurs without net magnetization rotation. It initiates by the formation of local spin spirals with opposite chirality and terminates with the formation of a single chiral state through the propagation of a specific kind of boundary separating regions with this single chirality from those with the mixed chiral state.

Attenuation of seismic coda waves in Joao Câmara (Rio Grande do Norte)

Seismic coda Qattenuation (Qc) in the frequency range from 6 to 20 Hz of two distinct Scoda windows (early and later portions) are compared to analyse the effects of both coda windows on crustal seismic attenuation estimates around Samambaia fault (João CâmaraNortheastern Brazil). Qcvalues associated with the later portion are systematically higher than those related to the early portion. These values follow a frequency (f) function given by Qc(f) = Q0f, where Q0= 11739 and= 1.000.06. In general, Q0estimate is less sensitive to site effects and stabler than that obtained from the early portion of S coda waves, while its corresponding frequency dependence is similar to that obtained from the early portion of S coda waves. It suggests thatparameter does not depend on coda window's location along the seismic signal. A comparative analysis of both Q0andvalues with those found recently shows that there is no difference in using early or later portion of S coda waves in the stations located on Pre-Cambrian basement in the João Câmara area. This comparison also shows that the major variations in Q0values were observed at seismic stations installed on sedimentary terrain. Differences in the seismic attenuation, in both sides of the Samambaia fault, were also observed in this study, and it is in agreement with the hypothesis that Samambaia fault is a kind of boundary between two seismic attenuation zones.

Determination of load carrying ability of chemical films developed in sliding point contact

It has already been known for many years that the use of some extreme-pressure (EP), antiwear or friction modifier (FM) additives in mineral oils can produce different kind of boundary or chemical reaction films on sliding contact surfaces of some kinds of steel in boundary lubrication conditions. Using a sliding ball-on-disc configuration lubricated with some kinds of EP or FM, the wear scars on the balls can always reach the same limit size at a specified applied load and sliding velocity. From the fact that the limit sizes of wear scars decrease as sliding speed is increased or applied load is decreased, the load carrying ability of a chemical film can be obtained by extrapolating the data to the condition of zero sliding speed and is so defined that if the contact pressure is greater than this load carrying ability, the contact surfaces will continuously be worn; if the contact pressure is smaller than it, no more wear will occur on the surfaces. Based on this load carrying ability, the hydrodynamic effect of sliding pairs can also be identified. Therefore, the limit size of wear scar at specified sliding speed and applied load can also be predicted in a mixed lubrication condition.

When can one domain enclose another in 3?

AbstractIn this paper, we give a sufficient condition (Theorem) in order that one domain D1 bounded by a C2-smooth boundary can be enclosed in, or enclose, another domain D0 bounded by the same kind of boundary. A same kind of sufficient condition for convex bodies (Corollary) is also obtained.

The sufficient condition for a convex body to enclose another in 𝑅⁴

We follow Hadwiger and Ren’s ideas to estimate the kinematic measure of a convex body D 1 {D_1} with C 2 {C^2} -boundary ∂ D 1 \partial {D_1} moving inside another convex body D 0 {D_0} with the same kind of boundary ∂ D 0 \partial {D_0} under the isometry group G in R 4 {\mathbb {R}^4} . By using Chern and Yen’s kinematic fundamental formula, C-S. Chen’s kinematic formula for the total square mean curvature ∫ ∂ D 0 ∩ g ∂ D 1 H 2 d v {\smallint _{\partial {D_0} \cap g\partial {D_1}}}{H^2}dv , and some well-known results about the curvatures of the 2-dimensional intersection submanifold ∂ D 0 ∩ g ∂ D 1 \partial {D_0} \cap g\partial {D_1} , we obtain a sufficient condition to guarantee that one convex body can enclose another in R 4 {\mathbb {R}^4} .

Delineation of spatial boundaries in a wetland habitat

A probabilistic similarity technique was used to locate spatial and temporal biotic boundaries in two west-central Florida marshes. By investigating spatial and temporal boundaries simultaneously, insights into community dynamics that were not apparent from examination of either kind of boundary in isolation were obtained. Recurring spatial boundaries in both marshes were found at the edges of deeper basins or near the edges of the marshes. Spatial boundaries shifted more frequently in Big Marsh, a large, well-drained marsh with extensive transition zones, than in Little Marsh, a poorly drained marsh with a relatively stable water level. Temporal boundaries occurred most frequently in autumn in both marshes. Temporal boundaries were associatd frequently with changes in spatial boundaries in Big Marsh, but only infrequently in Little Marsh. Simultaneous investigation of spatial and temporal boundary dynamics can be used to identify transition zones within marshes and can be used to determine from one year seasonal sampling surveys whether wetland boundaries will remain stable over more than one year.

Whether Certainty Is a Form of Life

There was something fishy, Wittgenstein thought, about a certainty which is at once empirical and immune to doubt. Yet that is just what Moore's truisms seemed to be: though certain, they seem to have no ground at all. Could that signify that they did not need one? What one could say is they were beyond the reach of any practical doubt. In On Certainty, Wittgenstein wrestled with the question how there can be such certainties, a task which a Kantian might call transcendental. Contingent propositions are characteristically doubtable, confirmable and capable of dispute. Even though no one has occasion to question them, we can imagine that someone might. And even if no one asks for proof we can imagine what a proof would be. But Moore's truisms do not appear open either to question or proof. Are they a priori, grammatical, then? No, for questions and doubts about them make some kind of sense. Then they are contingent. No, since we do not have evidence or empirical proof of them. Then what kind of proposition are they? The truisms are characterized by the questions we do not ask and doubts we do not have. But that is a statement about us. Someone from another culture might raise questions that we do not, amazed that we take such things for granted. But to imagine someone asking such questions we have to imagine a perspective very different from ours a very different Weltbild or picture of the world. Otherwise the questions fall beyond our comprehension. We cannot raise a question whether the world is very old, for if we did, that would bring into question the whole structure of geology, which is precisely the method by which we date things. If, for instance, we try to step back from that system and raise our question, we operate in a procedural and conceptual vacuum. Geology seems to rest upon or incorporate that proposition. Yet a question about whether the world is old has the same form and even the same kind of matter as the question whether this rock is very old. How can there be a problem for the one but not for the other? We face what appears tp be a logical discontinuity as we go from the one question to the other. Some kind of boundary has been crossed. But if it is not the boundary between contingent and necessary propositions, what boundary is it?

A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS ALLOY Ni64B36 (Ⅱ)——THE INFLUENCE OF THE BOUNDARY ON THE STRCTURE OF THE MODEL

The model that we have made to simulate the structure of Ni64B36 is taken as the primary configuration. This configuration is then subjected to relaxation under the free boundary, the confined boundary, the periodic boundary and the quasi-dynamical equilibrium boundary through the Morse potential. The energy minimisation method used here is different from that usually taken by other authors in some respects. By comparing and analysing the change of some structure parameters in relaxation, the influence of each kind of boundary on the structure of the model is discussed.