Kinship Networks Research Articles

Ace and aro lesbian art and theory with Agnes Martin and Yayoi Kusama

This article draws on the field of asexuality studies and the growing work of aromanticism studies to think about whether and how we can theorize lesbian studies from asexual (ace) and aromantic (aro) perspectives. Aces experience “the lack of sexual attraction to others, or low or absent interest in or desire for sexual activity” (Asexual Visibility and Education Network) and aros experience little or no romantic attraction to others. While lesbian studies has countless examples of “asexual resonances,” or lesbian theorizations that focus on intimacy between women in ways that do not centralize sex and sometimes do not centralize romance—such as those of Boston Marriages and intimate friendships, women identified women, single lesbian figures and spinsters, and lesbian kinship networks that are erotic if not sexual or romantic in nature—little work thus far has explored lesbian identities using the frameworks of asexuality and even more so of aromanticism. This piece explores ace and aro lesbianism by focusing on two artists: abstract expressionist Canadian-American painter Agnes Martin (1912–2004) and pop art multi-media Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama (b.1929). Martin has been regarded as lesbian and Kusama as a sexually repressed heterosexual, with neither artist widely understood nor celebrated for the ace and aro elements of their identities, despite evidence suggesting that both artists might be ace and aro. Opening up understandings of lesbianism beyond the sexual and romantic, I argue, allows for a dynamic positioning of lesbianism as a relational quality that can be extended to countless artists, figures, literary texts, and films.

The influence of kinship networks and family relationships on pregnancy dynamics in North Greenland

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of kinship networks and family relationships on pregnancy dynamics in a settlement in North Greenland. We utilized community-based participatory research framework using ecological systems theory to conduct semistructured interviews with 26 women and 17 men living in Kullorsuaq, Greenland. The extent to which Greenland’s cultural traditions related to naming and adoption practices, intergenerational relationships and communication, educational pursuits, and material resources intersect with pregnancy dynamics in an Arctic Indigenous community is discussed. Results highlight the importance of familial and community connections in pregnancy decision making in Greenlandic culture. Findings suggest that public health programs, health care services, and policies address the involvement of kinship and family networks as well as community level pathways to promote sexual and reproductive health in Greenland.

Triadic embeddedness structure in family networks predicts mobile communication response to a sudden natural disaster

Kinship networks are a fundamental social unit in human societies, and like social networks in general, provide social support in times of need. Here, we investigate the impact of sudden environmental shock, the Ms 7.0 2013 Ya’an earthquake, on the mobile communications patterns of local families, which we operationalize using anonymized individual-level mobile telecommunications metadata from family plan subscribers of a major carrier (N = 35,565 people). We demonstrate that families’ communications dynamics after the earthquake depended on their triadic embeddedness structure, a structural metric we propose that reflects the number of dyads in a family triad that share social ties. We find that individuals in more embedded family structures were more likely to first call other family plan members and slower in calling non-family ties immediately after the earthquake; these tendencies were stronger at higher earthquake intensity. In the weeks after the event, individuals in more embedded family structures had more reciprocal communications and contacted more social ties in their broader social network. Overall, families that are structurally more embedded displayed higher levels of intra-family coordination and mobilization of non-family social connections.

Captivity, Kinship, and Black Masculine Care Work under Domestic Warfare

ABSTRACTThis article examines the forms of intergenerational kinship and care work that Black men perform within and beyond US prisons. First, I offer a historical conceptualization of domestic warfare as a multilayered process that targets Black radical activism, social/familial life, and the interiority of Black subjectivity. I argue that the rupturing of intimacy and familial relationships precipitated by the prison should be understood not as an incidental byproduct of a poorly designed carceral regime but as a tactic of war and a condition of genocide. Next, I theorize letter writing as an ethnographic and political modality that is part of a broader repertoire of strategies that Black men deploy to survive within and rebel against domestic war. I then draw on correspondence between myself and Absolute, an imprisoned Black man, as well as oral histories I collected with elders of New York's radical prison movement, to show how Black men care for each other, forge kinship networks, and transmit knowledge. I close by showing how Absolute carries on traditions of knowledge production and care to younger generations of captive Black men and by connecting this intergenerational practice to forms of collective rebellion. [prisons, kinship, Black masculinity, letters, warfare]

Talking (With) Trees: Arboreal Articulation and Poetics

ABSTRACT Drawing on recent developments in critical plant studies, this essay attempts to develop an ethological poetics of trees. I start by analysing four examples of recent fiction, poetry and non-fiction that are each about different kinds of trees – The Overstory by Richard Powers; Translations from Bark Beetle by Jody Gladding; Tree Talks by Wendy Burk; The Biggest Estate on Earth by Bill Gammage – with relation to JC Ryan’s phytocritical model. In addition to their representation of botanical lives, I also consider how Powers and Gammage understand trees as constitutive of Indigenous kinship networks. Then, I combine the insights gleaned from the textual analysis with work by Michael Marder and others in order to outline key features of tree ontology and articulation, and I conclude by positing a provisional arboreal poetics.

How Do Individuals Join the Al-Shabaab? An Ethnographic Insight into Recruitment Models for the Al-Shabaab Network in Kenya

ABSTRACT Al-Shabaab employs diverse strategies to recruit and radicalize youth to the network. The Social Movement Theory is used to assess recruitment models for terrorist networks such as the Al-Shabaab. Five models are explored to understand the evolving recruitment trends for the Al-Shabaab network from 2007 to 2019: the net, funnel, infiltrator, intimidation, and for-profit motives. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork of selected 47 cases of individuals associated with the Al-Shabaab, the study recognizes the role of kinship networks, social relationships between the recruiter and the recruited, group dynamics, and recruitment spaces as crucial in Al-Shabaab recruitment. The study offers insights into the evolving recruitment strategies of terrorist organizations navigating counter-terrorism responses in the aftermath of terror attacks at the Westgate Mall and the Garissa University attacks in Kenya.

A Network of Thrones: Kinship and Conflict in Europe, 1495–1918

We construct a database linking European royal kinship networks, monarchies, and wars to study the effect of family ties on conflict. To establish causality, we exploit decreases in connection caused by apolitical deaths of rulers’ mutual relatives. These deaths are associated with substantial increases in the frequency and duration of war. We provide evidence that these deaths affect conflict only through changing the kinship network. Over our period of interest, the percentage of European monarchs with kinship ties increased threefold. Together, these findings help explain the well-documented decrease in European war frequency. (JEL D74, N33, N34, N43, N44, Z12, Z13)

For Sama

For Sama

Living with grandparents: Multi-generational families and the academic performance of grandchildren in China

Previous studies on social stratification and intergenerational mobility have mostly focused on the effects of parents on their children’s socioeconomic status (SES) attainment, but less attention has been paid to the important role played by grandparents in the life chances of their grandchildren, and its underlying mechanism. By analyzing a national survey sample data of junior high school students in China, this study examines the influence factors of living with grandparents and their effect on the academic performance of adolescents, and the intermediate mechanism. The study finds that (a) three-generation cohabitation occurs when there is a functional need for the nuclear family, and children with lower SES, working mothers, or single-parent families are more likely to experience cohabitation between grandparents and grandchildren; (b) living with grandparents has significant positive effects on adolescents’ academic performance after controlling for other factors; (c) the effect of living with grandparents is moderated by the family’s SES and family structure, and students from lower-SES or single-parent families benefit more from living with grandparents; and (d) living with grandparents to a certain extent benefits grandchildren’s academic performance by enhancing family social capital investment. Households in which grandparents cohabit invest significantly more in the social capital of children than those who do not have grandparents cohabiting. The results of this study show that in modern society, family kinship networks still play a very important role in the status attainment and social mobility of individuals. Therefore, scholars should pay more attention to the important role of extended families in social stratification and mobility and its micro-mechanisms.

Asserting Land, Estranging Kin: On Competing Relations of Dependence in Vanuatu

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how the new material value of land in postcolonial Vanuatu intensifies people's shaping and re‐shaping of claims to autonomy and dependence. Ahamb, like many other villages in Melanesia, originated as a mission community with people moving in from various original homelands. The mix of people from different places facilitated new kinship bonds and senses of community. However, it has also sparked disputes over land rights and leadership, fuelled by the postcolonial government's incentives for converting customary land into registered titles and leases for wealthy investors. The possibility of leasing out land, and preventing others from leasing out land, creates a dynamic where groups increasingly define themselves in terms of landowner clans that exclude outsiders rather than the wider kin networks that include them. Redefinitions of social boundaries generate secondary disputes over dependence and autonomy where care of kin, Christian commitment and future aspirations sometimes prove to be incompatible and in need of negotiation.

Effects of Conflict-related Sexual Violence on Kinship Networks: Case of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh

With the outset in feminist theory on wartime rape (Brownmiller, 1975) this paper iluminates how kinship networks are affected by conflict-related sexual violence. Following feminist scholars we argue that one way conflict-related sexual violence is intened to damage communities is by destroying their cohesion. An analysis of kinship relations of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh indicates that members of the community post refuge struggle to protect “the conjugal order” (MacKenzie, 2010) and social norms related to family and marriage. Attempting to avoid the shame and stigmatisation of sexual violence, kinship networks are being reevaluated in order to protect both the family’s honour and the survivors. This is done for example by shunning survivors or making use of corrective measures like child marriage and restrictions on women’s movement. Thus, when women are subjected to conflict-related sexual violence they are victimized twice: first through the experience of sexual violence during conflict, then by stigmatisation post conflict.

A Simple Method for Simulating Dementia Onset and Death within an Existing Demographic Model.

Dementia is a common disease that has an impact on both the affected individual and family members who provide caregiving. Simulation models can assist in setting policy that anticipates public health needs by predicting the demand for and availability of care. We developed a relatively simple method for simulating the onset of dementia that can be used in combination with an existing microsimulation model. We started with Socsim, a demographic microsimulation model that simulates a population with family kinship networks. We simulated dementia in the Socsim population by simulating the number of individuals diagnosed with dementia in their lifetime and the ages of onset and death from dementia for each of these dementia cases. We then matched dementia cases to the simulated population based on age at death, so for each individual, we simulate whether they develop dementia and, if so, their age at onset. This approach simulates dementia onset but does not alter the demographic model's simulated age of death. We selected model dementia parameters so that the combined Socsim-Dementia model reproduces published dementia prevalence rates and survival times after diagnosis. Adding simulation of dementia to a kinship network model enables prediction of the availability of family caregivers for people with dementia under a range of different assumptions about future fertility, mortality, and dementia risk. We demonstrated how to add simulation of dementia onset and death to an existing microsimulation model to obtain a method for predicting dementia prevalence in the context of another more detailed model. The approach we developed can be generalized to simulate other progressive health conditions that affect mortality.

The complementary roles between clientelism and familism in social policy development

AbstractWhat drives social policy development? Most of the literature addressing this issue focuses on the economic crisis and the increase in left power as its causation. On the basis of the Indonesian case, this paper engages in a debate about the clouts of clientelism and familial ethics in shaping social policy path development. This article claims that the quick replacement of productivist welfare regimes with the more inclusive system after Asian Financial Crisis is motivated by increased elites' interest in repositioning their clientelistic network within a public institution. This is occurring while familial precepts are being used as effective moral politics in encouraging kinship networks to internalize social risks during the regime replacement process. Overall, the case of Indonesia reflects the common characteristic of welfare regimes development in East Asian countries where efforts to modernize social policy are conditioned under a situation where democracy is not well‐established and the post‐modern family structure has not fully matured either. Consequently, the development of social policy to a large extent is still confined within a huge clientelistic influence and implemented under the familial ideology. This situation has ultimately retarded welfare state development.

The Urbanization of Indians in Winnipeg, Toronto, Edmonton and Vancouver: A Comparative Analysis

This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the migration, adjustment and integration of Indians into four large Canadian cities. The study explores several dimensions of the urbanization of Native people including: motivational determinants of the migration, employment and income structures, kinship networks, institutional participation, social adjustment, and return migration. The analysis demonstrates that Native people in urban areas exhibit low levels of economic adjustment and do not extend their participation into the institutions of the larger society. Rather, they appear to exhibit a “dual orientation” pattern of urban accommodation, exploiting the city for economic purposes but looking to the reserves for ideology, cultural identity, and social ties.

Same‐sex partnership in the family policies of Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan

AbstractDiscussions about Asian same‐sex partnerships (SSPs) and queer families are relatively few due to their low social visibility and lack of legal recognition. Aiming to explore the relationship between the state and queer families beyond the Western context, I examine the connections between family‐related policies and laws, marriage and family norms, and SSPs in Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. These three countries encourage marriage and parenthood within marriage, but they have different policies and laws on same‐sex relationships. By comparing how family‐related laws and policies in Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan treat SSPs and queer families, I find that policies with similar goals can be implemented differently. I also examine the long‐lasting heteronormativity and emerging homonormativity in these policies and laws. I further argue that legally and socially constructed connections between family, kin networks, and marriage should be considered in policy making and in academic discussions around SSP in Asia.

Help-Seeking Among Women of Haitian Descent in the Dominican Bateyes.

People of Haitian descent in the Dominican Republic are at high risk of violence, including interpersonal violence, and experience multiple levels of structural oppression. However, limited research exists specifically about women of Haitian descent in this context, who are at unique risk for violence and marginalization given intersectional oppression related to antiblackness, xenophobia, and misogyny. It is unclear what resources and supports exist for women of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic, and whether women can effectively meet their needs through available supports. This study analyzed 25 life history interviews to understand help-seeking patterns to address self-defined needs among women of Haitian descent. Analysis focused on narratives of interpersonal violence, as most research on this issue focuses on experiences of women in the global north. Thematic analysis demonstrated that women navigate a variety of informal supports, primarily with other women in their kinship networks, to address different needs, including material, emotional, and interpersonal-but primarily to address needs related to pregnancy and childcare, interpersonal violence, and housing. Women also sought help from male family members and formal institutions, though less frequently compared to help-seeking from other women. Outcomes of help-seeking, including who provided effective help, conditions of support, and negative reactions varied. Implications of women's patterns of help-seeking in this context, and how they compare to patterns within the larger help-seeking literature are discussed.

Temporary stays with housed family and friends among older adults experiencing homelessness: Qualitative findings from the HOPE HOME study

The proportion of adults age 50 and older experiencing homelessness is growing. People at risk for homelessness may stay with family and friends to prevent homelessness. Moving in with housed family and friends is a strategy used to exit homelessness. Little is known about these stays with family and friends. This study examined the motivations for and challenges of older adults experiencing homelessness staying with or moving in with family or friends. We purposively sampled 46 participants from the HOPE HOME study, a cohort of 350 community-recruited adults experiencing homelessness age ≥50 in Oakland, CA. Inclusion criteria included having stayed with housed family/friends for ≥1 nights in the prior 6 months. We sampled 19 family/friends who had hosted participants experiencing homelessness. We conducted separate, semi-structured interviews, summarized, memoed and coded data consistent using a grounded theory approach. Older adults experiencing homelessness reported primarily temporary stays. Motivations for stays on the part of participants included a need for environmental, physical, and emotional respite from homelessness. Both individuals experiencing homelessness and hosts cited the mutual benefits of stays. Barriers to stays included feelings of shame, concerns about burdening the hosts, and interpersonal conflicts between older adults experiencing homelessness and host participants. There are potential opportunities and concerns surrounding temporary stays between older adults experiencing homelessness and their family or friends. Policy solutions should support the potential mutual benefits of temporary stays, while addressing interpersonal barriers to strengthen kinship and friendship networks and mediate the negative impacts of homelessness.

Remembered and Forgotten Gods

The literature on transnationalism has largely tended to focus on first or second-generation migrants. Unlike the literature on plantation studies, this has resulted in a relative blindness to historical inequalities, particularly how these past inequalities going back more than 60 or 70 years or multiple generations, may affect the present in a transnational context. This article examines the growing phenomenon of interest in the transnational and local worship of ancestral tutelary deities (kula devam) among Malaysian Hindus. In doing so, it will specifically look at the role of caste identity in the emergence of transnational ritual and kinship networks. The paper argues that the performance of ritual worship of ancestral deities among Malaysian Hindus – part of a religious response to specific socio-economic changes that have occurred within the pressures of a capitalist, Islamised modernity – has been shaped by entrenched caste and class divisions in contrasting ways. The inequalities at the time of colonial labour migration and the differences between the landed mid-level (non-Brahmin) castes and the landless Adi Dravida "untouchables" or Dalits, seep into the present in the form of revitalisation of ritual-kinship links to Tamil Nadu among the former – a contemporary social sign of their "privileged lineage". At the same time, the lack of economic progress and social ills suffered by the dispossessed in Malaysia, are seen by many Dalit interlocutors as a consequence of ignoring the requisite ritual worship of their kula devam in now often forgotten villages of ancestral origin.

Predictors of Maternal Participation in Fatherhood Intervention Research With African American Nonresident Fathers

Purpose: The goal of this study was to understand factors that predict mothers’ decisions to participate as data informants in a randomized controlled trial of a fatherhood intervention for African-American non-resident fathers. Method: Baseline data from 178 fathers and 125 mothers in the Dedicated African American Dad (DAAD) study were examined. Prior research and theoretical frameworks by Feinberg and Morawska informed father variable selection. Data were analyzed via bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Mothers were likely to participate as data informants when they had younger children, the father reported higher stress, less conflict with the mother, and the mothers’ female relatives were less supportive of the father. Conclusion: Mothers’ decisions to participate as data informants in a fatherhood intervention are shaped by a complex array of social, interpersonal and family relationships that impact co-parenting. More research is needed to explore maternal characteristics and additional factors that could influence maternal predictors of participation. Future intervention research with African American non-resident fathers should seek to capitalize on the importance of the co-parenting relationship, by intervening prenatally, bolstering social support, and including extended family and kin networks.

Time to end daughter aversion in India

Time to end daughter aversion in India