Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Research Articles

THE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN KYIV AND POLOTSK FOR THE RELICS OF ST. EUPHROSYNE OF POLOTSK IN 1832 – 1909: ON THE QUESTION OF THE CAUSES OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE

The article attempts to analyze the history of the confrontation between the Polotsk diocese and the Kyiv Metro-politanate for the relics of St. Euphrosyne of Polotsk in 1832-1909 The author seeks to answer two main questions. Firstly, why did all the petitions of the inhabitants of Polotsk for the transfer of the relics of the saint to the Spaso-Evfrosinevsky monastery until 1909 ended in vain? Secondly, what ultimately contributed to the success of the initiative and made it possible to transfer the relic to Polotsk in 1910? The available historiography of the issue is analyzed. The hypothesis is substantiated, according to which the main factor that prevented the realization of the desire of the Polotsk people was the position of the highest Kyiv clergy: the Kyiv metropolitans and the Spiritual Council of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The success of the last petition was facilitated by the sharp aggravation of the situation in Polotsk and in the empire itself as a whole after 1905, which prompted the state to intervene in the dispute and resolve the issue in favor of Polotsk.

On the Liturgical Terminology of the Printed Horologion of 1616–1617

The Horologion, published in the Printing house of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra in late 1616 or early 1617, contains a mixed liturgical terminology that goes back to both the South Slavic tradition of translations of the Jerusalem Typicon and the East Slavic one. At the same time, the Kievan Horologion contains lexemes that go back to the older South Slavic translations of the Jerusalem Typicon. It can be assumed that these lexemes are not borrowed directly from the South Slavic sources, but are inherited from later East Slavic versions of the Horologion.

CAPITAL LETTERS OF THE "FLOWER TRIOD" OF 1631

It is difficult to imagine our word without a book. It accompanies a person throughout life and is a valuable source of knowledge and information. The masters of Ukrainian printed books have written a bright page in the history of national culture and book heritage. They have created editions that are true artistic masterpieces – with their unique shape, the special beauty of Cyrillic fonts, engravings, screensavers, endings, capital letters and other design elements. The printing house of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra has published many liturgical books, among which a special place is occupied by the «Flower Triod», dated June 1, 1631. This is the first edition of the «Flower Triod» in Ukraine and today it is one of the rare editions. The book was published at a time when the Archimandrite of the Lavra was St. Petro Mohyla, who contributed to the development of book printing, education and paid great attention to providing national features for the printing house. The «Flower Triod» is an extremely luxurious publication that contains many ornaments and wonderful engravings. It contains many capital letters of various sizes and artistic incarnations. There are about 150 different capital letters, mostly red, one – black. This article briefly described the investigation of the capital letters of the valuable edition of the printing house of the Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra «Flower Triod» of 1631, one copy of which is now stored in the collection of old prints of the Volyn Orthodox Theological Academy. Analysis showed that the two types of capital letters are observed in this valuable edition: letters covered with ornaments and letters with ornamental-plot compositions. Rich and varied themes, iconography, compositional and artistic and stylistic features of miniatures-illustrations of capital letters, their placement on the pages of the book, etc. open many new opportunities for the researcher of the art of books, which in turn will complement the glorious history of Ukrainian printing and book heritage.

Electronic Library of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: problems of creation and prospects of development

These article was explained the necessity of using new information technologies to create digital copies of documentary treasures for the purpose of ensuring their preservation. It is recognized that this area of activity is promising and requires the creation of the Electronic Library of Documentary Heritage of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The paper substantiates the feasibility of creating this resource using the scientific potential of the National Preserve "Kiev-Pechersk Lavra".

FEATURES OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SYSTEM OF PEDESTRIAN ZONES IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF KYIV

Abstract. The article substantiates the need to complete the formation of an integrated network of pedestrian spaces in the historic center of Kiev. Now the historic center covers three hills - the Upper Town, Pechersk and Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. However, the problem of creating an integrated network of pedestrian connections in the historic center of Kyiv has not yet been solved, and its formation is one of the urgent tasks today. After all, the creation of a holistic system of pedestrian ways in the historic city makes it possible to increase its tourist potential and ensure the preservation and development of historical and cultural heritage. The author proposes a method of spatial analysis to assess the state of public spaces in the city. The author's comparative analysis of two cities in the UK confirmed the importance and cost-effectiveness of pedestrian public spaces.
 It is noted that the existing transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv does not provide for the formation of new pedestrian zones. The author analyzes the central squares of Kyiv: Independence Square, Troitska, Tolstoy, European, Sofiyska, Mykhailivska, Lvivska and Peremohy Squares in terms of comfortable pedestrian movement and the availability of public places. It turned out that in terms of transport accessibility, they are convenient, but not suitable for pedestrians; by use - have mainly administrative, political functions; sometimes - cultural; by category of comfort - are inconvenient, there are no sanitary conditions, places for sitting, rest, greens; these are mainly transport interchanges; by category of social function - meeting places, commercial spaces; there are no signs of identity. Means of forming a network of pedestrian public spaces and proposals for the design of individual fragments of the city are proposed. The author determines how transit space and stationary spaces are used, whether it is possible to use them as a citywide public space and connect it to the main axis along Volodymyrska and Khreschatyk.

Гербовые изображения на портретах войско-вого атамана Донского войска Д.Е. Ефремова и особенности формирования южнороссийского дворянства в XVIII веке

The article is devoted to the study of the coat of arms on the portraits of the military ataman of the Don ar-my Danila Efremovich Efremov, the formation of the nobility in the southern outskirts of Russia. The first portraits of D. Efremov were painted in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and on the Don under the influence of the Polish, Malorussian and Russian artistic traditions. The painting of the coat of arms was based on the status of the military ataman D. E. Efremov, the award of the ranks of Major General and privy councilor, the acquisition of the nobility. The author characterizes the controversial issues of the origin of the portrait gallery of D. E. Efremov, and suggests a new dating of its painting based on the study of imperial grants, military and political events on the Don and in Russia. The composition and symbolism of the portraits are revealed, some anthropometric data of the military ataman are described, it is shown that the portraits of D. E. Efremov and his armorial images had a huge impact on the development of the Don ceremonial ataman and senior (starshina) portrait. It is stated and argued that the portrait from the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra in 1752 was preceded by other, not preserved works, from which “freeˮ copies were made. The latter can be independent creations. The author examines the government's attitude to the Don elder, the legal framework that regulated the sta-tus of the regional elite, individuals and positions.

On the History of the Formation of Cemeteries of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra in the Second Half of the 17th — early 20th century. Burials of the Sheremetyev Family and Related Families

On the basis of archival materials, the history of the formation of cemeteries of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra in the second half of the 17th - early 20th centuries has been investigated. It turned out that many representatives of the Sheremetev family and related families were buried in the Assumption Cathedral of the monastery, as well as in the cemeteries of the Far and Near Caves.

ТОБОЛЬСКИЙ ИРМОЛОГИОН СВЯТИТЕЛЯ ФИЛОФЕЯ

The object of research in this article is the chant manuscript of a five-line notation kept in the funds of the State Archive in Tobolsk (No. 306). The significance of this musical monument for the culture of Siberia is determined by its belonging to the fifth metropolitan of Siberia and Tobolsk Philotheus (Schemamonk Feodor), the first Ukrainian scholar monk at the Siberian cathedra. About belonging of the manuscript to sainted Philotheus is testifies owner's record of his pupil Peter Tungus. Sainted Philotheus played an important role not only in the education of indigenous peoples, but also in the emergence of a new European type culture in Siberia. He initiated the construction of the first stone cathedral in Siberia in the name of the Holy Trinity in the monastery of the same name and founded of the bishop's school (later seminary), the religious theater. Metropolitan Philotheus paid much attention to the issues of church singing. Thus, in the bishop's school singing “according to the note” was taught, the lord himself organized the church and metropolitan choruses from the “written out” Kiev monks and exiled Cossacks, and taught literacy and singing, including of newly baptized Siberians. Given the period (the beginning of the XVIII century) and the ancestry of Metropolitan Philotheus, cultivated by him the church-singing culture in the Siberian metropolia was under considerable influence of the South-West Russian Baroque. The manuscript being analyzed is a monument of this tradition. According to the complex of paleographic signs, the manuscript dates back to the early 1660s. and, perhaps, was created by scribes of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, from where Philotheus was erected to the Siberian Metropolitan Сathedra. The singing book is written in four handwritings, representing the South-West Russian semi-uncial with elements of cursive writing and a lot of outline letter, some words are given under the titles, greekized and latinized variants of capital letters are actively used. The edit of the text is pre-reform, elements of razdelnorechyie are preserved. The composition and content of the book refers to the most common from the second half of the XVII century “Oktoih” type of the Ukrainian-Belarusian Irmologion. It consists of seven parts: 1) (main) chants of the Sunday service and the irmos of the canons; 2) automelon (αυτόμελον) (samples for chanting stichera, troparia and sedalen (Κάθισμα)); 3) Irmos and other hymns to the Compline of Feasts of the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany; 4) a fragment of the Obikhod of Quadragesima; 5) selected holidays of the Minei stikheres-book; 6) a fragment of the Obikhod of the all-night vigil of the Kiev chant; 7) full-text canons in the Palm Sunday and Easter. Thus, the structure of the Irmolion differs from the Moscow singing books of both the Old Russian and the post-reform traditions, and some differences in the repertoire of the chants are noted. The musical material of the manuscript belongs to the Kiev “izvod” (derivation) of the znamenny chant. In conclusion, it is noted that the Tobolsk manuscript is a typical Ukrainian-Belarusian Irmologion, but for the Siberian region it is undoubtedly unique. Tobolsk Irmologion together with later manuscripts in various Siberian storages form the foundation for the statement of a large-scale problem of the influence of South-West Russian Baroque on the development of the musical culture of Siberia.

East Slavonic Sources of the First Serbian Primer Composed by Gabriel Stefanović Venclović (1717)

The article discusses the identification of textual and pictorial sources that were used in 1717 by the famous Serbian writer Gabriel Stefanović Venclović (c. 1680 – c. 1749) to compile a handwritten textbook containing a collection of elementary knowledge on the Slavonic language, grammar, and the basics of the Orthodox faith. According to our study, Gabriel used several educational and liturgical books published in Kiev, Lvov, and Moscow. In particular, we conclude that the school book issued from the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra printing office in 1705 served as the primary source for Venclović’s Primer. We also analyzed how Gabriel adapted the syllabic verses written by the poet Karion Istomin from Moscow, containing sententious examples for different Slavic letters. In our opinion, it is Venclović’s handwritten textbook, but not the famous Venetian edition of 1597, that should be interpreted as the first Serbian Primer.

“Description of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” by Metropolitan Yevhenii (Bolkhovitinov) as an Attempt to Continue “Mohylian Tradition” in Describing the History of Kiev

The purpose of this paper is to determine the main elements of the writings of his­ tory of Kiev by the Metropolitan of Kiev Petro (Mohyla) (1597–1647) and other theologians under his scientific supervision; consideration of the reception of these elements in the work of Metropolitan of Kiev Yevhenii (Bolkhovitinov) (1767–1837) under the title “Description of the Kiev­Pechersk Lavra”, as well as finding the elements that are strictly characteristic of Metropolitan Yevhenii’s work. The methodological basis of this article is the general scientific principle of historicism, objectivity, complexity and system, the implementation of which is car­ ried out through the use of basic methods of historical research (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction). The main conclusion is that Metropolitan of Kiev Yevhenii (Bolkhovitinov) was the successor of the tradition of writing history of the Church which was created by Metropolitan Petro (Mohyla) and other famous Kievan theologians of the time, among whom Bishop Sylvestr (Cossov) stands out.

ROMAN-IRISH EDUCATIVE TRADITION IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF CENTRAL UKRAINE AT THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The article analyzes the textbooks for elementary schools and gymnasiums of different types, which are located in the library of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. It is found that the content of the textbooks proves provisions of our study that the Roman-Irish scholarly tradition took place in educational process of Ukraine at the late XIX - early XX centuries.The author’s research field includes arithmetic textbooks that contain logical and mathematical problems of Alcuin and his students, ABC books and alphabets with sequential reading and spelling techniques, publicly available guides for sound teaching method of elementary education, which also took place in elementary school. In addition, the article deals with arithmetic courses for repetition in public schools (end of the nineteenth - early twentieth centuries), manuals containing tasks and dictations for undergraduate applicants in classical gymnasiums and universities, rhetoric and higher eloquence textbooks, Greek and Latin grammar books, indexes of current pedagogical literature of the late nineteenth century.Considering that today there has been no systematic analysis of educational publications for elementary schools, different types of schools and gymnasiums, as well as author’s manuals designed for independent preparation of future gymnasium students and university students in the period we have defined (end of XIX - beginning of XX ), author of the article sought to carry out such an analysis and to identify in the textbooks and manuals the component that is defined as the Roman-Irish educational tradition.An approach of K. Govorov, A. Zhdanov, M. Zarnitsky, F. Kodupolo and others to the study of grammar and literature in scientific-school editions shows: first, the importance of initial language learning, as it was in the Carolingian grammar schools; second, the phonetic and morphological approach to word learning at the initial stage of grammar study also confirms the previous postulate. In the period defined by us Rhetoric also occupied an exceptional place in the system of education, it is enough to analyze textbooks of that time (N. Koshansky, M. Speransky, O. Eshenburg) and its rules from the Carolingian era remained almost unchanged.

MONITORING AND PRESERVATION OF THE KYIV PECHERSK LAVRA CAVES

Abstract. The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra is a unique monastery complex included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The first mentions of the caves in the chronicles date back to the year 1051. The idea of creating a 3D model of Lavra’s caves was suggested by the Kiev Pechersk Lavra coenobites with the aim to attract public attention to the problem of preserving the Lavra Caves for future generations. It consists of an above-ground part (a complex of religious buildings) and an underground part (caves). The caves form a system of underground corridors subdivided into several parts – the Near Caves, the Far Caves, and the Varangian Caves. Today the caves are in an emergency state and need urgent restoration. Results presented in the paper comprise all steps of the 3D model of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra caves creation. At the first step, a spatial underground geodetic network for scans georeferencing was created. Totally over 60 stations with quite short distances from 2 m up to 15 m, with many open traverses were measured. Terrestrial laser scanning for over than 450 m tunnels and entrance structures has been performed. At the last step, data processing and modelling have been done with a result in the form of plans, cross-sections and TIN model of the whole complex. The paper devoted to features of those works and prospective applications of the results.

Materials for the Reconstruction of the Interior of the Stefanivsky Side Chapel of the Uspensky Cathedral of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra

The article publishes archival documents and other materials that allow, to a certain extent, to recreate the interior of one of the aisles of the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra — Stefanovsky, including finding out how its iconostasis, icon cases, frames of the throne, altar, icons and other elements looked before the destruction of the 1941 temple.

Особенности иконографии икон «Воздвижение Честнаго Креста» из иконостаса церкви Воздвижения Честнаго Креста Свято-Успенской Киево-Печерской Лавры

Особенности иконографии икон «Воздвижение Честнаго Креста» из иконостаса церкви Воздвижения Честнаго Креста Свято-Успенской Киево-Печерской Лавры

The Manuscripts of The Ladder by John Klimakos in the Collection of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

The Wróblewski Library of the Academy of Sciences of Lithuania contains 4 manu­scripts of The Ladder by John Klimakos (F19-246, F19-247, F19-248, F19-263). The manuscripts F19-246 and F19-247 reveal great textual proximity. They are associated with the editing of the most popular translation of The Ladder in the Bulgarian environ­ment. Related are the manuscript from the Hilandar Monastery (No. 185) and the manu­script from the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, from the collection of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (No. 235). F19-263 is associated with the editing of the same transla­tion in the Serbian environment. Related is the manuscript from the Pochayiv Lavra, from the collection of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (No. 12). F19-248 contains the text of The Siberian Lestvichnik. The author calls the manuscripts of The Siberian Lestvichnik and the books in the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences to be containing certain fragments of The Ladder.

Drawings of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra icon workshop in the 18 c.: interaction between text and image

The article is devoted to the 18th century drawings from the Kyiv icon workshop situated in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The author accentuates the peculiarities of interaction between text and image in the works of art. He describes the process of apprenticeship within the workshop and underlines the role of its principals and teachers. As it was found out, Alipiy, Roman, Ihnat, Volodymyr and Zakhariy Holubovskyi headed the Lavra workshop during the 18th century. It was discovered that the workshop produced different types of the books called «kuzhbushky» (“the art books” in corrupted German). The author defines the current location of these «kuzhbushky» and their quantity. He comes to conclusion, that Lavra painters took samples from the European collections of prints and pictures published by the foreign Academies of Arts. It is stated that in most cases the drawings treated religious subjects. Nevertheless, several drawings addressed exclusively secular topics and they differ significantly from other drawing studies. The examination of the accompanying text leads author to conclusion that it describes the image in every detail.

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOGENIC INFLUENCE ON HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF KIEV-PECHERSK LAVRA

Results of monitoring as geotechnical, hydrogeological processes in territory of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Reserve and the state of buildings and constructions, for the period from 1985 to 2014, were presented. Main types of anthropogenic impact, influence the stability constructions and lead to their deformation were analyzed. Measures for preserve historical and of architectural monuments Kiev-Pechersk Lavra were proposed.

Menologion kijowskiego ewangeliarza pełnego z 1707 roku (uwagi wstępne na przykładzie miesiąca wrzesień)

The article is devoted to the menologion of the only Cyrillic full lectionary Gospel printed by the Printing house of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra in the year 1707. It gives general description of its menologion with a special attention to the number of days for every month, local celebrations and saints (their presence or absence). A detailed analysis (based on liturgical and textological research) of the September in comparison with 18 other early printed tetragospels (printed to 1712 in different printing houses of Moscow, Vilnius, Lvov and Kiev) shows close relationship of the analyzed full lectionary only with two Gospels printed in Kiev at 1697 and 1712.

The Place of the Venice Charter Principles in the Context of National Cultural Revival in Ukraine after 1991

A unique situation from a methodological standpoint occurred in Ukraine after the country gained independence in August 1991. The national cultural revival that followed created a nourishing background for enormous interest in significant monuments and sites that had been destroyed during the Soviet era. As a result, the question of reconstruction became a subject of vast discussion, splitting the professional community into followers of the Venice Charter and proponents of a new, more radical approach oriented around the reconstruction of lost monuments. A more moderate position declared that reconstruction could allow for the restoration of a building as ‘‘a document of revealed history,’’ but challenged the ultimate value of authenticity. The practice of preservation in Ukraine at that time illustrates the gravity of the reconstruction approach due to new social and cultural demands (as evidenced by the reconstruction of Dormition Cathedral in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, St. Michael’s Cathedral in Kiev, and so forth). Continued obsession with reconstruction led to the neglect of methodological requirements and the misuse and misapplication of projects developed on a scientific basis. Subsequent disappointment with reconstruction revealed the importance and relevance of Venice Charter principles in Ukrainian modern preservation theory and practice.

THE THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR THE NEAT-MOISTURE EXCHANGE PARAMETERS IN SOILS AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CAVE COMPLEX OF KIEV-PECHERSK LAVRA

The theoretical justification for the parameters of the processes and phenomena is significant for the validation of their values as well as wider application of the mechanisms of the processes under study. According to the accepted laws (mechanisms) for humidity conditions, soil temperature and air in the caves of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra the main parameters are the coefficients of diffusion for vaporous water, evaporation, viscosity, specific heat of evaporation, moisture transfer etc. Using classical kinetic gas laws and thermodynamic ones as well as the proposed initial prerequisites we have proved the interrelation among the above coefficients.