Duck Kidney Research Articles

Viral nucleic acid synthesis and antigen accumulation in pancreas and kidney of Pekin ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus.

Liver, pancreas, and kidney from Pekin ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were assayed for the presence of both viral antigen and replication-specific forms of viral nucleic acid. In young congenitally infected ducks, antigen was detectable in hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia, in kidney glomeruli and tubular epithelia, and in cells localized to pancreatic acini. In older experimentally infected ducks, antigen was detectable in hepatocytes, in glomeruli and tubular epithelia, and in cells localized to presumptive pancreatic alpha-islets. All but the glomeruli-associated viral antigen appeared to be localized to the cytoplasm of antigen-positive cells. Much of the glomeruli-associated antigen appeared to be extracellular and was detected in glomeruli that were positive for the accumulation of immunoglobulin, observations suggestive of the deposition of viral antigen-antibody complexes. As analyzed with bulk tissue, replication-specific forms of viral nucleic acid were detectable in liver and pancreas from the young congenitally infected ducks and in liver and kidney from the older experimentally infected ducks.

Enzyme activities in plasma, liver and kidney of black ducks and mallards.

Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in plasma, liver, and kidney, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured in liver and kidney of black ducks (Anas rubripes). Activities of ALT, AST, GGT, and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were assayed in plasma, liver, and kidney of game-farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Appreciable OCT and AST activity occurred in both liver and kidney. Activities of ALT, CPK, ALP and GGT were higher in kidney, while LDH was higher in liver, GGT was detected in plasma from one of four mallards.

Susceptibility of Ducks and Duck-Origin Cell Cultures to Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) ducks that were 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 30, and 180 days old were inoculated experimentally orally or nasally with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Attempts to induce clinical disease in ducks with strain J1 or FK-78 of IBDV were unsuccessful. Virus-recovery attempts from organ and intestinal contents were also unsuccessful. No significant gross or histopathological lesions were found in liver, spleen, kidney, heart, or bursa of Fabricius of 1- and 3-day-old ducks at 4 or 7 days postinoculation. The ratios of bursa weight to body weight of 1-, 10-, and 30-day-old inoculated and control ducks revealed no difference at 21 days postinoculation. The ducks responded serologically, however, by developing both virus-neutralizing and agar-gel-precipitin antibodies. Virus multiplied in embryonated duck eggs and duck embryo fibroblast cells but not in duck kidney cells.

Corticosterone receptors in the avian kidney.

The binding of tritiated corticosterone to domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) kidney tissue has been investigated. Duck renal cytosols (105,000 g supernatant) contain high affinity-low capacity corticosterone-binding macromolecules (KD: 7.3 nM for animals on a normal diet and 5.1 nM for animals with activated nasal salt glands; Nmax:85 fmol/mg protein and 249 fmol/mg protein respectively). Kidney cytosols labeled with [3H]-corticosterone sedimented on a 10–30% linear sucrose gradient showing two peaks: one at 3.5S, the other at 10.2 S. The heavy peak was severely quenched in the presence of excess radioinert corticosterone, while in high ionic medium (0.4 M KCl), only one peak was present, at 3.7 S. Following incubation of labeled cytosols with crude nuclei, the cytosols became depleted of tritium activity and corticosterone-radioactivity was translocated to nuclear fractions. Tritiated corticosterone nuclear exchange assay showed the presence of endogenous, nuclear-bound cortico-sterone-receptor complexes (NmaxR:33–44 pmol/mg DNA). Kidney cytosols did not metabolize cortico-sterone and competition studies showed that neither aldosterone nor 11-deoxycorticosterone was effective in displacing corticosterone from cytoplasmic receptors. From these studies it was concluded that the kidney of this bird possesses corticosterone-binding macromolecules which show characteristics similar to those found in mammalian kidneys and that corticosterone might have a modulating effect upon avian kidney function.

Biological and physical properties of a virus (strain 127) associated with the egg drop syndrome 1976

The biological and physical properties of strain 127 virus, a haemagglutinating virus associated with the egg drop syndrome 1976, are described. Haematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that virus multiplication took place in the nucleus of cells with production of typical adenovirus inclusions. Thin section electron microscopy showed typical adenovirus particles and associated inclusions accumulating in nuclei. Strain 127 infectivity was stable in monovalent but not divalent cations, and stable to ether treatment and extremes of pH. IDU inhibition indicated presence of DNA. Growth of 127 as evidenced by HA production was better in duck kidney, fibroblast and liver cells, than in fowl cell cultures, while growth in turkey cells was limited to kidney and liver cultures. There was no evidence of growth in a range of mammalian cells. Strain 127 agglutinated erythrocytes from avian but not mammalian species and the haemagglutinin was stable to heating and freezing. There was no crossing in neutralisation or haemagglutination-inhibition tests between 127 and 11 fowl adenoviruses, and no cross-immunofluorescence between 127 and FAV-1. It is concluded that 127 is an avian adenovirus, possibly originating from ducks.

Corticosteroid receptors in the avian kidney

The binding in vitro of tritiated aldosterone to domestic duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) kidney tissue has been investigated. Using tissue from animals on a normal diet, tritiated aldosterone was specifically bound to kidney cytosol with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of about 9 nM and number of binding sites in the 20 fmol/mg protein range. These values did not show statistically significant changes when the cytosol originated from animals with salt activated nasal glands. Kidney cytosols labeled with tritiated aldosterone sedimented with a single peak at 8S in a linear sucrose gradient (10–30%) and this peak was quenched by excess, radioinert aldosterone. Following incubation of labeled cytosols with crude nuclei, the cytosols became depleted of the label and aldosterone was translocated to the Tris-soluble and Tris-insoluble, 0,4 M KCl soluble nuclear fractions. Kidney cytosols metabolized aldosterone extensively to a compound presumed to be 3α,5β-tetrahydroaldosterone. However, only unchanged aldosterone became receptor-bound. It was concluded that the duck kidney possesses aldosterone receptors, though competition studies indicated that the specificity of these receptors might be different from those described in the mammalian kidney.

Histopathologic effects of dietary cadmium on kidneys and testes of mallard ducks.

Mallard ducks fed 2, 20, or 200 ppm cadmium chloride were sacrificed at 30, 60, and 90 d. No mortality occured during the study and body weights remained unchanged. Kidney weights of the 200-ppm group were significantly greater after 60 and 90 d than those of controls; also, testis weights were significantly lower after 90 d. Kidneys of ducks fed 2 and 20 ppm cadmium were relatively unaffected; however, slight to severe kidney lesions were found in the 200-ppm group after 60 d of treatment. No significant lesions were found in mallard testes after feeding 2 ppm cadmium in the diet, and only a few birds in the 20-ppm group showed slight to moderate gonad alterations. After 90 d of treatment, however, testes of males fed 200 ppm had atrophied and the spermatogenic process had ceased. This study should provide important information for the interpretation of cadmium levels found in kidneys and testes of wild ducks.

Corticosteroid-binding macromolecules in the salt-activated nasal gland of the domestic duck ( Anas platyrhynchos)

The interaction of tritiated corticosterone and tritiated 11-dehydrocorticosterone with salt-activated nasal glands of the domestic duck was studied. Nasal gland cytosol (105,000g supernatant) bound corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone at 0° with apparent K d values of 10 −9 and 10 −11 M, respectively. The cytosols transformed [ 3H]corticosterone to [ 3H]11-dehydrocorticosterone (average transformation: 95% in 2 hr). Competition studies have shown that radioinert corticosterone is a more efficient competitor for cytosol binding sites than radioinert 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Cytosols labeled with [ 3H]corticosterone showed two major peaks following sucrose density gradient centrifugation: a heavy peak at 9–11S and a lighter peak at 3–4S. In sucrose gradients containing 0.4 M KCl, part of the heavier peak became transformed to the 3–4S form. Following incubation of [ 3H]corticosterone-labeled cytosols with crude nuclei, the cytosols became depleted of the label and the tritium activity, in the form of [ 3H]11-dehydrocorticosterone, accumulated in the nuclear Tris-soluble fraction and in the chromatin-bound (Tris-insoluble, 0.4 M KCl-soluble) fraction. Following the incubation of nasal gland slices with either [ 3H]corticosterone or [ 3H]11-dehydrocorticosterone, the cytosol, nuclear Tris-soluble fraction, and chromatin-bound fraction became labeled with [ 3H]11-dehydrocorticosterone only. Both steroids seemed to be taken up by the tissue slices at identical rates. Administration in vivo of [ 3H]corticosterone to a saltwater-maintained bird showed the accumulation of [ 3H]11-dehydrocorticosterone and, to a smaller extent, of [ 3H]corticosterone in the nasal gland intracellular fractions. It is suggested that the duck nasal gland is a corticosteroid target organ and the cytoplasmic protein-bound corticosterone is transported to the nucleus mostly as 11-dehydrocorticosterone in a manner similar to the intracellular transport of aldosterone in the rat and duck kidney.

Sublethal effects of chronic lead ingestion in mallard ducks

Mallard drakes (Anas platyrhynchos) fed 1, 5, or 25 ppm lead nitrate were bled and sacrificed at 3-wk intervals. No mortality occurred, and the pathologic lesions usually associated with lead poisoning were not found. Changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration did not occur. After 3-wk ducks fed 25 ppm lead exhibited a 40% inhibition of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity that persisted through 12 wk exposure. After 12 wk treatment similar enzyme inhibition was present in the ducks fed 5 ppm lead. At 3 wk there was a small accumulation of lead (less than 1 ppm) in the liver and kidneys of ducks fed 25ppm lead; no further increases occurred throughout the exposure. No significant accumulation of lead occurred the the tibiae or wing bones. Groups of ducks fed 5 and 25 ppm diets for 12 wk were placed on clean feed and examined through a 12 wk posttreatment period. After 3 wk on clean diet delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and lead concentrations in the blood had returned to pretreatment levels. Even though lead concentrations in the blood, soft organs and bone were low, a highly significant negative correlation between blood lead and blood enzyme activity was obtained. This enzyme bioassay should provide a sensitive and precise estimate for monitoring lead in the blood for waterflow.

Reticuloendotheliosis Group Virus Pathogenic to Chicken Isolated from Material Infected with Turkey Herpesvirus (HVT)

Izawa et a. (2) reported isolating HT-1 strain of herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) from Japanese turkeys. This paper describes the isolation of a C-type particle pathogenic to chickens coexisting in cells infected with HT-1 strain. The HT-1 strain used, after isolation from turkeys, was passaged 18 times in primary chick kidney, 17 times in primary duck kidney, and 7 times in primary duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cell culture. We further passaged it in DEF cells 9 times before the present tests. When HT-1-infected DEF cells were examined by electron microscope, C-type virus particles were observed along with herpesvirus particles. To eliminate the HVT, infected cells were frozen and thawed three times and the supernate was obtained after centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 20 minutes. Anti-HVT hyperimmune chicken serum was added to the supernate, and the mixture was incubated at 37 C for 60 minutes and then inoculated onto DEF. The entire procedure was repeated three times. No HVT cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed on infection of DEF cells with undiluted cell culture supernate. Also, HVT was not detected by direct immunofluorescence, and herpesvirus particles were not observed on electronmicroscopy. However, numerous C-type particles were observed in the infected cultures. Also, a CPE was observed in DEF cultures 7 to 10 days after infection.

Glomerular lesions induced in Pekin ducks by dietary administration of dimethylnitrosamine

Histochemical and electron microscopic studies were completed on the kidneys of Pekin ducks receiving a dietary supplement of dimethylnitrosamine at a concentration of 0.005%. Ducks were given the diets when 36 hours of age; test and control ducks (fed only mash) were killed by decapitation at weekly intervals for 8 weeks for necropsy and collection of tissue for histopathology. Tissues for electron microscopic examination were obtained after 5 and 6 weeks, fixed in Palade's solution, and embedded in Epon. Necropsy findings included subcutaneous edema, ascites, hydropericardium, splenomegaly, hepatic necrosis, and swelling of the kidneys. Obvious alterations in the glomeruli were present after 3 weeks of feeding and consisted of a reduced cellularity of the glomerular tufts with diffuse thickening of the capillary loops; but, early, the basal stalk region was spared. In severely affected glomeruli, the normal architecture was replaced by a solid amorphous, hyaline, eosinophilic material. The deposits stained variably with Gomori's trichrome. The material in the glomeruli was negative for amyloid by Congo red staining, took the silver component of the Humason and Lushbaugh stain, was inconsistently stained by Weigert's method for fibrin, and was PAS positive. Since the PAS staining response was not removed by diastase or hyaluronidase digestion and was not metachromatic with toluidine blue, the material is apparently not a simple mucopolysaccharide. Ultrastructural alterations included thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries by “deposits” of an electron dense material. The amorphous material was distributed through the various divisions of the basement membranes throughout the glomerulus. In severely affected glomeruli the ultrastructural features were obliterated by the deposited material. There were no recognizable signs of collagen, fibrin, or amyloid in the thickened basement membranes. The glomerular lesions resemble the glomerulosclerosis described in experimental diabetes and in experimental toxicoses characterized by severe hepatopathy.

Duck Hepatitis Virus in Duck Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

This communication reports preliminary observations on a field strain of duck hepatitis virus (DHV) in a duck embryo fibroblast culture system. DHV has been propagated through 25 passages in chicken embryo explants (10), 8 passages in chicken embryo cell culture (11), and 7 passages in chicken embryo liver cell culture (8) with no cytopathic changes and with low virus yield. A Japanese strain of the virus was found to be noncytopathic in cultured cells of chicken embryo, duck embryo, chick kidney and duck kidney, but the original liver virus and the chicken embryo 4th-passage virus formed plaques in duck embryo cell cultures (13). It was stated that the plaque-forming activity of this virus required further confirmation. Cytopathic changes were observed in duck embryo kidney cell cultures inoculated with DHV from the 16th through the 26th passages 24 to 36 hours after inoculation (2).

Propagation of Certain Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Avian and Primate Cell Cultures

Summary Multiplication in tissue culture of 21 arthropod-borne viruses representative of serogroups A, B and C was manifested by a consistency of plaque formation under an agar overlay. Cytopathic reactions in infected fluid cultures were not always apparent even though virus multiplication was detected. In comparative virus titrations in tissue cultures and infant mice, the plaque assay was found to be the most sensitive system. In general, group A viruses were found to multiply in both avian (chick embryo and Pekin duck kidney or embryo) and the primate (rhesus monkey kidney) cell systems with few exceptions. Group B viruses could be propagated in Pekin duck kidney or Pekin duck embryo cultures, but not in chick embryo or rhesus monkey kidney (except Ilheus), and the group C viruses produced plaques only in rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures.

The storage of trypan blue in heteroplastic chorio‐allantoic grafts of embryonic duck kidney tissue

The storage of trypan blue in heteroplastic chorio‐allantoic grafts of embryonic duck kidney tissue

The Analysis of the Organismal Differentials of Gray Norway Rats and of Two Mutant Races by Means of Transplantation

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Analysis of the Organismal Differentials of Gray Norway Rats and of Two Mutant Races by Means of TransplantationLeo Loeb and Helen Dean KingLeo Loeb Search for more articles by this author and Helen Dean King Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 69, Number 720Jan. - Feb., 1935 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/280578 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 6Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:P. J. Gaillard Transplantation of Cultivated Parathyroid Gland Tissue in Man, (May 2008): 100–109.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470718889.ch7 BIBLIOGRAPHY, (Jan 1965): 731–782.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-010664-9.50023-4P.J. Gaillard Growth and Differentiation of Explanted Tissues, (Jan 1953): 331–401.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61038-4G. Gordon Robertson An analysis of the development of homozygous yellow mouse embryos, Journal of Experimental Zoology 89, no.22 (Mar 1942): 197–231.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400890203A. J. Waterman Heteroplastic transplantation of embryonic tissues of rabbit and rat, American Journal of Anatomy 60, no.11 (Nov 1936): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000600102CARL J. SANDSTROM RECIPROCAL CHORIO-ALLANTOIC TRANSPLANTS OF EMBRYONIC DUCK AND CHICK KIDNEY TISSUE, The Biological Bulletin 70, no.11 (Sep 2016): 36–49.https://doi.org/10.2307/1537310

Additional Observations on Heteroplastic Chorio-Allantoic Grafts of Embryonic Duck Kidney Tissue

Additional Observations on Heteroplastic Chorio-Allantoic Grafts of Embryonic Duck Kidney Tissue

The growth and differentiation of macerated embryonic duck kidney tissue on the chorio‐allantoic membrane of the chick

The growth and differentiation of macerated embryonic duck kidney tissue on the chorio‐allantoic membrane of the chick

The Growth and Differentiation of Duck Kidney Tissue on the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Chick and Duck

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Growth and Differentiation of Duck Kidney Tissue on the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Chick and DuckCarl J. SandstromCarl J. Sandstrom Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 5, Number 3Jul., 1932 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.5.3.30151170 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Marc R. Hammerman Xenotransplantation in the Kidney, (Jan 2016): 507–519.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800102-8.00037-0Gordon M. Ramm The fate of chick mesonephric tissue in intraocular homografts, Journal of Experimental Zoology 130, no.11 (Oct 1955): 107–131.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401300107Gordon E. Swartz Heteroplastic transplantation of variously aged intact and macerated kidney tissue of the rat to the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick, Journal of Experimental Zoology 103, no.22 (Nov 1946): 335–363.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401030207C. L. Oakley Chorio-allantoic grafts of liver, The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 46, no.11 (Jan 1938): 109–120.https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1700460111A. J. Waterman Heteroplastic transplantation of embryonic tissues of rabbit and rat, American Journal of Anatomy 60, no.11 (Nov 1936): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000600102CARL J. SANDSTROM RECIPROCAL CHORIO-ALLANTOIC TRANSPLANTS OF EMBRYONIC DUCK AND CHICK KIDNEY TISSUE, The Biological Bulletin 70, no.11 (Sep 2016): 36–49.https://doi.org/10.2307/1537310Carl J. Sandstrom The storage of trypan blue in heteroplastic chorio-allantoic grafts of embryonic duck kidney tissue, The Anatomical Record 62, no.11 (Apr 1935): 7–23.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090620103 Carl J. Sandstrom Additional Observations on Heteroplastic Chorio-Allantoic Grafts of Embryonic Duck Kidney Tissue, Physiological Zoology 7, no.33 (Sep 2015): 279–303.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.7.3.30152873A. J. Waterman The differentiation of entire young rabbit embryos in omental grafts, American Journal of Anatomy 54, no.33 (May 1934): 347–381.https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000540302 Ruth Holton Sandstrom The Differentiation of Hepatic and Pancreatic Tissues of the Chick Embryo in Chorio-Allantoic Grafts, Physiological Zoology 7, no.22 (Sep 2015): 226–246.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.7.2.30151223Carl J. Sandstrom, Joseph T. Kauer The growth and differentiation of macerated embryonic duck kidney tissue on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick, The Anatomical Record 57, no.22 (Sep 1933): 105–117.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570202Carl J. Sandstrom, George L. Kauer Heteroplastic transplants of duck cartilage to the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick, The Anatomical Record 57, no.22 (Sep 1933): 119–131.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570203

Heteroplastic transplants of duck kidney tissue on the chorio‐allantoic membrane of the chick in conjunction with adult chicken spleen grafts

The Anatomical RecordVolume 52, Issue 1 p. 69-81 Article Heteroplastic transplants of duck kidney tissue on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick in conjunction with adult chicken spleen grafts Carl J. Sandstrom, Carl J. Sandstrom University College, New York University, and The University of ChicagoSearch for more papers by this author Carl J. Sandstrom, Carl J. Sandstrom University College, New York University, and The University of ChicagoSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1932 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090520107Citations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume52, Issue1February 1932Pages 69-81 RelatedInformation

TRANSPLANTATION AND INDIVIDUALITY

Previous article FreeJournal ArticlesTRANSPLANTATION AND INDIVIDUALITYLEO LOEBLEO LOEBFrom the Department of Comparative Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Search for more articles by this author From the Department of Comparative Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. LouisPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 40, Number 3March 1921 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1536536 Views: 124Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref © 1921 Marine Biological LaboratoryPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: James D. Ebert Ontogenetic Change in the Antigenic Specificity of the Chick Spleen, Physiological Zoology 24, no.11 (Sep 2015): 20–41.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.24.1.30152100 Carl J. Sandstrom Additional Observations on Heteroplastic Chorio-Allantoic Grafts of Embryonic Duck Kidney Tissue, Physiological Zoology 7, no.33 (Sep 2015): 279–303.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.7.3.30152873 Carl J. Sandstrom The Growth and Differentiation of Duck Kidney Tissue on the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Chick and Duck, Physiological Zoology 5, no.33 (Sep 2015): 354–374.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.5.3.30151170