Kidney Bean Research Articles

Dietary Protein Consumption Pattern in Hyperphosphatemia Management Among Haemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Poor nutrition status in haemodialysis patients is associated with high mortality rates. A low phosphorus diet is likely to compromise dietary protein intake and nutrition status in this population. This study evaluated dietary protein consumption pattern and nutrition status among forty out-patient haemodialysis patients from Renal Unit at Kenyatta National Hospital using cross-sectional study. The Chi-square test and Kruskal‒Wallis H test were used to determine relationship between variables. More than half (58%) of the patients were male. Study participants had a mean age of 45.4±14.7 years with the majority (40%) between 40-59 years. More than three quarters (88%) had poor nutrition status with more than a third (38%) severely undernourished. More than half of the patients (53%) had dialysed for a period of more than one year. Most of study participants consumed only five types of legumes. Yellow bean, butterfly Kenyan kidney bean, butterfly haricot bean, red kidney bean and green lentil were commonly consumed legumes; 2-4 times per week by 45%, 23%, 23%, 8% and 15% of the patients respectively. Beef was the most consumed animal protein by more than half (53%) of the patients in 2-4 times a week. Second most consumed animal protein was egg white at least 2-3 times a week. Majority of the patients (58%) had poor knowledge scores (<50 % score) on food phosphorus reduction food preparation procedures in protein rich foods. This study found high prevalence of poor nutrition status and inadequate consumption of dietary protein among haemodialysis patients. This study recommends nutrition education and counseling on locally available dietary proteins and their preparation in order to meet dietary protein requirements without risk of hyperphosphatemia

Standardization and evaluation of RTE extruded corn-pearlmillet snacks incorporated with kidney bean or green gram flour: A comparative study

The presentstudy aimed to develop ready-to-eat extruded snacks by incorporating kidney bean flour (0-25%) or green gram flour (0-25%) in a cornpearlmillet (70:30) flour blend. All flours were tested for their compositional and nutritional parameters (crude fibre, carotenoid, phyticacid, polyphenols, iron, zinc, and total dietary fibre). Evaluation of pasting characteristics, water absorption, and dough extensibility of flours and physical (bulk density, expansion ratio, sectional expansion index, and hardness) and sensory properties of extruded snacks weredone. The addition of pulses reduced pasting values, resistance to extension, and extensibility of flour while increasing water absorptions significantly (p<0.05). Physical properties and sensory characteristics of extrudates were also significantly (p<0.05) reduced by pulses addition. However, considering nutritional aspects, kidney bean flour up to 15% or green gram flour up to 10% is recommended to be incorporated for obtaining extrudates of desirable quality. Both pulses hadsimilar effects on product quality, but the use of green gram flour is preferred over kidney bean due to its minimum anti-nutritional factors available in the resulting product.

Functional characteristics and molecular structural modification of plant proteins. Review

Protein preparations from plant raw materials are widely used in the food industry as improvers, replacers or enrichers for products. However, their functional properties, as a rule, are less pronounced than those of proteins of animal origin. The aim of the review is to analyze and summarize the results of investigations dedicated to studying and characterizing the main functional properties of plant proteins (hydration, solubility, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity and gel-forming capacity, stability of emulsions, foams, rheological properties, texturization) and their modification. The objects of the research were scientific publications, most of which were published in 2017–2024. Functional properties of proteins were characterized; their dependence on the nature and variety of crop, methods of extraction, technological factors of processing and methods of modification was revealed. The search and selection of papers were carried out in the bibliographic databases eLIBRARY.RU, RSCI, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier, and PubMed. Data analysis was performed with their systematization, generalization, intermediate conclusions and general conclusion. The special attention was paid to chemical, physical, physico-chemical and enzymatic methods for modification of protein properties, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the interrelation of structural and physico-chemical features of proteins with their functional properties. The main regularities were revealed for an effect of modification methods on the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, surface hydrophobicity, the ratio from fractions, aggregation, denaturation and biological activity obtained by the modern methods of investigations (IR‑spectroscopy, fluorescent microscopy, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism, spectrophotometry and so on). It has been concluded that it is necessary to carry out further investigations aimed to studying interrelation of molecular structural features of proteins with indicators of functionality and regularities of their behavior in food systems due to an increase in the production of protein preparations from alternative raw materials (pea, chickpea, sunflower, kidney bean, rice and others). Based on the revealed and newly obtained theoretical information, the targeted modification and regulation of properties of protein ingredients for production of high-quality foods are possible.

Chitosan Priming Ameliorates Protein and Amino Acid Profiles in Red Kidney Bean under Drought Stress

Chitosan Priming Ameliorates Protein and Amino Acid Profiles in Red Kidney Bean under Drought Stress

Estimation of radiological health risks due to 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in foods consumed in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

ABSTRACT This study investigates the activity concentration of natural radionuclides in a diverse range of food samples in the Koya district markets food baskets, including both domestic and imported products. The samples cover annual crops (e.g. coffee, tea, kidney beans), tree nuts (e.g. almonds, pistachios), and other items (e.g. beef, fish, milk) by using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. This research addresses a notable gap by providing baseline data on radionuclide concentrations and assessing potential health risks. Average activity concentrations for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K were 0.943, 0.367, and 191.8 Bq kg−1, respectively. Radium equivalent activity values ranged from 2.88–58.48 Bq kg−1, all below the safety limit. The average excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was 0.154 mSv a−1, indicating safety for most samples, though coffee and tea showed higher levels. This study provides new data crucial for future research and regulatory monitoring, underscoring the need for further investigation into geological impacts on radionuclide levels.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Profil Sensori Minuman Sari Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Jahe Merah

The diversification and product development of kidney bean and ginger products have not yet been fully explored, especially in relation to antioxidant activity and sensory profiles. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (TPC), sensory profile, and consumer acceptance of a kidney bean drink with added red ginger extract. Three variations of the kidney bean drink were tested, each containing different concentrations of red ginger extract: 0, 4, and 8%. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, while TPC was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu method. Sensory analysis was conducted using the free choice profiling (FCP) method, with results analyzed through generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) to identify the sensory characteristics of the samples. Additionally, a hedonic test was used to assess the level of panelists' preference for each sample. The results showed that the addition of red ginger extract significantly affected (p<0.05) the antioxidant activity, TPC, sensory profile, and consumer acceptance of the kidney bean drink. Antioxidant activity demonstrated a substantial percentage of DPPH inhibition, ranging from 38.01 to 58.00%. TPC content values ranged from 0.91 to 1.80 mg GAE/g. The kidney bean drink exhibited various sensory attributes, including brown color, ginger aroma, caramel aroma, sweet taste, spicy taste, beany taste, liquid mouthfeel, creamy mouthfeel, spicy aftertaste, and beany aftertaste. The hedonic test results showed that panelists' preferences ranged from neutral to somewhat liking, with scores between 4.00 and 5.10.

The Potential of Using Different Legume Species in a Push–Pull Approach to Manage Spodoptera frugiperda in Maize in China

ABSTRACTFall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a notorious pest native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, has recently invaded China, causing substantial damage to crops, particularly maize. The push–pull strategy has been reported to be an effective prevention measure for FAW in Africa, with maize–soybean intercropping significantly reducing FAW infestation. To assess the potential of legume hosts as ‘push’ or ‘pull’ plants to control FAW in maize, we employed life table analysis and indoor cage tests to investigate the offspring performance, feeding and oviposition preference of FAW on five selected legume species, namely mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red bean (Vigna angularis Willd.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), with maize (Zea mays L.) as a control. Mung bean and cowpea were subsequently selected as repellent and attractant plant, respectively, to study FAW infestation levels in maize in the field. The results showed that maize was the most suitable host plant for FAW, as indicated by its shortest developmental duration and highest pupal weight. However, among all the tested legume species, cowpea was the best host for FAW, with shorter larval, pre‐adult and adult durations than on the leaves of the other legumes. Moreover, the feeding and oviposition preference tests revealed that FAW had a strong preference for maize and cowpea, but strongly rejected mung bean. Compared with that in the maize monoculture group, the total number of eggs laid in the maize–mung group decreased by 67.25%, whereas that in the maize–cowpea group significantly increased by 2.04‐fold in greenhouse tests. In the randomised block field experiment, the infestation of maize by FAW in the mung bean–cowpea system was significantly lower than that in the maize monoculture or in the system with maize surrounded only by cowpea. This study indicated that mung bean and cowpea are promising candidates as repellent plants (push) and attractant plants (pull), respectively, for intercropping with maize to reduce the damage caused by FAW.

Research on the mechanism of Bacillus velezensis A-27 in enhancing the resistance of red kidney beans to soybean cyst nematode based on TMT proteomics analysis.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) poses a significant challenge to red kidney beans cultivation, resulting in yield losses and quality deterioration. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) based proteomics technology to explore how the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus velezensis A-27 enhances the resistance of red kidney beans against SCN. The results revealed that out of 1,374 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the red kidney beans roots, 734 DEPs were upregulated and 640 DEPs were downregulated in the A-27 + J2 vs J2 treatment group. KEGG analysis revealed that 14 DEPs were involved in the α-LeA metabolic pathway, crucial for the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed the upregulation of 4 key genes (PLA1, AOS, AOC, ACX) in the JA biosynthesis pathway, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated a significant increase in JA content in the roots. The study demonstrates that B. velezensis A-27 stimulates induced systemic resistance (ISR) in red kidney beans, and induce JA biosynthesis by regulating the expression of key enzymes in the α-LeA metabolic pathway. This enhances the plant's defense against SCN, providing a theoretical foundation for the potential use of B. velezensis A-27 as a biocontrol agent for managing SCN in leguminous crops.

Population dynamics and crop damage assessment of Scarabaeid pests in the North-Western Himalayas

Scarabs are pests of horticultural crops in the north-western Himalayan regions. However, our current understanding falls short in comprehending the factors driving the population flare-ups of these pests. We investigated the pest population dynamic of Melolontha sp. Fabricius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Polyphylla sikkimensis Brenske (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by monitoring seven sites using UV traps and damage caused by them in 2017 and 2018. Melolontha furcicauda (Ancey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was the most dominant species, followed by Melolontha Cuprescens Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Melolontha indica Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and P. sikkimensis. The activity of species peaked in July. The highest Shannon (1.35–1.36), Simpson (0.73–0.74) and Pielou’s evenness indices (0.97–0.98) were recorded at Badagaon in both years. Scarab species from Badagaon and Janjehli were similar in species richness and abundance while Palampur and Sangla were most dissimilar. Melolontha indica and M. furcicauda preferred rose the most and M. cuprescens preferred apple. Maximum damage rate of potato (42.5–47.5%), cabbage (26.2–28.8%) and kidney beans (18.7–20.0%) by P. sikkimensis was recorded at Badagaon.

Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Digestibility, Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Characteristics of Soft Cheese Made with Kidney Bean Milk

Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Digestibility, Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Characteristics of Soft Cheese Made with Kidney Bean Milk

Investigation of the Effect of Temperature on the Biofuel Performance of Hydrochar Obtained from Kidney Bean Shell

In this study, hydrochar products were obtained from kidney bean shell (KBS) biomass at different temperatures using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. Hydrochar products were produced at three different temperatures (200, 220 and 240 C) and a holding time of 90 minutes. Biomass/water ratio was taken as 1:10. Analysis techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Ultimate analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in the characterization of raw materials and hydrochar products. In addition, the fuel properties (high heating value, energy yield and energy densification ratio) of raw KBS and hydrochar products were also investigated. As the HTC temperature increases, the high heating value of hydrochar products increases. Among hydrochar products, the highest high heating value belongs to the product obtained at 240 C. The combustion behavior of raw and hydrochar a product was examined using the thermogravimetric analysis method and combustion parameters (Ti, Tb and Tm) were determined. As a result, this study has shown that the hydrochar product produced from KBS by hydrothermal carbonization method can be used as a biofuel material.

Metabolites profiling, in-vitro and molecular docking studies of five legume seeds for Alzheimer’s disease

Even though legumes are valuable medicinal plants with edible seeds that are extensively consumed worldwide, there is little information available on the metabolic variations between different dietary beans and their influence as potential anti-cholinesterase agents. High-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in positive and negative ionization modes combined with multivariate analysis were used to explore differences in the metabolic profiles of five commonly edible seeds, fava bean, black-eyed pea, kidney bean, red lentil, and chickpea. A total of 139 metabolites from various classes were identified including saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, iridoids, and terpenes. Chickpea showed the highest antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase effects, followed by kidney beans. Supervised and unsupervised chemometric analysis determined that species could be distinguished by their different discriminatory metabolites. The major metabolic pathways in legumes were also studied. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway. Pearson’s correlation analysis pinpointed 18 metabolites that were positively correlated with the anti-cholinesterase activity. Molecular docking of the biomarkers to the active sites of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes revealed promising binding scores, validating the correlation results. The present study will add to the metabolomic analysis of legumes and their nutritional value and advocate their inclusion in anti-Alzheimer’s formulations.

Purification and characterization of α-amylase from Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Acanthoscelides obtectus is one of the most notorious pests of stored kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) worldwide. Kidney beans are an important source of food for these insects. α-Amylase is the main carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in animals including insects. In the current study, the biochemical analysis revealed higher α-amylase activity (U/ml) in 3rd and 4th larval instars but decreased gradually in subsequent developmental stages. However, the specific activity (U/mg) interestingly was highest in 1st instar and decreased in further developmental stages. During qualitative analysis of α-amylase using starch-agar and native PAGE, the maximum zone of starch lysis and a prominent band on the gel was observed in 3rd and 4th larval stages. The molecular mass of the native enzyme was also estimated and found to be 30.34 kDa. The crude α-amylase was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75, and ion exchange chromatography on the DEAE cellulose column. The purified amylase was found to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 15 kDa. The specific activity of the purified enzyme increased from 1.74 U/mg in the crude sample to 166.35 U/mg in the final purification step resulting in 95-fold purification with a yield of 11.14%. Further characterization of purified α-amylase revealed a pH optimum of 7.0 and a temperature optimum of 35 °C. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed Km and Vmax to be 0.09% and 3.3 U/mL, respectively. Oxalic acid, tannic acid, and HgCl2 significantly inhibited the enzyme, while the Na+, Ca++, and Mg++ ions acted as activators. In conclusion, the study revealed, the highest α-amylase activity in 3rd and 4th larval stages of Acanthoscelides obtectus followed by native and SDS PAGE resulting in molecular mass of 30.34 and 15 kDa respectively.

Modulation of Antioxidant System Under Drought Conditions in Red Kidney Bean by Chitosan

Modulation of Antioxidant System Under Drought Conditions in Red Kidney Bean by Chitosan

Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China

In response to water scarcity in the Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province, a cold and arid region in north China, and to address the diminishing groundwater levels caused by pumping irrigation, this study investigated the impact of rainwater tank size and water supply on kidney beans production in greenhouses under various precipitation scenarios to determine the production potential and development strategies for regional precipitation resources. Under the background of average annual precipitation, kidney bean yield increased with increasing reservoir volume and shorter irrigation cycles. Under a 4-day irrigation cycle, the water demand satisfaction rate of kidney beans reached 100% water demand when the rainwater tank size was 15.7 m3. Against the wide variation in multi-year regional precipitation from 1992 to 2023, the annual effect of rainwater harvest was simulated using precipitation data collected 20 years with an 80% precipitation guarantee rate. The average minimum yield reduction rate obtained was 9.4%, and the corresponding minimum rainwater tank size was 29.5 m3. By superimposing the rainwater harvested in the shed and nonshed areas, the volume of the reservoir without yield reduction could be reduced to 20.0 m3. The sum of discharged and inventory water was much greater than the water scarcity in each water supply situation. Simulating and analyzing the effect of the relationship between rainwater tank size and water supply on rainwater harvesting in regional farmland by year provides important data affecting the construction of regional rainwater storage facilities and water supply efficiency. To achieve a high, stable yield of kidney beans grown in a greenhouse with shed film and shed area rainwater harvesting in north China, 2.6 m3 supplementary groundwater irrigation is still needed during the annual growing season.

Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Benefits of Some Leguminous Plants of North‐Western Himalaya

ABSTRACTLegumes have various types of active constituents with disinfection and disease‐prevention properties. They are highly nutritious, providing carbohydrates, proteins, fibre, vitamins, copper, zinc, iron, magnesium and phosphorus. They are free of saturated fats and cholesterol. The Fabaceae or Leguminosae is regarded as legume family, which includes a major group of plant resources in the north‐western Himalayan region, primarily used as food as well as medicine. The term ‘Nutraceutical’ is derived from two words ‘nutrient’ means nourishing food component and ‘pharmaceutical’, which means a medicinal drug. It refers to any product derived from food resources having extra health benefits and nutritional value. These include minerals, vitamins, herbs and their extracts, which provide us with health benefits and play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases like diabetes, renal disorders, gastrointestinal ailments, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, allergies, eye conditions, obesity and so forth. Therefore, nutraceuticals may contribute to preventing chronic diseases, improving health, postponing the ageing process and increasing life expectancy by supporting the functions and integrity of the body. The north‐western Himalayan region has several species of legumes of utmost significance due to their nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Among these, major legumes are lentil, chickpea, soybean, kidney bean and groundnut, while several others legumes have rather limited commercial significance. Various parts, that is, young pods, fresh or mature seeds, leaves and flowers, of these legume plants are used for human consumption. In this article, efforts have been made to compile the nutraceutical and medicinal inferences of leguminous plants of north‐west Himalaya. The information provided also pertains to the nutritional benefits, antinutritional properties and distribution of legumes in various regions of north‐western Himalaya through the analysis of different works available in the literature.

Synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon scaffold derived from red kidney bean peels for advanced Li–Se and Na–Se batteries

Incorporating selenium into high-surface-area carbon with hierarchical pores, derived from red kidney bean peels via simple carbonization/activation, yields a superior Li–Se battery cathode material. This method produces a carbon framework with 568 m2 g−1 surface area, significant pore volume, and improves the composite’s electronic conductivity and stability by mitigating volume changes and reducing lithium polyselenide dissolution. The Se@ACRKB composite, containing 45 wt% selenium, shows high discharge capacities (609.13 mAh g−1 on the 2nd cycle, maintaining 470.76 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.2 C, and 387.58 mAh g−1 over 1000 cycles at 1 C). This demonstrates exceptional long-term stability and performance, also applicable to Na–Se batteries, with 421.36 mAh g−1 capacity after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. Our study showcases the potential of using sustainable materials for advanced battery technologies, emphasizing cost-effective and scalable solutions for energy storage.

Isolation and physiochemical characterization of Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) starch

The current study focuses on the isolation and physiochemical characterisation of starch from Phaseolus vulgaris L. The yield of the starch was about 25.8 %. The size of the starch granules ranged between 10 and 25μm. The starch had a higher water binding capacity, swelling power and solubility but had low paste clarity. P. vulgaris starch exhibited high freeze thaw stability. The bulk, tapped and particle densities of the starch were 1.64 g/cm3, 2.06 g/cm3 and 0.66 g/cm3 respectively. The porosity of the starch was about 64.1%. The estimated Carr index and Hausner’s ratio indicated good flowability of the starch powder. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the starch was C-type starch. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the functional group corresponding to that of starch. Thermo gravimetric analysis indicated good thermostability.

Biological treatment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>: The potential use of treated groundwater as agricultural irrigation water

High levels of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) pollution in groundwater can cause potential health problems. In this study, a novel concept for groundwater treatment was designed and implemented for: i) the biological treatment of real nitrate-contaminated groundwater and ii) the use of treated groundwater to enhance plant growth. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>) were used to investigate the effect of nitrate on bacterial growth in nitrate-contaminated groundwater. No significant effect of cations on bacterial growth was observed, whereas the presence of nitrate in the growth medium significantly increased the growth rate after 40 h-incubation. The OD<sub>600</sub> value of high concentrations of nitrate (100 mg/L) was almost 1.4-fold smaller than that of low concentrations of nitrate (i.e., 10 mg/L) owing to its toxic effects at high concentrations. Plant growth experiments showed that the dried biomass weight of kidney beans watered with <i>B. subtilis</i>-treated groundwater was almost 1.7- to 2.0-fold higher than that of other treated samples, whereas germination failure was observed when plants were directly watered with nitrate-contaminated groundwater. The novel findings of this study highlight the application of <i>B. subtilis</i> for the aerobic denitrification of nitrate-contaminated groundwater and its potential for use in treating nitrate-contaminated groundwater for enhanced plant growth.

Results from a phase I study of 4-l-[131I]iodo-phenylalanine ([131I]IPA) with external radiation therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (IPAX-1).

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor, is associated with devastating outcomes. IPAX-1 was a multicenter, open-label, single-arm phase I study to evaluate carrier-added 4-L-[131I]iodo-phenylalanine ([131I]IPA) plus external radiation therapy (XRT) in recurrent GBM. A total of 10 adults with recurrent GBM who had received first-line debulking surgery plus radio-chemotherapy, were randomized to a single-dose regimen (1f; 131I-IPA 2 GBq before XRT); a fractionated parallel dose regimen (3f-p; 3 131I-IPA 670 MBq fractions, in parallel with second-line XRT), or a fractionated sequential dose regimen (3f-s; 3 131I-IPA 670 MBq fractions before and after XRT). Metabolic tumor responses were determined using O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine positron emission tomography, while single-photon emission computed tomography was used to guide [131I]IPA tumor dosimetry. All dose regimens were well tolerated. Organ-absorbed radiation doses in red marrow (0.38 Gy) and kidney (1.28 Gy) confirmed no radiation-based toxicity. Stable disease was observed in 4 of the 9 patients at 3 months post-treatment (3-month follow-up [FU], 1 patient did not reach protocol-mandated end of study), yielding a response rate of 44.4%. At the 3-month FU, 6 patients demonstrated metabolic stable disease. Median progression-free survival was 4.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3-4.5), while median overall survival was 13 months (95% CI: 7.1-27). Single or fractionated doses of [131I]IPA plus XRT were associated with acceptable tolerability and specific tumor targeting in patients with recurrent GBM, warranting further investigation.