Kidney Bean Research Articles

Unraveling the Impact of Aspergillus sojae—A Food-Grade Fungus—On Phytoalexins, Phenolic Acids, and the Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Different Legumes

Legumes are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds known for their ability to promote health. Under stress conditions, legumes have been shown to produce higher levels of secondary metabolites, as a defensive mechanism. Hence, the present study aimed to induce legume seeds (e.g., soybean, chickpea, green pea, and red kidney bean) by inoculating them with Aspergillus sojae (A. sojae) and to evaluate the extracts for phytoalexins, phenolics, and antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic potentials. The UPLC-DAD findings of A. sojae-induced legumes showed medicarpin and maackiain in chickpea, pisatin in green pea, glyceollin I-III in soybean, and kievitone and phaseollin in red kidney bean. All induced legumes exhibited a higher total polyphenol content compared to the non-induced ones. Among induced legumes, soybean exhibited a higher (4.85 mg GAE/g) polyphenol content. The UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS findings established that legumes contained substantial levels of protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and caffeic acid. The results of antioxidant assays revealed a significantly higher level of activity in induced red kidney bean and soybean, whereas the level of activity in non-induced legumes was markedly lower. Moreover, induced red kidney bean effectively inhibited α-glucosidase (87.2%) and α-amylase (63.90%) at 5 mg/mL. Additionally, the maximum lipase inhibitory effects were displayed by induced soybean (72.54%) at 20 mg/mL.

Screening of the Nutritional Properties, Bioactive Components, and Antioxidant Properties in Legumes

This study provides an assessment of nutrients (protein, amino acid profiles, fiber, starch), phenolic content TPC, flavonoid content TFC, and antioxidant capacity through different in vitro methods in 12 legume species (red, green, yellow, brown, and black lentils; mung, pinto, black, and kidney beans; chickpea, soy, and lupin) and hemp. Legumes with a protein content above 30% were black lentil, lupin, and soy. Chickpea, soy, black bean, kidney bean, and mung bean did not have any limiting amino acids. All samples had moderate overall protein quality, except green and brown lentils. Black bean was less digestible (68.1%), while soy, hemp, and red lentil had higher protein digestibility (79.3–84.7%). Pinto bean had the highest TPC (425.19 mg GAE/100 g), comparable with hemp, but the lowest TFC (0.24 mg QE/100 g). Yellow and red lentils showed the lowest TPC (69–85.89 mg GAE/100 g). Mung bean presented the highest concentration of flavonoids (45.47 mg QE/100 g), followed by black lentil (28.57 mg QE/100 g). There were distinct variations in the antioxidant capacity across different legume samples and assays. Pinto bean, hemp, and green lentil had the highest relative antioxidant capacity index, while yellow lentil, red lentil, and chickpea presented the lowest. Dark-colored legume samples showed a higher TPC and a lower antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC and PCL assays), while yellow legumes had less antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay). A high correlation coefficient was observed between TPC and DPPH (r = 0.8133), TPC and FRAP (r = 0.8528), TPC and CUPRAC (r = 0.9425), and TPC and ACL (r = 0.8261) methods. The results highlight large variations in the legume properties and support the exploitation of the nutritional properties of legumes as raw materials for the development of products designed to fulfil modern consumer demands.

Purification, characterization and molecular docking studies of analogous alpha amylase inhibitor compounds

BackgroundA large number of protein inhibitors are found in higher plants, cereals and legumes. These inhibitors are helpful in the prevention as well as medical treatment of metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes. Basically, the diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that occurs either due to inadequate insulin secretions or when body fails to utilize the produced insulin. The alpha amylase inhibitors are termed as starch blockers. They catalyze the hydrolysis of α-(1,4)-D-glycosidic linkages of starch and other glucose polymer. They play a significant role in inhibition of the activity of salivary and pancreatic amylase in vitro and in vivo. MethodThe present study was based on the purification, characterization and molecular docking studies of the alpha amylase inhibitor isolated from the kidney bean sample. The seed sample was collected from G.B. Pant Nagar University. The crude extract was prepared, the in-vitro studies and heat stability were determined. Following it, purification was carried out using ammonium sulphate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography was done. Later, characterization and molecular docking studies of the purified sample was done after obtaining GC–MS results. ResultThe in-vitro analysis was done and noted that the inhibitory activity was 96.5 ± 0.84 % post size exclusion chromatography. The molecular weight was about 54 kDa. The molecular docking studies revealed that there were interactions between the ligand molecules (the constituents that were selected from the GC–MS chromatogram peaks based on the height and area) and the human pancreatic alpha amylase (1HNY). The hydrogen bonding as affinity binding capacity was also been observed in each of the ligand–protein interaction. ConclusionFrom the tests, it has been elucidated that the alpha amylase inhibitor isolated from the sample has a great potential to serve as an anti-diabetic drug. However, in order to check the potential effects and to explore the optimization and development of the anti-diabetic drug the in-vivo studies can also be done further.

Dietary Protein Consumption Pattern in Hyperphosphatemia Management Among Haemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Poor nutrition status in haemodialysis patients is associated with high mortality rates. A low phosphorus diet is likely to compromise dietary protein intake and nutrition status in this population. This study evaluated dietary protein consumption pattern and nutrition status among forty out-patient haemodialysis patients from Renal Unit at Kenyatta National Hospital using cross-sectional study. The Chi-square test and Kruskal‒Wallis H test were used to determine relationship between variables. More than half (58%) of the patients were male. Study participants had a mean age of 45.4±14.7 years with the majority (40%) between 40-59 years. More than three quarters (88%) had poor nutrition status with more than a third (38%) severely undernourished. More than half of the patients (53%) had dialysed for a period of more than one year. Most of study participants consumed only five types of legumes. Yellow bean, butterfly Kenyan kidney bean, butterfly haricot bean, red kidney bean and green lentil were commonly consumed legumes; 2-4 times per week by 45%, 23%, 23%, 8% and 15% of the patients respectively. Beef was the most consumed animal protein by more than half (53%) of the patients in 2-4 times a week. Second most consumed animal protein was egg white at least 2-3 times a week. Majority of the patients (58%) had poor knowledge scores (<50 % score) on food phosphorus reduction food preparation procedures in protein rich foods. This study found high prevalence of poor nutrition status and inadequate consumption of dietary protein among haemodialysis patients. This study recommends nutrition education and counseling on locally available dietary proteins and their preparation in order to meet dietary protein requirements without risk of hyperphosphatemia

Standardization and evaluation of RTE extruded corn-pearlmillet snacks incorporated with kidney bean or green gram flour: A comparative study

The presentstudy aimed to develop ready-to-eat extruded snacks by incorporating kidney bean flour (0-25%) or green gram flour (0-25%) in a cornpearlmillet (70:30) flour blend. All flours were tested for their compositional and nutritional parameters (crude fibre, carotenoid, phyticacid, polyphenols, iron, zinc, and total dietary fibre). Evaluation of pasting characteristics, water absorption, and dough extensibility of flours and physical (bulk density, expansion ratio, sectional expansion index, and hardness) and sensory properties of extruded snacks weredone. The addition of pulses reduced pasting values, resistance to extension, and extensibility of flour while increasing water absorptions significantly (p<0.05). Physical properties and sensory characteristics of extrudates were also significantly (p<0.05) reduced by pulses addition. However, considering nutritional aspects, kidney bean flour up to 15% or green gram flour up to 10% is recommended to be incorporated for obtaining extrudates of desirable quality. Both pulses hadsimilar effects on product quality, but the use of green gram flour is preferred over kidney bean due to its minimum anti-nutritional factors available in the resulting product.

Functional characteristics and molecular structural modification of plant proteins. Review

Protein preparations from plant raw materials are widely used in the food industry as improvers, replacers or enrichers for products. However, their functional properties, as a rule, are less pronounced than those of proteins of animal origin. The aim of the review is to analyze and summarize the results of investigations dedicated to studying and characterizing the main functional properties of plant proteins (hydration, solubility, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity and gel-forming capacity, stability of emulsions, foams, rheological properties, texturization) and their modification. The objects of the research were scientific publications, most of which were published in 2017–2024. Functional properties of proteins were characterized; their dependence on the nature and variety of crop, methods of extraction, technological factors of processing and methods of modification was revealed. The search and selection of papers were carried out in the bibliographic databases eLIBRARY.RU, RSCI, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier, and PubMed. Data analysis was performed with their systematization, generalization, intermediate conclusions and general conclusion. The special attention was paid to chemical, physical, physico-chemical and enzymatic methods for modification of protein properties, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the interrelation of structural and physico-chemical features of proteins with their functional properties. The main regularities were revealed for an effect of modification methods on the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, surface hydrophobicity, the ratio from fractions, aggregation, denaturation and biological activity obtained by the modern methods of investigations (IR‑spectroscopy, fluorescent microscopy, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism, spectrophotometry and so on). It has been concluded that it is necessary to carry out further investigations aimed to studying interrelation of molecular structural features of proteins with indicators of functionality and regularities of their behavior in food systems due to an increase in the production of protein preparations from alternative raw materials (pea, chickpea, sunflower, kidney bean, rice and others). Based on the revealed and newly obtained theoretical information, the targeted modification and regulation of properties of protein ingredients for production of high-quality foods are possible.

Chitosan Priming Ameliorates Protein and Amino Acid Profiles in Red Kidney Bean under Drought Stress

Chitosan Priming Ameliorates Protein and Amino Acid Profiles in Red Kidney Bean under Drought Stress

Estimation of radiological health risks due to 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in foods consumed in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

ABSTRACT This study investigates the activity concentration of natural radionuclides in a diverse range of food samples in the Koya district markets food baskets, including both domestic and imported products. The samples cover annual crops (e.g. coffee, tea, kidney beans), tree nuts (e.g. almonds, pistachios), and other items (e.g. beef, fish, milk) by using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. This research addresses a notable gap by providing baseline data on radionuclide concentrations and assessing potential health risks. Average activity concentrations for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K were 0.943, 0.367, and 191.8 Bq kg−1, respectively. Radium equivalent activity values ranged from 2.88–58.48 Bq kg−1, all below the safety limit. The average excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was 0.154 mSv a−1, indicating safety for most samples, though coffee and tea showed higher levels. This study provides new data crucial for future research and regulatory monitoring, underscoring the need for further investigation into geological impacts on radionuclide levels.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Profil Sensori Minuman Sari Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Jahe Merah

The diversification and product development of kidney bean and ginger products have not yet been fully explored, especially in relation to antioxidant activity and sensory profiles. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (TPC), sensory profile, and consumer acceptance of a kidney bean drink with added red ginger extract. Three variations of the kidney bean drink were tested, each containing different concentrations of red ginger extract: 0, 4, and 8%. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, while TPC was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu method. Sensory analysis was conducted using the free choice profiling (FCP) method, with results analyzed through generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) to identify the sensory characteristics of the samples. Additionally, a hedonic test was used to assess the level of panelists' preference for each sample. The results showed that the addition of red ginger extract significantly affected (p<0.05) the antioxidant activity, TPC, sensory profile, and consumer acceptance of the kidney bean drink. Antioxidant activity demonstrated a substantial percentage of DPPH inhibition, ranging from 38.01 to 58.00%. TPC content values ranged from 0.91 to 1.80 mg GAE/g. The kidney bean drink exhibited various sensory attributes, including brown color, ginger aroma, caramel aroma, sweet taste, spicy taste, beany taste, liquid mouthfeel, creamy mouthfeel, spicy aftertaste, and beany aftertaste. The hedonic test results showed that panelists' preferences ranged from neutral to somewhat liking, with scores between 4.00 and 5.10.

The Potential of Using Different Legume Species in a Push–Pull Approach to Manage Spodoptera frugiperda in Maize in China

ABSTRACTFall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a notorious pest native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, has recently invaded China, causing substantial damage to crops, particularly maize. The push–pull strategy has been reported to be an effective prevention measure for FAW in Africa, with maize–soybean intercropping significantly reducing FAW infestation. To assess the potential of legume hosts as ‘push’ or ‘pull’ plants to control FAW in maize, we employed life table analysis and indoor cage tests to investigate the offspring performance, feeding and oviposition preference of FAW on five selected legume species, namely mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red bean (Vigna angularis Willd.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), with maize (Zea mays L.) as a control. Mung bean and cowpea were subsequently selected as repellent and attractant plant, respectively, to study FAW infestation levels in maize in the field. The results showed that maize was the most suitable host plant for FAW, as indicated by its shortest developmental duration and highest pupal weight. However, among all the tested legume species, cowpea was the best host for FAW, with shorter larval, pre‐adult and adult durations than on the leaves of the other legumes. Moreover, the feeding and oviposition preference tests revealed that FAW had a strong preference for maize and cowpea, but strongly rejected mung bean. Compared with that in the maize monoculture group, the total number of eggs laid in the maize–mung group decreased by 67.25%, whereas that in the maize–cowpea group significantly increased by 2.04‐fold in greenhouse tests. In the randomised block field experiment, the infestation of maize by FAW in the mung bean–cowpea system was significantly lower than that in the maize monoculture or in the system with maize surrounded only by cowpea. This study indicated that mung bean and cowpea are promising candidates as repellent plants (push) and attractant plants (pull), respectively, for intercropping with maize to reduce the damage caused by FAW.

Research on the mechanism of Bacillus velezensis A-27 in enhancing the resistance of red kidney beans to soybean cyst nematode based on TMT proteomics analysis.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) poses a significant challenge to red kidney beans cultivation, resulting in yield losses and quality deterioration. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) based proteomics technology to explore how the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus velezensis A-27 enhances the resistance of red kidney beans against SCN. The results revealed that out of 1,374 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the red kidney beans roots, 734 DEPs were upregulated and 640 DEPs were downregulated in the A-27 + J2 vs J2 treatment group. KEGG analysis revealed that 14 DEPs were involved in the α-LeA metabolic pathway, crucial for the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed the upregulation of 4 key genes (PLA1, AOS, AOC, ACX) in the JA biosynthesis pathway, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated a significant increase in JA content in the roots. The study demonstrates that B. velezensis A-27 stimulates induced systemic resistance (ISR) in red kidney beans, and induce JA biosynthesis by regulating the expression of key enzymes in the α-LeA metabolic pathway. This enhances the plant's defense against SCN, providing a theoretical foundation for the potential use of B. velezensis A-27 as a biocontrol agent for managing SCN in leguminous crops.

Evaluation of biological traits, morphometric characteristics, feeding preferences, and infestation potential of pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus fab.) on various pulse crops

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), is a major invasive pest of stored legume seeds in Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the biology, morphometrics, feeding potential, and seed damage caused by the beetle on different pulses under laboratory conditions in 2023. The insect laid the highest number of eggs on Vigna unguiculata (8.53±0.95), followed by V. radiata (7.55±0.78), V. mungo (6.66±0.75), Phaseolus vulgaris (6.61±0.63), and Cicer arietinum (5.02±0.37). The mean egg incubation periods were recorded as follows: black gram (5.60±0.54), cowpeas (5.50±0.21), chickpea (4.00±0.72), green gram (4.00±0.37), and kidney bean (0.00±0.00) days, respectively. The egg hatching rates were (39.30%) green gram, (36.10%) cowpeas, (19.50%) chickpea, (5.10%) black gram, and (0.00%) for kidney beans. Notably, while (23.30%) of the eggs were laid on kidney beans, none hatched, and no adults emerged due to the smooth surface of the seed coat. The larvae and pupae development period lasted (24-27) days on black gram, (23-25) days on white gram, (19-21) days on cowpeas, and (18-20) days on green gram. Adult females survived for (14-15) days on cowpeas, (10-15) days on green gram, (12-14) days on black gram, and (10-11) days on chickpea. The mean fecundity was recorded at (6.12±3.17) eggs when two males fertilized one female and (8.73±4.22) eggs when one male fertilized two females. Cowpea seeds were identified as the preferred food source for C. maculatus compared to other pulses. Therefore, effective control of this pest is crucial to protect legume crops.

Population dynamics and crop damage assessment of Scarabaeid pests in the North-Western Himalayas

Scarabs are pests of horticultural crops in the north-western Himalayan regions. However, our current understanding falls short in comprehending the factors driving the population flare-ups of these pests. We investigated the pest population dynamic of Melolontha sp. Fabricius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Polyphylla sikkimensis Brenske (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by monitoring seven sites using UV traps and damage caused by them in 2017 and 2018. Melolontha furcicauda (Ancey) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was the most dominant species, followed by Melolontha Cuprescens Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Melolontha indica Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and P. sikkimensis. The activity of species peaked in July. The highest Shannon (1.35–1.36), Simpson (0.73–0.74) and Pielou’s evenness indices (0.97–0.98) were recorded at Badagaon in both years. Scarab species from Badagaon and Janjehli were similar in species richness and abundance while Palampur and Sangla were most dissimilar. Melolontha indica and M. furcicauda preferred rose the most and M. cuprescens preferred apple. Maximum damage rate of potato (42.5–47.5%), cabbage (26.2–28.8%) and kidney beans (18.7–20.0%) by P. sikkimensis was recorded at Badagaon.

Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Digestibility, Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Characteristics of Soft Cheese Made with Kidney Bean Milk

Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Digestibility, Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Characteristics of Soft Cheese Made with Kidney Bean Milk

Investigation of the Effect of Temperature on the Biofuel Performance of Hydrochar Obtained from Kidney Bean Shell

In this study, hydrochar products were obtained from kidney bean shell (KBS) biomass at different temperatures using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. Hydrochar products were produced at three different temperatures (200, 220 and 240 C) and a holding time of 90 minutes. Biomass/water ratio was taken as 1:10. Analysis techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Ultimate analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in the characterization of raw materials and hydrochar products. In addition, the fuel properties (high heating value, energy yield and energy densification ratio) of raw KBS and hydrochar products were also investigated. As the HTC temperature increases, the high heating value of hydrochar products increases. Among hydrochar products, the highest high heating value belongs to the product obtained at 240 C. The combustion behavior of raw and hydrochar a product was examined using the thermogravimetric analysis method and combustion parameters (Ti, Tb and Tm) were determined. As a result, this study has shown that the hydrochar product produced from KBS by hydrothermal carbonization method can be used as a biofuel material.

Comparison of quality characteristics of reconstituted glutinous rice flour and sweet dumplings with various beans.

This study blended five types of beans-florid kidney bean, red adzuki bean, chickpea, black bean, and white kidney bean-with glutinous rice flour (GRF) to create a synergistic heat-moisture treatment (HMT). We investigated the effects of this combination on the digestibility of the glutinous rice mixture and the quality of sweet dumplings. The inclusion of beans, along with HMT, altered the granular morphology, adhesive qualities, thermal characteristics, crystallinity, and protein secondary structure of the blended powders compared to GRF. Notably, the starch granules in the glutinous rice flour with red adzuki bean (R-GRF) were more complete in morphology, compact in structure, and exhibited higher heat stabilization and crystallinity, with significant changes in protein secondary structure. These modifications resulted in a low expected glycemic index (eGI) value of 52.01. Additionally, the quality assessment of the fast-frozen sweet dumplings showed that those made with red adzuki bean mixed with glutinous rice flour (R-SD) had superior texture, reduced cracking, and less water loss compared to those made with GRF (G-SD), while maintaining similar color and odor to G-SD. The eGI value of 52.21 for R-SD also fell within the low eGI range, indicating its potential for developing low-eGI foods for patients with T2DM and other special populations.

Metabolites profiling, in-vitro and molecular docking studies of five legume seeds for Alzheimer’s disease

Even though legumes are valuable medicinal plants with edible seeds that are extensively consumed worldwide, there is little information available on the metabolic variations between different dietary beans and their influence as potential anti-cholinesterase agents. High-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in positive and negative ionization modes combined with multivariate analysis were used to explore differences in the metabolic profiles of five commonly edible seeds, fava bean, black-eyed pea, kidney bean, red lentil, and chickpea. A total of 139 metabolites from various classes were identified including saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, iridoids, and terpenes. Chickpea showed the highest antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase effects, followed by kidney beans. Supervised and unsupervised chemometric analysis determined that species could be distinguished by their different discriminatory metabolites. The major metabolic pathways in legumes were also studied. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway. Pearson’s correlation analysis pinpointed 18 metabolites that were positively correlated with the anti-cholinesterase activity. Molecular docking of the biomarkers to the active sites of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes revealed promising binding scores, validating the correlation results. The present study will add to the metabolomic analysis of legumes and their nutritional value and advocate their inclusion in anti-Alzheimer’s formulations.

Purification and characterization of α-amylase from Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Acanthoscelides obtectus is one of the most notorious pests of stored kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) worldwide. Kidney beans are an important source of food for these insects. α-Amylase is the main carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in animals including insects. In the current study, the biochemical analysis revealed higher α-amylase activity (U/ml) in 3rd and 4th larval instars but decreased gradually in subsequent developmental stages. However, the specific activity (U/mg) interestingly was highest in 1st instar and decreased in further developmental stages. During qualitative analysis of α-amylase using starch-agar and native PAGE, the maximum zone of starch lysis and a prominent band on the gel was observed in 3rd and 4th larval stages. The molecular mass of the native enzyme was also estimated and found to be 30.34 kDa. The crude α-amylase was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75, and ion exchange chromatography on the DEAE cellulose column. The purified amylase was found to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 15 kDa. The specific activity of the purified enzyme increased from 1.74 U/mg in the crude sample to 166.35 U/mg in the final purification step resulting in 95-fold purification with a yield of 11.14%. Further characterization of purified α-amylase revealed a pH optimum of 7.0 and a temperature optimum of 35 °C. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed Km and Vmax to be 0.09% and 3.3 U/mL, respectively. Oxalic acid, tannic acid, and HgCl2 significantly inhibited the enzyme, while the Na+, Ca++, and Mg++ ions acted as activators. In conclusion, the study revealed, the highest α-amylase activity in 3rd and 4th larval stages of Acanthoscelides obtectus followed by native and SDS PAGE resulting in molecular mass of 30.34 and 15 kDa respectively.

Modulation of Antioxidant System Under Drought Conditions in Red Kidney Bean by Chitosan

Modulation of Antioxidant System Under Drought Conditions in Red Kidney Bean by Chitosan

Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China

In response to water scarcity in the Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province, a cold and arid region in north China, and to address the diminishing groundwater levels caused by pumping irrigation, this study investigated the impact of rainwater tank size and water supply on kidney beans production in greenhouses under various precipitation scenarios to determine the production potential and development strategies for regional precipitation resources. Under the background of average annual precipitation, kidney bean yield increased with increasing reservoir volume and shorter irrigation cycles. Under a 4-day irrigation cycle, the water demand satisfaction rate of kidney beans reached 100% water demand when the rainwater tank size was 15.7 m3. Against the wide variation in multi-year regional precipitation from 1992 to 2023, the annual effect of rainwater harvest was simulated using precipitation data collected 20 years with an 80% precipitation guarantee rate. The average minimum yield reduction rate obtained was 9.4%, and the corresponding minimum rainwater tank size was 29.5 m3. By superimposing the rainwater harvested in the shed and nonshed areas, the volume of the reservoir without yield reduction could be reduced to 20.0 m3. The sum of discharged and inventory water was much greater than the water scarcity in each water supply situation. Simulating and analyzing the effect of the relationship between rainwater tank size and water supply on rainwater harvesting in regional farmland by year provides important data affecting the construction of regional rainwater storage facilities and water supply efficiency. To achieve a high, stable yield of kidney beans grown in a greenhouse with shed film and shed area rainwater harvesting in north China, 2.6 m3 supplementary groundwater irrigation is still needed during the annual growing season.