Kidney Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Fatty acid profiles unveiled: gene expression in Yanbian yellow cattle adipose tissues offers new insights into lipid metabolism

Abstract. Objectives. The objectives of this study were twofold: to analyze the composition and content of fatty acids in various adipose tissues (including kidney, abdominal, subcutaneous, and omental) of Yanbian yellow cattle and to observe the morphology of adipocytes within these tissues and to assess the level of expression of specific genes – kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 (APOLD1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), fatty-acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5), and sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2) – in different adipose tissues (kidney, abdominal, posterior belly, ribeye, prothorax, striploin, upper brain, and neck) of Yanbian yellow cattle. Method. Castrated Yanbian yellow cattle, 24 months old, with identical genetic backgrounds and raised under the same breeding management conditions, were selected. The fatty acid composition and content were assessed using gas chromatography, while the size and diameter of adipocytes were analyzed via paraffin sectioning. The level of expression was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results. In total, 16 distinct fatty acids were identified in abdominal adipose tissue. Additionally, henicosanoic acid (C21:0) and behenic acid (C22:0) were detected exclusively in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Caprylic acid (C8:0) was found in both kidney and omental adipose tissues. The size of individual adipocytes in kidney adipose tissue was notably larger compared to the adipocytes in the other three regions (p<0.05). Regarding gene expression, APOLD1 exhibits its highest expression in striploin adipose tissues (p<0.05), while SCD1 shows its peak expression in prothorax adipose tissues (p<0.05). Moreover, both FABP5 and SCP2 demonstrate their highest level of expression in prothorax adipose tissue (p<0.05). Furthermore, the level of expression of KDR and SFRP4 across these seven adipose tissue regions exhibits significant differences (p<0.05). Conclusion. In conclusion, Yanbian yellow cattle exhibit variations in both the composition and content of fatty acids across different adipose tissue depots, including the kidney, abdominal, subcutaneous, and omental regions. Moreover, adipocytes display distinct morphological differences across these tissue types. Furthermore, the level of expression of KDR, APOLD1, SCD1, SFRP4, FABP5, and SCP2 varies significantly among adipose tissues located in the kidney, abdominal, posterior belly, ribeye, prothorax, striploin, upper brain, and neck regions.

Adipocytokines and Inflammation in Patients and a Gerbil Model: Implications for Obesity-Related and Nonobese Diabetes.

Background: Obesity is a predisposing risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Actually, not only obese/overweight but also nonobese/lean individuals may be prone to T2DM. This study is aimed at identifying the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of nonobese diabetes (NOD) and obese diabetes (OD). Methods: Serum samples from the nonobese nondiabetes (NOND, n = 47, age = 46.8 ± 8.4, BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2) controls, NOD (n = 48, age = 50.7 ± 6.5, BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2) and OD (n = 65, age = 49.8 ± 10.2, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) patients were utilized to measure the expression of metabolic indicators, adipocytokines, inflammatory factors. Different adipose depots from offspring with corresponding blood glucose and obesity levels of a spontaneously diabetic gerbil line with various degrees of diabetic penetrance and body weights were examined for adipocytokines and inflammation factors detected by ELISA and western blot. Adipose tissue volume and fat cell size of the gerbils were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: The study yielded four key findings. Firstly, in comparison to the NOD group, the OD group exhibited more severe insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic dysfunction in both patients and gerbils, attributed to higher visceral adipose tissue mass and larger fat cell sizes. Secondly, in gerbils, gonadal fat deposition was linked to obesity development, whereas kidney fat deposition correlated with obesity and diabetes occurrence. Thirdly, in both patients and gerbils, the interplay between adiponectin and leptin levels in serum may significantly influence the development of obesity and diabetes. Lastly, heightened expression of MCP3 in gerbils' kidney adipose tissue may serve as a pivotal factor in initiating obesity-associated diabetes. Conclusions: Our study, which may be considered a pilot investigation, suggests that the interaction of adipocytokines and inflammation factors in different adipose depots could play diverse roles in the development of diabetes or obesity.

Pesticide residue assessment in three selected agricultural production systems in the Choluteca River Basin of Honduras

There is a basic lack of information about the presence of pesticide residues in the environment in Central America. Over the period of February 1995 to June 1997, river, well, lagoon and spring water samples, as well as soil, fish tissue, lagoon bed sediments and some foodstuffs were taken from the greater Cholutecan River Basin of Honduras and analyzed for pesticide residues. These were collected at three separate sites (La Lima, Zamorano and Choluteca), each characterized by differing agricultural production systems. The main pesticide residues found in soil samples were dieldrin and p,p′-DDT, while river water samples were found to have detectable levels of heptachlor, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos, with lagoon and well water also being shown to contain heptachlor. These pesticides detected were in more than 20% of the samples assessed. In river water samples more pesticide residues at higher concentrations were found to be associated with areas of more intensive agricultural production. The fewest pesticides with lowest concentrations were found in the small sub-watershed associated with traditional agricultural production. Although the pesticides found in the soils at the three sites were generally similar they tended to be higher in the southern part of the Cholutecan watershed, followed by the central zone, with the lowest concentrations being found in the more traditional production zone. In lagoon and well water samples more pesticides, but mostly in lower concentrations were detected at the traditional production site than at the others. Ten pesticide compounds were detected in fish tissue, mainly organochlorines, some of which were also found in lagoon sediments. In terms of food products, almost no pesticides were detected in vegetables, but the kidney adipose tissue taken from slaughtered cows was shown to have a tendency to contain some organochlorines. Spring water in the traditional agricultural production zone contained three organochlorine compounds as well as chlorpyrifos, but these were detected only in the rainy season. This study indicates that pesticide residues are present and strongly associated with areas of intensive agriculture, although even in the areas practicing more traditional agriculture, pesticide residues were not absent. Further pesticide monitoring is necessary to obtain a more complete picture of the situation and based on this data an effective policy framework to assist in minimizing pesticide residue accumulation may be developed to reduce the adverse impact these compounds are known to have on the environment and human health. This snapshot of the pesticide distribution in three agriculturally distinct regions within the Choluteca watershed indicates that the situation is stable, but should be monitored to determine if pesticides residues will pose a health hazard in the future.

Partial sequences of two genes regulated by amino acid supply identified by the use of RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed PCR

RNA fingerprinting by random arbitrary primed PCR (RAP-PCR) using arbitrary 10 mer oligonucleotide primers was used to obtain partial sequences of two growth sensitive genes expressed in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. The genes have been designated E800 and E550. The steady state levels of E800 and E550 mRNA increase when cells are cultured in lysine deficient medium. In F9 cells the pattern of E800 and E550 expression is similar to that of the growth arrest specific gene gas5. The partial sequence of E800 shows significant sequence identity to mouse and human expressed sequence tags. The deduced protein sequence shows some similarity to the ribosomal protein S7. The partial sequence of E550 shows no significant similarity with any entry in the database. In adult mice E800 is expressed in brain heart kidney adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and has a similar pattern of expression to the growth arrest gene gas5 in differentiated tissue. Our data suggest that the E800 and gas5 genes may share a common regulatory mechanism.

Metabolism of 1-14C-methyl linoleate hydroperoxide in the rabbit.

AbstractThe metabolism of 1‐14C‐methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (1‐14C‐MLHP) by the rabbit was investigated. Administration of 1.1–1.9 mg of 1‐14C‐MLHP by ear vein injection proved lethal to four of the nine experimental animals. After 2 hr the lungs and liver contained 3.3% and 7.2%, respectively, of the dose. This radioactivity was found to be associated primarily with intact 1‐14C‐MLHP. The triglycerides from these tissues also contained14C‐trienoic and14C‐dienoic fatty acids. Of the dose, 68% was recovered as14CO2 in 2 hr compared to 39% after 1‐14C‐methyl linoleate injection. The triglycerides from kidney adipose tissue contained a small amount of14C‐hydroxy fatty acid, providing confirmation of previous evidence for the presence of a fatty acid hydroperoxide reductase in animal tissues.