Khulna District Research Articles

Variation in Geotechnical Behavior of Bentonite-Soil Blends in the Salty Environment of Liner

Waste management is one of the most critical issues in Bangladesh. Every day thousands of people are dumping their daily household wastes in some specific dumping sites. The leachate that is being generated from these wastes is changing the quality of the soil by mixing with the surrounding soil and is also contaminating the groundwater. Several components such as water and different varieties of salt are found in the leachate. This paper represents the findings of a recent study on the effect of inorganic NaCl salt on certain geotechnical properties of clay soil mixed with bentonite used as a liner material. The clay soil was collected from a local household waste dump in the Khanabari area of Khulna district. The soil was mixed with different percentages of bentonite (10% & 20%) to test the effect of various concentrations (0M, 0.1M & 1M) of inorganic salt. For this reason, laboratory tests like compaction test, liquid limit test, 1-D consolidation test, permeability test, free swell test and pH test were performed. Finally, it was concluded that a salty environment could have a significant effect on the mixture's geotechnical characteristics.

Climate change impacts and adaptations on health of Internally Displaced People (IDP): An exploratory study on coastal areas of Bangladesh

Every year thousands of people are being displaced in coastal areas of Bangladesh due to natural calamities associated with climate change, known as Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs). Climate change adaptation measures play a significant role in coping with the alteration of climatic components, while various forms of barriers hinder the sustainability of adaptation. This research was conducted to understand the perception of IDPs on climate change impact on health in the coastal areas of Bangladesh, including the adaptation practices and barriers to the coping strategies. To fulfill the objective, 420 individual surveys were conducted randomly in two Sub-districts of Khulna district in Bangladesh. The findings reveal that the riverbank erosion and cyclones were the primary reasons for displacement, and the social relationships were hampered in the new places of living. Also, the temperature in summer and winter, and the rainfall intensity increased, whereas rainfall slightly decreased over the last ten years. Differences of opinion were identified about the effects of the changing climatic variables on the respondents' health between the previous and present locations. Despite practicing different adaptive strategies, the weak financial condition and a lack of access to health care information are mostly hindering the sustainability of adaptation. This research may help policymakers in taking proper initiatives to ensure sustainable adaptation practices in the coastal areas.

Factors Influencing Family Size: A Critical Study on Khulna District of Bangladesh

Family size in any particular society depends on different socioeconomic and cultural factors. This study makes an attempt to examine the determinants of family size in the Khulna district of Bangladesh. The study was carried out in Paikgacha villages under Paikgacha Upazila and. Ward no. 31 of Khulna city under Khulna district. The study opted for survey research design and the unit of analyses was the head of households from the study area. Samples of 296 respondents were selected through simple random sampling and were interviewed with a semi-structured interview schedule. The bivariate studies were executed using chi-square to explore the probable association between family size and certain covariates. To know the marginal effects of independent variables, the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) model was measured. Results show that half of the households (54.1% to be exact) were small (had four or less than that members) in size. Besides, age, family income, educational status, number of surviving children, number of desired children, sex preferences, contraceptive use, family planning, and residence were linked with the size of the family (p<.005) as potential socioeconomic and cultural factors.

Heavy Metals Concentration and Possible Health Risks From Shrimp Nurseries at South-West Region, Bangladesh

Water pollution poses a threat of heavy metal accumulation in aquatic animals. This study was designed to determine the heavy metals contamination in shrimp PL (post larvae) nurseries of Khulna region and associated human health risks. Water (raw sea water, treated and outlet water) and PL samples of five shrimp nurseries of Khulna districts were analyzed to measure the concentrations of six heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb and Ni) by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Model No: AA-7000, Shimadzu). The metal concentrations were higher in almost all PL samples of five nurseries except Mn, which value was below detection level (BDL). Concentrations of Zn and Cu were significantly higher (P<0.05) in PL samples than inlet (raw sea water, treated water) and outlet water samples among five nurseries. The highest value for Cr was found in PL sample (2.95±3.64) ppm but the lowest was in outlet water (0.004±0.004) ppm. The highest value of Pb was found in PL samples (3.48±7.78) ppm and the lowest was in treated water sample (0.54±0.09). The Ni concentration was highest in PL samples (1.71±1.98) ppm while the lowest in both raw seawater (0.01±0.005) ppm and outlet water (0.01±0.004) ppm. In some PL samples, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni were higher than maximum allowable concentration. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals in shrimp PL were followed the order Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Mn. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of PL samples were followed the rank Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr>Mn. Target cancer risk (TR) of Pb of nursery-2 PL for rural people was 1.1305 × 10-4 while the urban and average TR was 1.4757× 10-4 and 1.2195× 10-4, respectively. The findings of the present study on heavy metal concentrations in PL nurseries indicate the necessities of quality water for prevention of accumulation heavy metals further in shrimp grown-up stages. Proper management strategies should be taken to avoid this risk.
 Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(1): 167-179, 2020

Dataset of white spot disease affected shrimp farmers disaggregated by the variables of farm site, environment, disease history, operational practices, and saline zones.

The article presents the summary of a dataset related to the risks factors of white spot disease (WSD) of farmed shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. This dataset was developed following two consecutive steps. In the first step, participatory rural appraisal tools were applied to get the conceptual framework for data collection regarding lists of farmers and the variables of the risk factors of WSD. In the second step, sampling of farmers, google featured questionnaire development, and mobile phone-assisted survey were carried out. The total surveyed farms were 233 consisting of 21 and 212 semi-intensive and extensive farms, respectively. The data were collected in the form of continuous, nominal and binary variables disaggregated by saline zones. The dataset contains some basic socio-economic data of shrimp farmers, farm characteristics, environmental attributes and disease history of shrimp farms. The dataset also has GPS coordinates of all the surveyed farms individually which are very useful for spatial analysis. In total, the dataset in MS Excel has 46 variables and attached as the supplementary material with this article.

Shrimp production and its effects on family income inequality in some selected areas of Khulna district

This study attempted to find out the determinants of shrimp production and to assess the effects of income from shrimp production on family income inequality in Khulna district of Bangladesh. Forty-five farmers were selected from the Bhanderkote union of Batiaghata Upazila under Khulna District. Among them 15 were small farmers, 22 were medium farmers and 8 were large farmers. Data were collected from May to July 2014 through face to face interview. Ordinary Least Square had been used to find out the determinants of shrimp production. Gini coefficient was measured to see the effects of family income inequality. Expenditure on shrimp fingerling, feed, lime, education, and hired labor were the important determinants and had significant effects on shrimp production. Shrimp farm incomes were equal among all categories of farmers (small, medium and large) and all farmers bear the value of Gini0.31, 0.24, 0.12 and 0.36 respectively. In the case of nonfarm incomes small, large and all farmers were relatively equal (G=0.49, G=0.42, and G=0.44 respectively) where the medium farmers (G=0.55) were relatively unequal.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(1): 153-163, April 2020

Problems faced by the sub-assistant agriculture officers (SAAOs) working in department of agricultural extension

The overall agricultural development of Bangladesh is rapidly progressing. The advancement in agricultural attainments is not a problem free venture. Various new problems are being faced by the SAAOs (Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officers) at present. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the problems faced by the SAAOs regarding agricultural extension at field level and to explore the relationships between the selected characteristics of the SAAOs and the faced problems. A number of 46 problems of SAAOs were selected as the focus issue (dependent variable). The study was conducted in Batiaghata and Dumuria upazila under Khulna district. Data were collected from randomly selected 53.97% of the SAAOs (34 out of 63) from each upazila, using an interview schedule during July10 to September 25 of 2019. A problem severity index (PSI) was used to make comparison among the 46 selected problems. Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (ρ) was used to ascertain the relationship between the focus issue (ordinal type of data) and personal characteristics of the respondents. In Batiaghata upazila about two-third of the SAAOs (61.5%) had moderate problems where, “slow rate of promotion compares to other govt. job”, “difficulties of getting promotion” and “shortage of manpower” ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd position, respectively. In Dumuria upazila majority of the SAAOs (71.4%) had moderate problems where, “every block covers large area”, “shortage of manpower” and “difficulties of getting promotion” ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd position, respectively. Student t-test result (t Stat 0.35; P(T<=t) two-tail 0.73) showed that there is no significant difference between the problems faced by the SAAOs of Dumuria and Batiaghata upazila. There was no significant relationship between extent of problems and selected characteristics in Batiaghata and Dumuria upazila, except job experience of SAAOs had showed a positive significant relationship. The SAAOs are facing various newly emerged problems at present while conducting agricultural extension activities which should be taken under consideration for priority based solution for sustainable agricultural advancement.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(1): 61-73, April 2020

Factors Influencing Proper Zakah Payment in Dighalia Upazila of Khulna District, Bangladesh

The research identifies factors influencing proper zakah paying behavior in Dighalia upazila of Khulna district of Bangladesh. Summary statistics shows that most zakah amounts are paid in cash and are paid in the month of Ramadan. None paid zakah through any institution rather paid personally to both relatives and non-relatives. A logistic regression was used to identify factors affecting proper zakah payment. Result shows that performers of hajj and chilla have 80 percent and 73 percent more likelihood respectively to be exact zakah payers than those who have not performed those. Regular readers of religious book have 54 percent higher probability to be exact zakah payers than other category. The study suggests taking step to increase awareness of zakah payers in order to reduce poverty and inequality. As many zakah payers are unorganized and pay in piecemeal meal to many people and in uncoordinated way, collective and coordinated approach zakah management can bring greater effect.

Assessment of fish pond sediments for growth, yield and nutritional quality of Indian spinach (Basella alba L.)

Integrated farming system is a very effective tool for improving rural economy. Our present study was carried out in different pond dykes of Dumuria upazila of Khulna district, Bangladesh to investigate the effect of different fish pond sediments on growth, yield and subsequently analyze the nutritional quality of Indian spinach. The experiment consisted of two factors viz., pond types (P) (three different ponds growing different fish species: P1 = prawn and carp, P2 = prawn and mola, and P3=prawn, mola and carp) and each pond was cultivated with different fish species with different population densities); and pond sediments (M) (three levels: M1 = pond dyke soil, M2 =50% pond mud and 50% pond dyke soil, and M3 =100% pond mud). Physical and chemical properties of three ponds dyke soil as well as sediments were analyzed. Parameters studied on Indian spinach were growth, yield and nutritional qualities. Pond sediments were better quality due to well decomposition and microbial activity of sediments compared to dyke soil of ponds. Organic matter of pond sediment was 2.79 (P3) and EC was 790 (µc/cm). Plant height was varied from 10 to 19% due to the ponds type and sediment effects. Mostly, the plant growth was found better under the supplement of 100% pond sediments compared to dyke soil (M1) and mixed soil (M2). The highest yield was found in P3M3 and it was varied from 20 to 25%. Minerals like Ca (%), P (%), and S (mg/100g) were found statistically significantly higher in P2M3 compared to other treatments combinations. Nutrition like Vit A and Vit C were the highest (81.33 µg/100 g and 106.14 mg/100 g, respectively) found significantly higher in P2M3. Therefore, the pond mud (50% and 100%) can be used to increase the yield and nutrient uptake by the crop which can facilitate to reduce eutrophication and fertilizer for the better environment.

Farmers’ perceptions and management of risk in rice/shrimp farming systems in South-West Coastal Bangladesh

Farmers in Bangladesh face considerable risk due to fluctuations in biophysical and economic conditions, but the response to these risks is poorly understood. In particular, there is a need to better understand the endogenous management of risk in the rice/shrimp farming systems that have emerged in the inner coastal zone of Bangladesh. This paper draws on a case study of a typical rice/shrimp farming village in Khulna District to explore: (a) farmers’ perceptions of risks and their management responses, (b) risk-return trade-offs within small-, medium-, and large-farm households, and (c) the role of other farm and non-farm activities in mitigating risks to household livelihoods. Farm-level data were collected through a reconnaissance survey, a village census, household case studies, and a sample survey of 73 households. Representative farm budgets were constructed for the three farm-size classes. The key performance indicators calculated were gross margin (GM), net income (NI), and GM per workday of family labour. The riskiness of the rice/shrimp system was assessed for each farm type using farmers’ estimates of low, normal, and high yields and prices to specify triangular distributions. Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) for GM, NI, and GM per workday were generated. A whole-farm economic analysis was also conducted to assess the relative contributions of different sources of income for each farm type. With access to saline water for shrimp farming in the dry season and fresh water for rice in the wet season, farmers have developed and progressively adapted an alternating rice/shrimp farming system that has minimised the trade-offs between the two crops and provides a good return to household and village resources for all farm types. The system is subject to significant production and market risks, especially the shrimp component. However, farmers have clearly perceived these risks and ameliorated them through a range of production, marketing, and management strategies. With these risk management practices, the rice/shrimp cropping system is economically viable, given the current variation in yields and prices. The greater risk associated with the shrimp component was offset by the renewed stability of the rice component over the past decade, and the risks of the whole cropping system were offset by other farm and non-farm sources of livelihood. Development interventions need to work with farmers to provide further options (suitable rice varieties, solutions to shrimp disease, improved village and transport infrastructure) if this resilience is to be maintained.

Why Do People Remain Attached to Unsafe Drinking Water Options? Quantitative Evidence from Southwestern Bangladesh

The acceptance of newly implemented, safe drinking water options is not guaranteed. In the Khulna and Satkhira districts, Bangladesh, pond water is pathogen-contaminated, while groundwater from shallow tubewells may be arsenic- or saline-contaminated. This study aims to determine why, as well as the extent to which, people are expected to remain attached to using these unsafe water options, compared to the following four safer drinking water options: deep tubewells, pond sand filters, vendor water, and rainwater harvesting. Through 262 surveys, this study explores whether five explanatory factors (risk, attitude, norms, reliability, and habit) pose barriers to switching from unsafe to safe drinking water options or whether they could act as facilitators of such a switch. Users’ attachment to using pond water is generally low (facilitators: risk and attitude. Barrier: norms). Users are more attached to shallow tubewells (no facilitators. Barriers: reliability and habit). The safe alternatives (deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, pond sand filter, and vendor water) score significantly better than pond water and are estimated to have the potential to be adopted by pond water users. Deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, and pond sand filter also score better than shallow tubewells and could also have the potential to replace them. These findings may be used to optimise implementation strategies for safer drinking water alternatives.

Provision of custom hiring service of mini-combine harvester for paddy harvesting: an experimental evidence from Bangladesh

This research work was carried out to determine economic parameter of mini-combine harvester for paddy harvesting operation as custom hiring services (CHS) in Bangladesh. For determining economic parameter, four study areas were selected and several experiments were conducted during harvesting of Aman-2016, Boro-2017, Aman-2017 and Boro-2018 paddy at Khulna, Barisal, Noakhali and Patuakhali districts of Bangladesh using a mini-combine harvester. The BCR for the mini-combine harvester is 1.52 which indicates the high profit of this hiring service. The payback period of mini-combine harvester was determined as 2.41 year. The break-even point of mini combine harvester is 9.24 ha. The mini-combine harvester will run on fully profit basis if it can be used after that minimum ha. There is a great opportunity to use a mini-combine harvester through CHS by a local service provider (LSP) and custom-hire entrepreneur to avoid initial investment.

Preferences for improved early warning services among coastal communities at risk in cyclone prone south-west region of Bangladesh

Cyclone early warning systems are the primary sources of information that enable people to develop a preparedness strategy to mitigate the hazards of cyclones to lives and livelihoods. In Bangladesh, cyclone early warnings have significantly decreased the number of cyclone related fatalities over the last two decades. Nevertheless, several challenges remain for existing early warning services (EWS), urging for both technical and non-technical improvements in the said services. Given limited financial resources, the economic efficiency assessment of the improvement is highly important. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for improved warning services by considering the at-risk households' trade-off between proposed improved EWS and existing EWS in coastal Bangladesh. Applying systematic random sampling, 490 respondent households were selected from Khulna, Satkhira, and Barguna districts, with whom a choice experiment (CE) was performed. The CE was designed by incorporating impact-based scenarios for improved EWS. As analytical tools, Conditional and Mixed-Logistic regression models were used that derived the WTP for improved EWS attributes. Empirical results show that the WTP of an at-risk household for improved EWS was estimated at Bangladeshi Taka BDT 468 (≈ US$ 5.57) per year, implying respondents were ready to pay for the improvement of the warning attributes, including precise information of the cyclones landfall time with possible impacts, more frequent radio forecasts, and voice messages in the local dialects over mobile phones. A revenue stream for improved EWS was developed, implying investments in EWS would be a no-regrets approach. This study concludes with four policy recommendations on mitigating the existing challenges for improving EWS in Bangladesh.

Carbon Sequestration in Soil Aggregates under Different Cropping Patterns of Bangladesh

Land use change and cropping patterns are important factors for controlling carbon sequestration in soils and they may also change the relative importance of different mechanisms of soil organic matter stabilization. The study was conducted to investigate the state of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates under different cropping patterns of Khulna, Jessore and Chapainawabganj districts in Bangladesh. Thirty-six soil samples were collected from (0 - 100 cm depth) above mentioned regions of three physiographic regions: Ganges Meander Floodplain, Ganges Tidal Floodplain and High Barind Tract. The texture of the samples varied within three soil texture groups, Silt Loam, Silty Clay Loam and Silty Clay. The highest NSI value (0.89) was found under Wheat-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern in Silty Clay soils (sample No 15) and lowest value (0.59) was found Vegetables/Mustard-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern in Silt Loam soils (sample No 17). The highest value (735.20 mg•kg−1) of active C was observed under Chickpea/mustard-T. Aman (Sample No 31) and the lowest value (619.23 mg•kg−1) was found in case of Wheat-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern (Sample No 30). The highest SOC stock (1.62 Kg C m−2) was found in Silty Clay Loam soil under Mungbean/Ash gourd-T. Aman cropping pattern (Sample no 4) and the lowest SOC stock (0.35 Kg C m−2) was found in Silt Loam soil under Cauliflower/Pumkin/Spinach-T. Aman Cropping pattern (Sample No 2). Soil organic carbon associated with different size aggregates was the highest (3.14%) under Mungbean/Ash gourd-T. Aman (Sample No 20) and was the lowest (0.36%) under Cauliflower/Pumkin/Spinach-T. Aman cropping pattern (Sample No 2). Organic carbon content in aggregate size ranges > 2000 μm (SOC1), 2000 - 250 μm (SOC2), 250-53 μm (SOC3), and 2000 μm, 2000 - 250 μm and 250 - 53 μm, aggregates. Significant positive correlations were found between SOC stock and SOC1, SOC stock and SOC2, SOC stock and SOC3, SOC stock and SOC4.

Custom Hiring Service of Reaper for Harvesting Paddy

Paddy harvesting is labor and time intensive operation. There is an acute shortage of labor in pick paddy harvesting seasons in Bangladesh that promotes the growing market potential for providing hiring services of reaper by small entrepreneur to the farmers. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the economic performance of Custom Hiring Service (CHS) of reaper for harvesting paddy in Bangladesh. Primary data were collected through field experiments and survey at Dumuria, Wazirpur, Subarnachar and Kalapara Upazilas of Khulna, Barisal, Noakhali and Patuakhali districts, respectively, of Bangladesh during six paddy harvesting seasons. Economic analyses for CHS of reaper were also carried out in the study. Operating costs were calculated and financial profitability was determined by four major financial parameters, namely, benefit-cost ratio (BCR), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period. The BCR of the reaper was found 2.04 which indicate that the reaper is highly profitable for the hiring service. Considering 10% discount rate, NPV of the reaper was found BDT.426106 which indicates that reaper can be considered as financially viable. The estimated IRR of the reaper was found 91%, which is far greater than the bank rate of interest (9%). The payback period of the reaper was found 1.06 years. The break-even use of the reaper was found 14.79 ha per year. Major indicators in this analysis show that the investment on a reaper is highly profitable for custom hiring service. This analysis also supports for growing custom hiring service market of reaper in rural Bangladesh.

Fish market infrastructure in Khulna city, Bangladesh

An investigation was carried out on fish market infrastructure of Khulna district to identify the infrastructure facilities of domestic fish market including species traded along with price and also to detect the constraints at different levels of trading recommending possible solutions according to standards. The investigation was conducted from November 2016 to June 2017 in three different markets of Khulna district namely Sandhya Bazar fish market, Aranghata Bypass Bazar fish market and Baikali Bazar fish market. In Khulna, a large number of people are involved in fish marketing. Market infrastructures of Khulna had grown up according to various influencing factors that controls the total system involved. The study was based on observation and field survey. Data were collected through eye observation, questionnaire interviews and focus group discussions. Several number of market agents including wholesalers, retailers were selected for questionnaire interviews and aratdars and fishermen were selected for focused group discussions. It was revealed that the infrastructure facilities were inadequate and poorly maintained. Fish sheds were not enough hygienic to protect the fish from contamination. Surface water drainage system was open and this situation degraded further environmental condition of the markets. Electricity maintenance was not up to the mark and there were no distillation process for the supplied water. This infrastructural condition does not support a hygienic condition for fish marketing to provide edible and quality fish. Total number of freshwater fish species traded in different markets was found 60 including 12 SIS, 34 culture and 14 capture. On the other hand 41 brackish and marine water species were found and 14 crustacean species of which 5 were freshwater prawn, 6 brackish water shrimp and 3 crabs. Therefore domestic market infrastructure is on a developing stage as being controlled by Khulna City Corporation (KCC). Establishment of ice factory, improvement of fish transport facilities, introduction of fish quality control measures were suggested to improve the fish marketing in the study area.
 Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (1), 122-134

Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production at Khulna district, Bangladesh.

Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production at Khulna district, Bangladesh.

FACTORS DETERMINING EMPOWERMENT OF AGED WIDOW IN RAINGAMARI VILLAGE OF BATIAGHATA THANA IN KHULNA DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

This study mainly focused on recognizing the influence of socioeconomic factors to determine empowerment for aged widow. Two hundred randomly selected widow (aged 60 and above) from Raingamari village of Batiaghata thana in Khulna District were interviewed by administering a semi-structured interview schedule. Findings of the study revealed that age of the widow had statistically significant relation (p <0.047) with women empowerment index while living arrangement, occupational status, personal income, saving and land ownership were also significantly related with women empowerment. On the other hand, year of schooling had insignificant relationship (p >0.163)with women empowerment index, whereas duration of being widow was negatively related with empowerment of women (p >0.250). Additionally, total household income also had no significant relationship with empowerment process. Moreover, correlation coefficient of this study exposed that lower age of the respondents indicated higher women empowerment index (p<0.035). Furthermore, higher the income of the respondent, savings, landed property and household assets ensured higher women empowerment. Finally, the study, therefore, concluded that widow’s economic independence, in terms of income, savings and ownership of land or household assets, is the most influential factors to determine their level of empowerment than the non-economic factors, i.e. year of schooling, duration of being widow and living arrangement.

Growth and Nutrient Composition of Indian Spinach Grown in Saline Soil Using Treated Water

A field experiment was conducted in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna district to evaluate the growth and nutrient composition on Indian spinach by irrigating with different water sources. Water that has been used as treatment are saline- and treated water (water from a project called Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)). A field condition was also included (control). As per consumption pattern of Indian spinach, leaf and stem are mixed together. All the growth parameters of the crop were significantly improved for treated water except for the plant height. Carbohydrate, protein, fat, total dietary fiber (TDF) and energy increased (1.06, 2.76, 0.15, 3.21 g/100 g and 23.09 Kcal/100 g) with treated water than the control and saline water while ash content (2.04 g/100 g) decreased than saline water. pH, EC, Na, K, S, Fe and Mg of the soil decreased markedly by applying treated water and other nutrients present in soil also varied. From the study, it is revealed that the best alternate source of water for irrigation is MAR water which can improve plant nutrient content and uptake and soil nutrient status.
 Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 45(2): 197-207, December 2019

Assessment on Climate Change Adaptation: A Study on Coastal Area of Khulna District in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is likely to be one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change due to geographical location and geo-morphological conditions. Bangladesh experiences extremely disastrous situations like a cyclone, flood, saline water intrusion, water logging, heavy rainfall, river erosion, storm surge, etc. that occur frequently in the coastal part of Bangladesh. This results in a huge loss of lives, damages properties and degrades the integrity of the environmental components. This study was conducted on 2 villages (Chotta Chalna and Shivnagar) of Dacope Upazila of Khulna district with the purpose of assessing existing climate change adaptation scenarios and techniques for mitigating climate change-related risks. Necessary data were collected from various sources namely direct household survey, focus group discussion, and key informants interview and from various journals, related thesis papers. About 46% of the respondents cited cyclone is the most terrific type hazard and 17.33% of respondents cited salinity intrusion is the second devastating type hazard that they faced. The results show that the study area climate change risks are very high and existing climate change adaptation techniques are not effective enough to mitigate the risks. Sustainable climate change adaptation strategies are much needed to mitigate the climate change risks of the study area.