Kg-1 DM Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF INTERCROPPING MAIZE WITH CLIMBING BEAN ON FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY

Maize forage is poor in protein content which shows its low quality and nutritive value. Regarding to high feed costs of protein supplementations, legumes can be used in livestock nutrition for their high protein content and, thus, providing cost savings. Since legumes have low dry matter yield, acceptable forage yield and quality can obtained from intercropping cereals and legumes compared with their sole crops. In this study, maize (Zea mays L.) and climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were intercropped in different sowing densities and their monocropping equivalents were tested to determine the best intercropping system on forage yield and quality. Maize was cultivated alone (75 000 plants ha-1) and intercropped with bean as follows: 75 000 plants ha-1 of maize and 37 500 plants ha-1 of bean (MB1), 75 000 plants ha-1 of maize and 50 000 plants ha-1 of bean (MB2) and 75 000 plants ha-1 of maize and 75 000 plants ha-1 of bean (MB3), in rows alternating with maize. The highest dry matter yield was produced by MB3 (20.9 t ha-1), and the lowest by maize (16.9 t ha-1). All intercropped systems had higher crude protein contents, MB1 (92 g kg-1 DM), MB2 (99 g kg-1 DM) and MB3 (110 g kg-1 DM), than the maize (77 g kg-1 DM). Intercropping of maize with bean reduced neutral and acid detergent fiber, resulting in increased forage digestibility. Therefore, maize intercropping with bean could substantially increase forage quantity and quality, and decrease requirements for protein supplements as compared with maize.

Rendimiento, perfiles nutrimental y de fermentación ruminal in vitro de pasto maralfalfa (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach.) Morrone a diferentes frecuencias de corte en clima cálido

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento, los perfiles nutrimental y de fermentación ruminal in vitro del pasto maralfalfa (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach.) Morrone, a cuatro frecuencias de corte. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en bloques al azar en parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones. Los datos se analizaron en modelo lineal generalizado (GLM, por sus siglas en inglés) con el paquete estadístico de Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) y las medias se compararon con Tukey. El mayor rendimiento de biomasa (20.2 Mg MS ha-1), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) (66.7%), celulosa (CL) (45.4%), energía (16.3 MJ kg-1 MS) y dióxido de carbono (CO2) (89.7%) se obtuvo en la frecuencia de corte a cada 120 días (p < 0.05). El contenido de proteína cruda (PC) (9.3%), hemicelulosa (HC) (17.6%), cenizas (11.7%), humedad (8.4%) y lignina detergente ácido (LDA) (4.7%), ácido acético (77.8%), propiónico (29.4%), butírico (12.6%), CH4 (11.9%) y la Digestibilidad de la materia seca (DivMS) (55.6%), fue más elevado en la frecuencia de corte a 30 días (p < 0.05). El contenido de extracto etéreo (EE) (1.8%, p < 0.05) fue mayor en la frecuencia de corte al día 90. El pasto maralfalfa tiene una mejor composición química y mayor contenido de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) en etapas tempranas de corte.

PREDICTION OF THE APPARENT ILEAL DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETS CONTAINING CARAWAY SEED SIEVING FOR RABBITS BY ITS CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OR BY IN-VITRO ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS AND COMPARED IT WITH IN VIVO DIGESTIBILITY VALUES

The use of multiple-enzymatic in vitro methods has been proven to be a good alternative to chemical analyses to stimulate the digestive processes and to predict energy values with greater precision in rabbits. The basal experimental diet was formulated and pelleted to cover the nutrient requirements of rabbits according to NRC (1977). The experimental groups were classified as the following: R1 fed the basal diet and served as the control group (R1), and control containing 2%, or 4% or 6% caraway seeds sieving (CSS) for R2, R3 and R4, respectively. The prediction equations of the DMD %, GEd% and DE (MJ Kg-1 DM) of diets using in vitro analysis, the highly significant (P<0.01) prediction effect of DMD was recorded with R3 (containing 4% CSS), the values were 76.60% in R3, followed 75.04% in R4 and the lowest value 73.89% in R2 compared with control 72.07%. Predicting nutritional values ​​by analyzing the laboratory in vitro with the chemistry analysis (g / kg) of the dry matter, the higher significant (P<0.01) prediction of DMD% was recorded with R3, the values were 82.04% in R3, 80.37% in R4 and 79.14% in R2 compared with control 75.62%, the estimating GEd%, and. DE (MJ Kg-1DM) increased the prediction ratio for GEd% and DE (MJ / kg DM) using DMDinv and EE with R3, and the values ​​were 82.81% and 14.07(MJ/kg DM) respectively. These values were higher than these predicted by in vitro only DMD in vivo trails were slightly higher values compared with DMD in vitro by 0.54%,0.38, 6.65 and 4.21% for R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively. The prediction DMSin vivo from the equation in vitro system higher compared with the values DMDinv and values DMDin vivo trials, the values were 79.16%, 81.54 %,80.17%, and 76.28%, for R2, R3, and R4, respectively. Values of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy content (AMEn) and its proportion on total gross energy (AMEn/GE%) in the diets CSS were highest values determined by chemical composition results compared with the same values obtained by using in vitro dry matter digestibility results. The highest significant values of AMEn/GE% and AMEn (kcal kg–1 DM) were obtained with R3 they were 76.20 and 3,460 kcal kg–1 DM, respectively. The values highest increased AMEn/GE% determined by using in vitro dry matter digestibility result was recorded with R3 by 9.48%, followed R4 by 6.66%, finally, R 2 by 4.97%, the values of AMEn (kcal kg–1 DM) were 2,903, 2,852 and 2,820, for R3, R4 and R2 compared with R1 control were 2,726. The Prediction apparent ileal digestibility of protein values of In-vitro was given the highest value compared to the digested protein by the digestion experience on rabbits. Results of endogenous protein losses (EPLg / kg DM intake) were lower with diets containing caraway seed sieving compared to the control diet. The values ​​were 29.43, 27.60, 28.65% and R2, R3 and R4, respectively compared to the control 31.64%. Predicting the values of essential and non-essential amino acids by the results of the digested protein obtained from the in vitro enzyme system. A significant increase was recorded with rabbits’ diets containing caraway seed sieve by levels 2 and 4% for R2 and R3, respectively, but a nonsignificant increase recorded with the R4 which contains 6% compared with the control R1. Caraway seed saving containing medicines compounds of total antioxidant 319.77 mg/100g ascorbic acid equivalent, total flavonoids 120.56 m/100g Quercetin equivalent, total phenols 447 mg/100g gallic acid equivalent and carvacrol 3934 g/L. In conclusion, a study of diets containing 4% caraway seeds sieving (CSS) indicated the highest nutritional values. The nutritional values ​​can be predicted through the estimation of in vitro dry matter enzymatic digestibility in rabbit diets.

Effect of starch properties and zein content of commercial maize hybrids on kinetics of starch digestibility in an in vitro poultry model.

The kinetics of starch digestion is a key determinant of poultry performance. Research so far has shown that starch digestibility kinetics depends on the molecular structure of starch but also on the properties of the complex matrix in which starch granules are embedded in most feedstuffs. However, the manner in which genotype differences in the same plant affect starch digestibility kinetics has not yet been addressed. The present study explored the extent to which the starch digestibility rate in commercial high-yielding maize hybrids depended on amylose / amylopectin content, starch granule size and shape, and zein in total starch (TS) content. Hybrids differed in all the traits examined, giving the following ranges: amylose content, 165-207 g kg-1 DM; zein in TS content, 70-89 g kg-1 DM; starch granule equivalent diameter, 11.5-12.3 μm, and in vitro starch digestion rate, 1.22-1.44 h-1 . The starch digestion rate correlated negatively with zein in TS content (r = -0.36) and positively with equivalent diameter (r = 0.45). The negative correlation between starch digestion rate and zein in TS suggests that some zein remained after grinding and pepsin incubation and acted as a barrier to amylolytic enzymes. When starch granules are embedded in a complex protein matrix, zein limits their accessibility to enzymes and affects the starch digestibility rate. Surprisingly, our results suggest that when enzymes reach starch granules, they digest a greater proportion of the starch when the granules are larger. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimizing the use of spineless cactus in the finishing diet of lambs: physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of meat.

The use of spineless cactus in finishing diets for lambs improves the carcass quality. However, data about its influence on meat traits is very scarce. The effects of spineless cactus inclusion in the finishing diet of lambs at four levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 g kg-1 of dry matter, DM) in replacement of Tifton hay on the physicochemical and sensory properties of meat were studied. The spineless cactus modified the chemical composition increasing the protein (P<0.001) and the fat (P<0.01) contents of meat, presenting the greatest values in lambs fed diets with 150 and 300 g kg-1 (DM) replacing levels, respectively. However, the spineless cactus did not influence the growth performance from 23.7 to 37.3kg of body weight (on average). In addition, colour parameters of the meat were not affected by the inclusion of spineless cactus in the finishing diet of lambs, resulting in mean values of 37.55, 14.96 and 8.49 for lightness, redness and yellowness, respectively. There were no statistical differences among treatments for cooking loss and shear force, with mean values of 34.8% and 14.8N, respectively. Finally, the sensorial properties were not affected by the inclusion of spineless cactus in the finishing diet of lambs. Spineless cactus could be included up to the level of 300 g kg-1 DM in the finishing diets of lambs to increase the fat content of meat without compromising its sensorial properties. However, further studies about the fatty acid composition of meat from lambs fed diets containing spineless cactus are necessary. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization on Forage Yields and Quality of Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa, Roth) Triticale (Xtritcosecale, Witmack) Mixtures

Background: Intercropping legumes with cereals for forage production is a sustainable technique showing several environmental benefits. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on forage yields and quality of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa, roth) –triticale (X tritcosecale, witmack) mixtures. Methods: The effect of five increasing nitrogen rates (0, 10, 20 30 and 50 kg N ha-1) on the growth rate, forage yield, quality and interspecific competition of hairy vetch-winter triticale mixture was investigated under rainfed regime at the INRAT experimental station of Mornag. Results: Nitrogen application induced an increase in dry matter yield from 7.6 to 9 T DM ha-1 obtained with 30 kg N ha-1. This rate corresponds to the most efficient nitrogen rate as expressed by kg DM per Kg of added N. It reached a mean value of 47 kg DM kg-1 N. Moreover, application of increasing nitrogen rate caused an increase in LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) of the mixture over the unit (LER=1.58 at 30 kg N ha-1) and the competition ability of the triticale through CRt increase, suggesting the advantage of the mixture over sole crops. Crude protein content has been increased by two points from zero nitrogen application to other rates. However, no evident variation in fibers and Metabolizable Energy (ME) content was detected along with nitrogen application, but, mean values of 18% of CP content, 34% of NDF content and 9.7 Mj kg-1 DM of ME were denoted as high forage nutritional values compared to other most Tunisian conventional forages. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that hairy vetch intercrops with winter triticale produced higher dry matter than the common vetch sole crop.

Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet1.

A metabolism study was conducted using 8 ruminal cannulated beef heifers to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) selected specifically for forage-fed ruminants on ruminal pH, fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with 2 treatments and 2 periods. The 2 treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw, and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The enzyme was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU·kg-1 DM 24 h before feeding. Each period comprised 2 wk of diet adaptation and 1 wk of sampling and data collection. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were unaffected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean, minimum, maximum, and duration pH <5.8, did not differ between treatments. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, and acetate-to-propionate ratio were also not affected by RFE. However, ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.06) and endoglucanase activity (P < 0.08) in ruminal fluid tended to be higher with RFE. Nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. These results indicate that XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet, despite the fact that it was specifically selected for this trait in laboratory assays. However, the increased ruminal NH3-N concentration suggests it potentially increased ruminal proteolytic activity.

The effect of feeding inorganic and organic selenium sources on the performance and content of selenium in milk of transition dairy cows

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing close-up and fresh dairy cows’ diets with sodium selenite or organic sources of selenium (Se) on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition. Based on their body condition score (BCS), previous lactation milk yield and expected calving date, 24 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were balanced and randomly assigned to 4 experimental treatments. Experimental treatments were: control (basal diet without Se supplementation with 0.10 and 0.15 mg of Se kg-1 DM in close-up and fresh diets, respectively), sodium selenite supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-S), selenium yeast supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-Y) and selenomethionine supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-M). Neither Se supplementation nor Se source affected DMI pre- and postpartum. Milk production and composition were not different across Se sources, but concentrations of Se in milk were 14 and 10% greater for cows fed Se-M and Se-Y than for those fed control, respectively. Cows fed Se–M had lower somatic cell count than control (SCC; 173.11 vs. 318.89 cells × 103 Ml-1). The changes of BW and BCS pre- and postpartum were not affected by treatments over experimental period. The results of present study showed that selenomethionine supplementation compared to other sources decreased SCC in transition cows. In addition, milk Se concentrations increased in Se-Y and Se-M groups more significantly compared to the Se-S group. This indicates that organic Se had better replace inorganic Se for transition dairy cows.

Determination of Optimal Levels of Energy, Protein, and Fiber in the Diets of New Zealand White Growing Rabbits Based on Nutrient-Response Models

A study was conducted to estimate the optimal levels of energy, protein, and fiber in the diets of New Zealand White (NZW) growing rabbits fed on fresh green forage available in North Vietnam. Mathematical modelling of nutrient-response curves was applied for the study. A total of 125 male growing rabbits at 6 weeks of age were randomly divided into 25 groups of 5 each to be fed on diets with an array of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) by means of varying the ratio between fiber rich grasses, viz. elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Setaria grass (Setaria sphacelata), or Para grass (Brachiaria mutica), and protein rich forages, viz. water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) vines, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines, or Trichantera leaves (Trichanthera gigantea), in the basal diets. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were used as key responses of the rabbits to varied levels of ME, CP, and ADF in the diets. The results showed that the levels of ME, CP, and ADF in the diets strongly affected the ADG and FCR of the rabbits following curvilinear patterns with the highest ADG and lowest FCR when the diet contained 2106-2162 Kcal ME kg-1 DM with 16.5-16.8% CP and 21.9-22.4% ADF. Therefore, these levels of nutrients were considered to be optimal in the diets of NZW growing rabbits fed on local forages.

Fermentation of pseudocereals quinoa, canihua, and amaranth to improve mineral accessibility through degradation of phytate.

BACKGROUNDPseudocereals are nutrient‐rich grains with high mineral content but also phytate content. Phytate is a mineral absorption inhibitor. The study's aim was to evaluate phytate degradation during spontaneous fermentation and during Lactobacillus plantarum 299v® fermentation of quinoa, canihua, and amaranth grains and flours. It also aimed to evaluate the accessibility of iron, zinc, and calcium and to estimate their bioavailability before and after the fermentation of flours with starter culture. Lactic acid, pH, phytate, and mineral content were analyzed during fermentation.RESULTSHigher phytate degradation was found during the fermentation of flours (64–93%) than during that of grains (12–51%). Results suggest that phytate degradation was mainly due to endogenous phytase activity in different pseudocereals rather than the phytase produced by added microorganisms. The addition of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v® resulted in a higher level of lactic acid (76.8–82.4 g kg−1 DM) during fermentation, and a relatively quicker reduction in pH to 4 than in spontaneous fermentation. Mineral accessibility was increased (1.7–4.6‐fold) and phytate : mineral molar ratios were reduced (1.5–4.2‐fold) in agreement with phytate degradation (1.8–4.2‐fold) in fermented flours. The reduced molar ratios were still above the threshold value for the improved estimated mineral bioavailability of mainly iron.CONCLUSIONFermentation proved to be effective for degrading phytate in pseudocereal flours, but less so in grains. Fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum 299v® improved mineral accessibility and estimated bioavailability in flours. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Fermentation times and feed additives improve the quality of olive bagasse silage

This research aimed to measure the microbiological, chemical composition profile and fermentative characteristics during storage of fresh olive bagasse, in natura and incorporated with corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the plots constituting the four main treatments (olive bagasse in natura or with added corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively), and the subplots allocated the three sampling times, which corresponded to time zero (at the ensilage moment) and 28 and 56 days of ensilage. The fermentative characteristics (dry matter content [DM], pH and ammoniacal nitrogen [NH3-N], microbiological profile (populations of filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria and Clostridia) and chemical composition profile (mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein [CP], ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were determined. The corn grain and rice meal treatments, which demonstrated pH 4.08 and 3.96 at 28 days of fermentation, respectively, provided the best fermentation profile. After storage for 56 days, the samples with added soybean and rice meal reached the highest levels of CP (166.15 and 93.78 g kg-1 DM), respectively. Increasing the storage period reduced the pH of the obtained silages but increased the losses of DM, NH3-N and contributed to the losses of some nutrients. Rice meal and corn grain have been recommended to be used as additives in olive bagasse storage. However, the choice of additives studied is dependent on their commercial availability in each region.

Effect of Xylanase and Phytase Supplementation on Goat's Performance in Early Lactation.

Supplementing diets of dairy animals with phytase and xylanase can enhance phosphorus availability and fiber degradation in the rumen and positively affect animal's health and productivity. In vitro and in vivo trials have been conducted to define the optimal addition level of xylanase and phytase to lactating Baldi goat's rations and investigate effects of these enzymes on animal's nutrients digestibility, blood chemistry, milk production and milk composition. In vitro batch culture technique was used to evaluate the effect of phytase and xylanase supplementation at different levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 g kg-1 DM) on rumen fermentation characteristics. Eighteen early lactating Baldi goats were randomly assigned into three groups and fed 4% dry matter according to their body weight. The first group was fed control ration (35% yellow corn, 20% corn stalks, 20% berseem hay, 12.5% soybean meal and 12.5% wheat bran), the second group fed control ration+Penizyme at 2 g kg-1 DM (R1), while the third group fed control ration+Phtase-Plus® at 1 g kg-1 DM (R2). Xylanase and phytase supplementation increased the in vitro DM and OM degradability and ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentrations, with no effect on total gas production (TGP) volume. All nutrients digestibility (except CP), blood serum glucose concentration, milk production and milk components yields were increased for enzymes supplemented goats than control. Inclusion of xylanase and phytase in lactating goat's rations improved their productive performance with no deleterious effects on their health.

Study of genetic diversity in different wheat species with various genomes based on morphological characteristics and zinc use efficiency under two zinc-deficient growing conditions

Screening of cash crops to tolerate and grow under low levels of micronutrients is important issue in the plant breeding programs. Thus, the study screened the tolerance of 50 wheat genotypes to zinc (Zn) deficiency in the calcareous soil. The Zn treatment was carried out with application of 5 mg kg-1 (+Zn) and without (-Zn) to the collected soils with initial Zn extractable of 0.5 mg Zn kg-1 soil. The results revealed that the supplementary application significantly increased shoot dry matter, shoot Zn concentration and shoot Zn content compared to the without Zn application (control), but Zn utilization decreased under Zn application. There was considerable genetic variation in Zn efficiency (55 - 118 %), shoot Zn concentration (11.8 - 27.0 and 14.3 - 39.6 mg kg-1 DM under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively), shoot Zn content (0.56 - 2.02 and 0.90 - 2.83 µg plant-1, under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) and Zn utilization efficiency (39 - 87.2 and 31.2 - 71.5 mg DM µg-1 Zn under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) within wheat genotypes. Cluster analysis based on Zn efficiency, and shoot dry matter at deficient and adequate Zn conditions classified the genotypes into four clusters. Over the two conditions, the most Zn-efficient and Zn-unefficient genotypes were ‘Ankara-98’ and ‘Altintoprak-98’ and ‘Pg"S’ and ‘Zarin’, respectively. Most durum genotypes had a greater Zn efficiency than modern bread wheat genotypes, therefore these genotypes could be effectively used to breed the new cultivars with high Zn efficiency for calcareous soils.

Mineralisation of tubular bones is affected differently by low phosphorus supply in growing-finishing pigs.

BACKGROUNDPhosphorus (P) supply is essential for bone mineralisation. Reduced P may result in osteopenia, whereas excessive P may result in environmental impacts. The objective was to study the long‐term effect of three dietary P levels on net bone mineralisation in growing‐finishing pigs. Eighteen female pigs were fed low P (LP (4.1)), medium P (MP (6.2)) or high P (HP (8.9 g P kg−1 DM)) from 39.7 until 110 kg. Trabecular, cortical and overall bone mineral density (BMD), ash, calcium (Ca) and P were determined after slaughter.RESULTSThe LP diet generally reduced the BMD, ash, Ca and P in all bones, though all measures were markedly lowered in femur compared with humerus. The trabecular BMD in LP pigs was only different in the distal section compared to the MP‐fed pigs (P < 0.05). In addition, ash, Ca and P were lower in the proximal and distal sections. No significant effect of HP was seen. Conclusively, LP caused lower net bone mineralisation, mainly of femur. The trabecular tissue of the distal bones seems to be most metabolically active.CONCLUSIONSThe MP level was sufficient for net bone mineralisation. Femur is recommended for studying bone fragility whereas humerus seems useful to study increased P retention. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Fate and transport of metal trace elements from phosphogypsum piles in Tunisia and their impact on soil bacteria and wild plants

The phosphate industry in Tunisia generates large amounts of phosphogypsum (PG) with more than 107 t per year. Environmental impact of this solid waste was studied. Cd, Ce, La, Nd, Sr and Y were analyzed from soils near PG stockpiles (Sfax and M’dhilla) and sediments from marine discharge (Gabes). Their impacts on the bacterial community structure and wild plants were investigated. Metal trace elements (MTE) concentrations (in mg Kg-1 DM) were much higher in contaminated soil than in the control (at 12 km from PG stockpiles). Highest concentrations were recorded in top soil and decreased with depth. A low bacterial diversity was shown (impacted by plants more than by MTE). The MTE concentrations in aerial parts (AP) and roots varied according to the plant species and were higher in contaminated sites. Sr, La and Cd in the AP ranged 33.10–657.56, 2.22–11.05 and 0.21–14.20 mg Kg-1 DM respectively. Plants exhibiting the maximal metal concentrations in AP (in mg Kg-1 DM) were the following: Zygophylum album for Sr (657.56) >Zygophylum album for Cd (14.20) >Zygophylum album (11.05) for La >Conyza canadensis (1.11) for Ce >Conyza canadensis (0.75) for Nd >Arthrocemum inducum (0.72) for Y. Kochia indica showed the highest bioconcentration factor (1.60) for Cd, while Zygophylum album exhibited the highest translocation factor (6.12) for La. Zygophylum album would be the most suitable candidate for MTE phytoextraction. CapsulePhosphogypsum contaminates soils near stockpiles with metal trace elements including rare earth element and selects wild plants able to be used for phytostabilization and phytomining.

Optimization of phosphate recovery from monkfish, Lophius vomerinus, processing by-products and characterization of the phosphate phases.

Fish-processing by-products represent an increasing proportion of wastes globally. Valorizing offers a sustainable alternative by harnessing high-value products through process development. This study aimed to develop and optimize a demineralization process to recover minerals from fish bones with subsequent recovery of phosphates from the resulting solution. The demineralization process was optimized under the following conditions: 5% H3 PO4 concentration (v/v), four extractions and solvent to feed ratio (v/w) of 5:1 at ambient temperature of 17 °C. This resulted in an ossein containing 2.0 ± 1.2 g kg-1 DM ash and 71.5 ± 3 g kg-1 DM hydroxyproline and mineral liquor. The phosphate precipitation from the mineral liquor was further optimized resulting in > 99% total P recovery at 75 °C reaction temperature and 1 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2 to mineral liquor ratio(v/v) of 0.95:1 for a reaction time of 17 min, per 150 mL starting mineral liquor. The precipitate contained 215.2 ± 3.0 g kg-1 DM dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) with a net contribution of 17.2% P from the fishbones, and 25 ± 0.2 g DM of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) was precipitated from 150 mL starting mineral liquor at 25 °C reaction temperature, (1.2:1) 1 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2 to mineral liquor ratio (v/v) and reaction time of 17 min. The X-ray spectra confirmed the DCPD structure and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicated OCP precipitation. This work successfully illustrated the recovery of minerals from fish bones and the subsequent production of different high-quality phosphates from fish-processing by-products, thus indicating a potential source for high-value products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mercury content and distribution in household dust and soil in the town of Sid

Mercury (Hg) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are components of household dust and are a risk for human health. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Hg and PTEs in household dust in individual housing facilities in the town of Sid, Serbia and their correlation to the content of the elements found in the surrounding garden soil. Total of 64 samples of household dust were collected from 16 locations of individual housing facilities on 4 occasions. Samples of surrounding yard and garden soil were simultaneously collected. None of the 64 analysed soil samples exceeded the threshold limit (TL) prescribed by law for non-agricultural soil, which is 0.3 mg kg-1 DM. Content of Hg in household dust was much higher than in the surrounding soil and ranged from 0.005 to 1.566 mg kg-1 DM. The resulting values of PTEs (As, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in household dust had a significantly higher range than in the soil. Contents of Hg, B, Cu, and Zn were much higher in household dust than in the soil. According to the results of correlations of the analysed elements in household dust and surrounding soil, and according to the analysed locations, direct effect of Hg and PTEs contents on the content of the same elements in household dust was not confirmed.

Oak or chestnut tannin dose responses on silage pH, proteolysis and in vitro digestibility in laboratory-scale silos

Description of the subject. This short note documents the use of hydrolyzable tannins as silage additives to reduce proteolysis thanks to a laboratory-scale ensiling method. Objectives. To study oak (OTE) and chestnut tannin extract (CTE) dose responses on chemical composition, pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) content of silage. Method. A mixture of cocksfoot, white and red clovers was ensiled in vacuum packs, with OTE or CTE at doses of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 70 g·kg-1 DM. Results. Hydrolyzable tannin extracts decreased N-NH3 content of silage up to 18% (p &lt; 0.05). For the investigated range of doses, OTE induced a linear decrease of N-NH3 content (R² = 0.76) whereas CTE resulted in a quadratic decrease (R² = 0.68). High doses of tannin extracts reduced in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) by 3% (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. Both tannins reduced proteolysis in silos but highest doses induced a decrease in OMD.

Genetic parameters and combined selection for phosphorus, phytate, iron, and zinc in Mesoamerican common bean lines

ABSTRACT The development of common bean cultivars that contain satisfactory minerals and phytate concentrations for the different nutritional requirements of consumers is a new strategy of breeding programs. This work aimed to obtain estimates of genetic parameters for the concentrations of phosphorus, phytate, iron, and zinc in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Mesoamerican common bean, to study the correlations between these traits, and to select common bean lines for the biofortification program and for diets that require the decrease in the intake of these minerals. The RIL were obtained from the cross between BRS Esteio and SCS 205 Riqueza. Genetic variability and transgressive segregation were detected for all traits evaluated. Heritability estimates for the concentrations of phosphorus, phytate, iron, and zinc ranged from intermediate (h2: 30.31%) to high (h2: 98.68%) magnitude, and quantitative inheritance was observed. The phosphorus concentration showed an intermediate correlation estimate with iron (r = 0.4157) and zinc (r = 0.5693) concentrations. Cultivar BRS Expedito and line L 56-17 have a low phytate concentration (≤ 1.29%) and a high iron concentration (≥ 95 mg kg-1 of dry matter - DM), and will be selected by the common bean biofortification program. Lines L 59-17, L 31-17, and L 26-17 and cultivars IPR Siriri and BRS Valente have a high phytate concentration (≥ 2.57%) and a low zinc concentration (≤ 26 mg kg-1 DM) and will be selected for diets that aim at using the beneficial properties of phytate and reducing the zinc intake.

Effect of apple pomace silage on blood parameters in Suffolk ewe

The experiment was carried out to assess the effects of feeding apple pomace silage (APS) on blood parameters in Suffolk ewes. Three ewes were used in 3×3 Latin square design over three periods with three dietary treatments as hay diet, low ethanol APS (L-APS, ethanol 48.7 g kg-1 DM) diet and high ethanol APS (H-APS, ethanol 87.2 g kg-1 DM) diet. Alfalfa hay cube and APS provided half of 110% TDN requirement for APS diets. The area upper or under the curve (AUC) of plasma ethanol was greater (P&lt;0.01) in APS diets than that of hay diet and H-APS diet had grater (P&lt;0.01) AUC than that of L-APS. The AUC of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate in both APS diets were greater (P&lt;0.01) than that of hay diet. Plasma ethanol AUC was positively correlated (P&lt;0.05) with the AUCs of plasma lactate, triglyceride and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and negatively correlated (P&lt;0.05) with the AUC of plasma urea nitrogen. Plasma lactate AUC was positively correlated (P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01, and P&lt;0.05, respectively) with the AUC of free cholesterol, triglyceride and GOT, and negatively correlated (P&lt;0.01) with that of plasma urea nitrogen. The AUC of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was negatively correlated (P&lt;0.01) with that of glucose. Finally, blood parameters examination revealed that feeding of APS lead to increase plasma ethanol, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate and lipid components and tended to decrease glucose levels.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. 47 (2): 51-60