Key Sentences Research Articles

PolySearch2: a significantly improved text-mining system for discovering associations between human diseases, genes, drugs, metabolites, toxins and more.

PolySearch2 (http://polysearch.ca) is an online text-mining system for identifying relationships between biomedical entities such as human diseases, genes, SNPs, proteins, drugs, metabolites, toxins, metabolic pathways, organs, tissues, subcellular organelles, positive health effects, negative health effects, drug actions, Gene Ontology terms, MeSH terms, ICD-10 medical codes, biological taxonomies and chemical taxonomies. PolySearch2 supports a generalized ‘Given X, find all associated Ys’ query, where X and Y can be selected from the aforementioned biomedical entities. An example query might be: ‘Find all diseases associated with Bisphenol A’. To find its answers, PolySearch2 searches for associations against comprehensive collections of free-text collections, including local versions of MEDLINE abstracts, PubMed Central full-text articles, Wikipedia full-text articles and US Patent application abstracts. PolySearch2 also searches 14 widely used, text-rich biological databases such as UniProt, DrugBank and Human Metabolome Database to improve its accuracy and coverage. PolySearch2 maintains an extensive thesaurus of biological terms and exploits the latest search engine technology to rapidly retrieve relevant articles and databases records. PolySearch2 also generates, ranks and annotates associative candidates and present results with relevancy statistics and highlighted key sentences to facilitate user interpretation.

PPSGen: Learning-Based Presentation Slides Generation for Academic Papers

In this paper, we investigate a very challenging task of automatically generating presentation slides for academic papers. The generated presentation slides can be used as drafts to help the presenters prepare their formal slides in a quicker way. A novel system called PPSGen is proposed to address this task. It first employs the regression method to learn the importance scores of the sentences in an academic paper, and then exploits the integer linear programming (ILP) method to generate well-structured slides by selecting and aligning key phrases and sentences. Evaluation results on a test set of 200 pairs of papers and slides collected on the web demonstrate that our proposed PPSGen system can generate slides with better quality. A user study is also illustrated to show that PPSGen has a few evident advantages over baseline methods.

Extracting Key Sentences from Text

Automatic key sentence extraction from a text is a challenging task. It has numerous applications in text processing systems. The actual task of key sentence extraction consists of three main functionalities: (i) Identification of sentence boundary in a text, (ii) a ranking function that assigns a score between (0-1) for each correctly extracted sentence based on important semantics of the text and (iii) Deciding the most relevant sentences based on evaluation function. This study carries out a survey about the state of the art in the field. It later proposed a heuristic based extraction using lexical chain of terms. The proposed approach is evaluated by using human based evaluation criteria on some existing text datasets. Encouraging results were obtained.

Frequency Measurement of Vowel Formants Produced by Brazilian Children Aged Between 4 and 8 Years

To investigate frequency measurement of the first three formants of the seven oral Brazilian Portuguese vowels of healthy children aged 4-8 years. Two hundred seven children of both genders were selected by oral expression screening and perceptive-auditory analysis. They were separated into four age groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4) and by gender. The voice signals were obtained from key sentence utterance and segments of the seven Brazilian Portuguese oral vowels in tonic position used to estimate formant frequency measurement. Software Praat was used to for processing the recordings. Findings were presented by mean values of each of the investigated parameters. A rate of 61.90% of statistically significant differences between genders was found, and when analyzing the age groups and genders, we observed that 65 of the 84 items studied (seven vowels × three formant frequencies × four groups) had higher frequencies of formants for girls. There was a decrease in the frequencies values of the first three formants with age. The results recommended grouping of G1 and G2, and they showed a clear difference between this new formed group and G4. In the age groups of 5-year old to 6 years 11 months (G2 and G3) and 6-year old to 7 years 11 months (G3 and G4), there were statistically significant changes that were random for parameter and vowel. There was a decrease in the frequencies values of the first three formants with age. Formant frequencies showed a tendency to differentiate genders and their absolute values were in general higher in girls. Age increases showed decreases in formant frequencies. Tests for statistical differences led to grouping of G1 and G2 and a clear difference between this new formed group and G4. The comparison between G2 and G3 and G3 and G4 showed random changes. The changes during this age period (5-year old to 7 years 11 months) were attributed to a transition stage of acoustic measurements in children. As formant frequencies vary according to structural and postural aspects of the vocal tract and speech organs, their study in healthy children contributes for the understanding of the development of the pediatric phonation system, in addition to offering a reference data set for future studies of children with vocal disorders that can potentially impact the resonance system.

Rhetorical Structure Theory for polarity estimation: An experimental study

Sentiment analysis tools often rely on counts of sentiment-carrying words, ignoring structural aspects of content. Natural Language Processing has been fruitfully exploited in text mining, but advanced discourse processing is still nonpervasive for mining opinions. Some studies, however, extracted opinions based on the discursive role of text segments. The merits of such computationally intensive analyses have thus far been assessed in very specific, small-scale scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the usefulness of Rhetorical Structure Theory in various sentiment analysis tasks on different types of information sources. First, we demonstrate how to perform a large-scale ranking of individual blog posts in terms of their overall polarity, by exploiting the rhetorical structure of a few key evaluative sentences. In order to further validate our findings, we additionally explore the potential of Rhetorical Structure Theory in sentence-level polarity classification of news and product reviews. Our most valuable polarity classification features turn out to capture the way in which polar terms are used, rather than the sentiment-carrying words per se.

FoDoSu: Multi-document summarization exploiting semantic analysis based on social Folksonomy

Multi-document summarization techniques aim to reduce documents into a small set of words or paragraphs that convey the main meaning of the original document. Many approaches to multi-document summarization have used probability-based methods and machine learning techniques to simultaneously summarize multiple documents sharing a common topic. However, these techniques fail to semantically analyze proper nouns and newly-coined words because most depend on an out-of-date dictionary or thesaurus. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a novel multi-document summarization system called FoDoSu, or Folksonomy-based Multi-Document Summarization, that employs the tag clusters used by Flickr, a Folksonomy system, for detecting key sentences from multiple documents. We first create a word frequency table for analyzing the semantics and contributions of words using the HITS algorithm. Then, by exploiting tag clusters, we analyze the semantic relationships between words in the word frequency table. Finally, we create a summary of multiple documents by analyzing the importance of each word and its semantic relatedness to others. Experimental results from the TAC 2008 and 2009 data sets demonstrate the improvement of our proposed framework over existing summarization systems.

The Prospect of a Christian Interpolation in Tacitus, Annals 15.44

Some scholars have argued that Tacitus’ reference to Christ in connection with the burning of Rome under Nero is a 4th century (or later) interpolation. It is here argued that their arguments can be met with no strong rebuttal, and therefore the key sentence in Tacitus referring to Christ should be considered suspect.

A Comparative Analysis of Elementary English Classroom Characteristics in Korea and Japan

The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the present elementary school English education circumstances in Korea and Japan in terms of the similarities and differences of the pedagogical practices as well as of the teachers’ pedagogical views on teaching English to young learners. Questionnaires, observations, and interviews were employed in order to gather the quantitative and qualitative data. The five major findings indicate the following: a) practicing CLT in both countries was similar, but in Japan, JLTs (Japanese assistant language teacher) helped the main teacher and students; b) the use of materials and activities was similar, but Korean teachers preferred CD-ROMs, whereas they were not popular with Japanese teachers; c) the majority of Korean and Japanese teachers did not favor exclusive L2 use; d) while Korean teachers highlighted the key target language sentences in the initial phase of class, Japanese teachers did not require students to be aware of them; e) teachers in both countries had a different attitude in generating student motivation. In the final section, this study has attempted to provide implications for the future education of both countries.

Water, Water, Everywhere, and Not a Drop to Drink

Water, Water, Everywhere, and Not a Drop to Drink

A Two-Stage Method for Scientific Papers Analysis

A considerable amount of research is being conducted by many people (researchers, graduate students, professors etc) everyday. Finding information about a specific topic is one of the most time consuming activities of those people. People doing research have to search, read and analyze multiple research papers, e-books and other documents and then determine what they contain and discover knowledge from them. Many available resources are in the form of unstructured text format of long text pages which require long time to read and analyze. In this paper we propose a two-stage method for scientific paper analysis. The method uses information extraction to extract the main idea key sentences (mainly needed by the most readers) from the paper and the extracted paper’s information is then organized in a structured format and grouped in different clusters according to their topics using a multi-word based clustering method. The proposed method combines different features in paper’s topics extraction and uses multi-word matching feature in selection of initial centroids for clustering. The proposed method can help readers to access and analyze multiple research papers documents timely and efficiently. Conducted experiments show the effectiveness and usefulness of our proposed approach.

A Voltaire for Russia: A. P. Sumarokov's Journey from Poet-Critic to Russian Philosophe (review)

SEER, 91, 4, OCTOBER 2013 872 which drew principally on the notion of ethnicity. As Kamusella illustrates, the Slovak route to self-realization was made more problematic by the historical subordination of Slovak speakers to Hungary and by Slovakia’s complex asymmetrical relationship with the Czech-speaking lands. The comparatively short conclusion (pp. 905–55) serves primarily to summarize the most important themes of parts one and two of the main body of the text. For some readers, this section alone may offer a useful digest of the material that they require. Most others will probably want to pick through the rest of the study for strands relating to their own specialisms, rather than read the book from cover to cover. The sheer scope and length of this volume may sometimes render it difficult for readers to pursue more narrowly defined areas of interest, but this fact does not in any way detract from the overall merits of Kamusella’s scholarship. His exhaustive empirical study is an invaluable reference source for linguists, historians and political scientists, and complements other more theoretical contributions to the field. It is to be hoped that the publication will appear in further paperback editions (perhaps with some minor modifications), and that it may eventually be made available in languages other than English. University of Wolverhampton Tom Dickins Ewington, Amanda. A Voltaire for Russia: A. P. Sumarokov’s Journey from PoetCritic to Russian Philosophe. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL, 2010. xiv + 260 pp. Notes. Appendices. Selected bibliography. Index. $79.95. A reader’s first reaction to the title of Dr Ewington’s book on the eighteenthcentury Russian poet and dramatist A. P. Sumarokov, A Voltaire for Russia is likely to be one of incredulity. Can it really be argued that Sumarokov’s literary and dramatic writings are comparable to the collected works of Voltaire in qualityofcontent,rangeofgenresandsubject-matter,oreveninsheerquantity? Nor is its sub-title, ‘A. P. Sumarokov’s Journey from Poet-Critic to Russian Philosophe’, more plausible. Where is the evidence for such an evolution in Sumarokov’s authorial personality? However, it is a measure of Dr Ewington’s skill in presenting and interpreting her evidence that by the end of her book she will probably have won round most of her readers. The factual background is not promising. Although Sumarokov and Voltaire died within a year of one another, they did not actually meet: Sumarokov never went to France or Switzerland, and Voltaire never travelled to St Petersburg. Nor did they compensate for this lack of physical contact by a long and intimate correspondence. There was only a single exchange of letters, which took place between the end of 1768 and early 1769, and only Voltaire’s side of it exists. The letter with which Sumarokov initiated the exchange and which he entrusted REVIEWS 873 to Prince F. A. Kozlovskii to deliver to Ferney has not survived (pp. 47–51). However, Voltaire’s reply of 26 February 1769 was all that Sumarokov could have hoped for, and for the rest of his life he used it to validate his claim to preeminence among his fellow Russian poets and dramatists. The key sentences in Voltaire’s answer were: ‘Your letter and your works are a great proof that genius and taste belong to every country. […] I am proud to say, Monsieur, that I am of your opinion in everything. […] I have the honour of being, with the infinite esteem that I owe you […] Your most humble and very obedient servant Voltaire.’ The force of Voltaire’s encomium of Sumarokov was, however, impaired by his confession that he knew ‘not a word’ of Russian (pp. 157–58). A full introduction relates the facts of Sumarokov’s biography and traces the vicissitudes of his reputation both during his life-time, then posthumously up to the 1850s and, after a long interval during which he was ignored, into the Soviet period. His Voltaireanism, not remarked upon by his contemporaries, was identified by Karamzin in his Panteon rossiiskikh avtorov (1802): ‘Like Voltaire he wanted to shine in many genres, and contemporaries called him our Racine, Molière, La Fontaine, and Boileau’ (p. 24). Subsequently...

스피치 요약을 위한 태그의미분석과 잠재의미분석간의 비교 연구

본 연구는 스피치 요약을 위해서 태그를 확장하고 또한 태그 간의 의미적 관계 정보를 이용할 수 있는 태그의미분석 방법을 제안하고 평가하였다. 이를 위해서, 먼저 비디오 태그를 확장하고 태그 간의 의미적 관계를 분석하는데 있어서 플리커의 태그 클러스터와 워드넷의 동의어 정보가 얼마나 효과적으로 이용될 수 있는가 조사해 보았다. 그런 다음 태그의미분석 방법의 특성과 효율성을 조사해 보기 위해서 제안한 방법을 잠재의미분석(Latent Semantic Analysis) 방법과 비교해 보았다. 분석 결과, 플리커의 태그 클러스터는 효과적으로 이용되었지만 워드넷은 효과적으로 이용되지 못한 것으로 나타났다. F측정을 사용하여 두 방법의 효율성을 비교한 결과, 제안한 방법의 F값(0.27)이 잠재의미분석 방법의 F값(0.22)보다 높게 나타났다. We proposed and evaluated a tag semantic analysis method in which original tags are expanded and the semantic relations between original or expanded tags are used to extract key sentences from lecture speech transcripts. To do that, we first investigated how useful Flickr tag clusters and WordNet synonyms are for expanding tags and for detecting the semantic relations between tags. Then, to evaluate our proposed method, we compared it with a latent semantic analysis (LSA) method. As a result, we found that Flick tag clusters are more effective than WordNet synonyms and that the F measure mean (0.27) of the tag semantic analysis method is higher than that of LSA method (0.22).

Approximate Subgraph Matching-Based Literature Mining for Biomedical Events and Relations

The biomedical text mining community has focused on developing techniques to automatically extract important relations between biological components and semantic events involving genes or proteins from literature. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for mining relations and events in the biomedical literature using approximate subgraph matching. Extraction of such knowledge is performed by searching for an approximate subgraph isomorphism between key contextual dependencies and input sentence graphs. Our approach significantly increases the chance of retrieving relations or events encoded within complex dependency contexts by introducing error tolerance into the graph matching process, while maintaining the extraction precision at a high level. When evaluated on practical tasks, it achieves a 51.12% F-score in extracting nine types of biological events on the GE task of the BioNLP-ST 2011 and an 84.22% F-score in detecting protein-residue associations. The performance is comparable to the reported systems across these tasks, and thus demonstrates the generalizability of our proposed approach.

Contextual keyword extraction by building sentences with crowdsourcing

Automatic keyword extraction from documents has long been used and proven its usefulness in various areas. Crowdsourced tagging for multimedia resources has emerged and looks promising to a certain extent. Automatic approaches for unstructured data, automatic keyword extraction and crowdsourced tagging are efficient but they all suffer from the lack of contextual understanding. In this paper, we propose a new model of extracting key contextual terms from unstructured data, especially from documents, with crowdsourcing. The model consists of four sequential processes: (1) term selection by frequency, (2) sentence building, (3) revised term selection reflecting the newly built sentences, and (4) sentence voting. Online workers read only a fraction of a document and participated in sentence building and sentence voting processes, and key sentences were generated as a result. We compared the generated sentences to the keywords entered by the author and to the sentences generated by offline workers who read the whole document. The results support the idea that sentence building process can help selecting terms with more contextual meaning, closing the gap between keywords from automated approaches and contextual understanding required by humans.

Comparing the use of semantic relations between tags versus latent semantic analysis for generic speech summarization

We proposed an advanced tag method in which original tags are expanded and the semantic relations between original or expanded tags are used to extract key sentences from lecture speech transcripts. Then, to evaluate our proposed method, we compared it with two other methods, a tag method of using only original tags and a latent semantic analysis (LSA) method. As a result, the F measure mean (0.31) of the advanced tag method is higher than that (0.29) of LSA method and it is also higher than that (0.27) of the tag method, although there is no significant difference between them respectively.

Receptivity, or Going on (Not) Being: Commentary on Paper by Robert Grossmark

“The treatment hinged on my being able to live with him in this ongoing non-existence and know it and tolerate it, and expect no more,” writes Dr. Robert Grossmark about himself and his patient, Kyle (pp. 637–638). This is a key sentence, outlining the core of the enlightening analytic work done. I comment on the linkage between living the ongoing nonexistence and going-on-(not)-being, then reflect about the distinction between what I call the “outward” technique, which is everything Grossmark describes about treating Kyle, and the “inward” technique, which is all that occurred within him, in an inner, hidden, powerful, unconscious dialogue with the patient, and which is only hinted at. In this context, with patients like Kyle, who bring to the analyst physical sensations and actions for dreaming, the analyst's corporeality, by which I mean his experience of his body and his capacity to connect it to emotion, thereby lending it meaning, has a critical importance. I bring, in a nutshell, references to several psychoanalytic writers about the subject of corporeality in analytic treatment and use a vignette from an analysis to demonstrate the point.

The effects of using advance organizers on improving EFL learners' listening comprehension: A mixed method study

Abstract This study investigated the effects of using two types of written advance organizers, key sentences and key vocabulary, on the improvement of EFL learners' listening comprehension. 108 second year university students at the higher and lower listening proficiency levels were randomly assigned to one control group and two experimental groups. Prior to the treatment, all the groups were measured on a listening pretest. The pretest score was used as a covariate to adjust for the initial difference in listening proficiency. Prior to the listening, the first experimental group received a list of key sentences (Previewing Sentences, PS) and the second experimental group received a list of vocabulary items (Vocabulary Pre-teaching, VP). The control group did not receive any kind of advance organizer. After treatment classes, all groups were again measured on a posttest to compare their improvement in listening. The results of the statistical analysis (ANCOVA) showed that the students who received advance organizers demonstrated significant improvement on the listening comprehension posttest while the control group did not. Although participants' listening proficiency had a significant effect on listening comprehension performance, there was no interaction effect between the use of advance organizers and the listening proficiency level. The pedagogical implications of the study are also discussed.

이용자 태그를 활용한 비디오 스피치 요약의 자동 생성 연구

본 연구는 스피치 요약의 알고리즘을 구성하기 위해서 방대한 스피치 본문의 복잡한 분석 없이 적용될 수 있는 이용자 태그 기법, 문장 위치 및 문장 중복도 제거 기법의 효율성을 분석해 보았다. 그런 다음, 이러한 분석 결과를 기초로 하여 스피치 요약 방법을 구성, 평가하여 효율적인 스피치 요약 방안을 제안하는 것을 연구 목적으로 하고 있다. 제안된 스피치 요약 방법은 태그 및 표제 키워드 정보를 활용하고 중복도를 최소화하면서 문장 위치에 대한 가중치를 적용할 수 있는 수정된 Maximum Marginal Relevance 모형을 사용하여 구성하였다. 제안된 요약 방법의 성능은 스피치 본문의 단어 빈도 및 단어 위치 정보를 적용하여 상대적으로 복잡한 어휘 처리를 한 Extractor 시스템의 성능과 비교되었다. 비교 결과, 제안된 요약 방법을 사용한 경우가 Extractor 시스템의 경우 보다 평균 정확률은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이며 더 높았고, 평균 재현율은 더 높았지만 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지는 못했다.

Identificación de la calidad en las publicaciones de investigación educativa: proyecto europeo sobre los indicadores de calidad en la investigación educativa (EERQI)

The EERQI project was motivated by the fact that the international notion of scientific quality as being the main determinant on which research is funded and supported may cause undesired side effects, if the questions of how quality is interpreted and how it is measured are not adequately answered. Current instruments for ‘measuring’ quality via citation counting and similar methods do cause such side effects, as they are strongly biased and largely inadequate for research in the Social Sciences and Humanities. The EERQI project developed an approach to detect the quality of research texts – with educational research serving as model case for Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) – by applying an intelligent combination of different approaches that complement each other. This is what we call the EERQI Prototype Framework. It consists of products and methods that can serve as alternatives in processes of assessment of quality in SSH research. The possibility of multilingual assistance of assessment processed by EERQI’s multilingual search engine and automatic semantic analysis are tailor-made for strengthening the European research space. The EERQI products and methods consist of: • A content base with educational research texts in four European languages that were exemplary included in the EERQI project: English, German, French and Swedish. • A multilingual search engine that includes query expansion: an effective tool dedicated to educational research in general, capable of finding educational research texts in the Web in the four EERQI languages. • An automatic semantic analysis for the detection of key sentences in a text; the method is applicable to educational research publications (in at least) the four EERQI languages. • A combination of bibliometric/ webometric approaches for the detection of ‘extrinsic’ quality indicators (tool aMeasure). • First tests of a citation analysis method that has the potential to be further developed for the application to educational research (and other SSH) texts. • A set of text-immanent indicators for the detection of quality in educational research publications that has been presented to the research community and was positively evaluated. • An accompanying peer review questionnaire that was tested for reliability and practicality. • A set of use-case scenarios that give advice on how to use which resp. combination of the above-mentioned tools. • First attempts to detect interrelations between ‘extrinsic’ and ‘intrinsic’ quality indicators.

Grant Writing: Tips and Pointers From a Personal Perspective

Progress in the science and practice of medicine requires leveraging financial resources to pursue ideas, achieve new goals, and extend professional objectives. These resources are generally allocated through agencies that function through peer review. The need to onvince a reviewing body, funding agency, or philanhropic foundation that these collective plans merit support s, therefore, a rate-limiting step. Herein I outline perspecives gained over years of writing and reviewing grants, and uggest themes to incorporate and traps to avoid in naviating this process. I focus the discussion on federal grant pplications—specifically, independent investigator-initiated R01) applications— commenting where relevant on entored-type (K) award applications. The commonlities among these applications serves as a focal point.