Key Provisions Research Articles

Integrating Islamic Laws into Indonesian Data Protection Laws: An Analysis of Regulatory Landscape and Ethical Considerations

This study explores the intersection of personal data protection laws in Indonesia with Islamic principles, focusing on the regulatory landscape and ethical considerations surrounding data privacy. With the proliferation of digital technologies and data-driven processes, safeguarding personal information has become paramount. Drawing from legal frameworks, Islamic jurisprudence, and contemporary discussions on data privacy, this research investigates how Islamic principles inform and complement existing data protection measures in Indonesia. The analysis begins by examining the legal foundation of personal data protection in Indonesia, emphasizing key provisions of relevant legislation and constitutional mandates. It then delves into Islamic principles related to privacy, confidentiality, and ethical conduct, as derived from primary Islamic sources such as the Quran, Hadiths, and scholarly interpretations. The study evaluates the alignment between personal data protection laws and Islamic ethics, identifying areas of convergence and potential divergence. It explores the implications of Islamic principles for data handling practices, consent requirements, and accountability mechanisms within the Indonesian context. Furthermore, the research discusses the practical implications of integrating Islamic principles into data protection frameworks, considering challenges, opportunities, and best practices for ensuring compliance and ethical data governance. By bridging legal and ethical perspectives, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of personal data protection in Indonesia and offers insights into the role of Islamic principles in shaping contemporary approaches to privacy and confidentiality in the digital age. It underscores the importance of holistic and culturally approaches to data governance that respect both legal requirements and ethical norms derived from Islamic teachings.

Modeling Price Policy of Industries within the Frames of Inter-Sectoral Balance Methodology

The subject of inter-sectoral balance has been adequately developed in scientific community, however, we think that insufficient attention was paid to inserting price rates of industries in the model of inter-sectoral relations, as they produce a serious impact on making decisions concerning each industry production. The article deals with working-out a mathematic approach to modeling industry behavior in view of price policy development. The theoretical base of the research was formed by key provisions of the economic theory and the theory of inter-sectoral balance. The authors analyze dynamics of product prices set by industries with regard to inter-sectoral dependence and respective changes in output, added value, margin and volumes of sold products in each industry. As a result of the research the inter-sectoral model of shaping price policy of industries was built, which takes into account parameters of demand and urge of every industry for maximum profits. Different scenarios of changing demand parameters and production interactions were studied. Model experiments allowed authors to come to the conclusion that a rise in demand for one industry product cannot always increase production of related industries. As product price in the industry goes up, costs of other industries also rise, which can have an adverse effect on their product demand on the part of end customer. And on the contrary, a drop in demand for one industry product can support other related industries on constant demand factors at the expense of cost cutting. The proposed model could be useful for private and state sectors in planning investment policy at the same time it could reveal macro-economic trends, which is necessary to resolve problems of tardy or inadequate response of business entity on possible risks.

Shaping the International Law Principle of the Inviolability of the Right to Peaceful Enjoyment of Property in the Context of International Armed Conflict

The article focuses on the formation of the international law principle of the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions in the context of an international armed conflict, given the relevance of the issue of damage and destruction of property as part of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The author examines the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions through the prism of international human rights law - as such, where the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions (property rights) has been enshrined in the international law system, and also through the prism of international humanitarian law and international criminal law - as such, which are special in relation to the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions in the context of international armed conflict.
 The article examines the principle of inviolability of property rights at the national level, in particular, in legislative and judicial sources, and its impact on the formation of the relevant international law principle. In particular, the author analyses the philosophical development of the concepts of “sacredness” of property rights and inviolability of property rights, as well as the natural essence of this right for a person.
 The author examines in detail the rules of conventional and customary international humanitarian law on the right to peaceful enjoyment of property/property rights depending on the type of acts that may be committed against property and the type of property against which certain acts are directed in the context of an international armed conflict or legal regime of occupation. The provisions on the protection of civilian objects, as well as the non-absolute nature of the protection of property rights in international armed conflict in cases of urgent military necessity, are carefully considered. Based on this analysis, the author identifies the key fundamental provisions on the basis of which the international legal principle of the right to peaceful enjoyment of property in the context of international armed conflict is formed.

Is the Inflation Reduction Act Effective? A Forward-Looking Review of the IRA

This paper conducts an in-depth examination of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), significant legislation aimed at addressing a series of critical economic and climate issues in the United States. It introduces the concept of inflation and discusses the key provisions of the IRA across four major areas: climate change, energy security, prescription drug prices, and tax reforms. Additionally, the paper analyzes the Act’s overall impact on inflation separately, providing a comprehensive review of its effectiveness. The study evaluates the IRA through an analysis of economic data and news reports, considering the policy’s broader implications and offering suggestions for future research.

Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo doktrinos savininko teisių apsaugos klausimais įvairovės suderinamumas

This article examines the doctrine of protection of the rights of the owner developed by the Constitutional Court over three decades. This goes back to the origins of the doctrine in the cases of constitutional justice which examined the constitutionality of the legal rules governing restitution relations. The following is a coherent and systematic disclosure of key doctrinal provisions, including those relating to the taking of property for public use and the limitation of the rights of the owner. The above-mentioned analysis of this article is also aimed to determine whether the constitutional justice cases, in which the constitutionality of the provisions of the law providing for limited restitution was decided upon, had any grounds for deciding on the constitutionality of the provisions of the law with respect to the provisions of Article 23(3) of the Constitution.

NEP 2020 and the Infrastructure for ICT-based Teaching Learning

The globe now is attempting to recover from the devastating effects of the Novel Coronavirus Disease pandemic (COVID-19). The propagation of this rare disease across the world has altered every aspect of existence. It completely changed the paradigm of education, converting traditional classroom settings to virtual ones. One of the foremost important laws of the twenty-first century is the National Education Policy (NEP), which was written in 2019 and endorsed by the Indian Union Cabinet on the 29th of July in 2020. The policy is ground-breaking and comprehensive in every way, with a focus on several elements of education, including the incorporation of ICT. The NEP 2020 places a lot of emphasis on integrating technology because it can be a key element in fostering all-encompassing development. The creation of virtual labs is also given considerable attention in NEP 2020. It is important to note here that a National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) is likewise in the process of being founded. Despite widespread support for using ICT in teaching and learning, there were still some issues with classroom integration. Several crippling problems emerged, among them are inadequate ICT infrastructure, institutional discouragement, slack policies, and—above all—, insufficient technological, pedagogical, and integrative abilities among teachers at all levels. In addition to highlighting NEP 2020's key points and different ICTrelated provisions for teaching and learning, this paper also discusses several implementation issues and infrastructural requirements for ICT. Finally, several recommendations are made for the optimum utilization of ICT. Keywords: National Education Policy (NEP) -2020, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), National Educational Technology Forum (NETF)

Understanding the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act in India: A Comprehensive Analysis

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act) of 1985 is a pivotal legislation in India aimed at combating the illicit trafficking and abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the NDPS Act, examining its historical context, key provisions, enforcement mechanisms, and impact on public health and criminal justice. Through a critical examination of the Act, this article aims to elucidate its strengths, weaknesses, and implications for drug control efforts in India. Furthermore, it explores contemporary challenges and potential avenues for reform to enhance the effectiveness and equity of drug policy in the country

Energetska tranzicija u domaćinstvima: analiza usaglašenosti Srbije sa paketom „Čista energija za sve Evropljane“

Due to its complexity and heterogeneity, the household sector represents an essential point in energy transition policies. In the European Union, household energy consumption accounts for about 26% of final energy consumption, while in Serbia, this sector has the largest share in final consumption, accounting for about one-third of final consumption. By implementing energy efficiency measures, significant energy savings can be achieved, which, together with the reduction and substitution of the use of fossil fuels, contribute to a lesser impact on climate change and significant reduction in air pollution. The package of legislative measures "Clean Energy for All Europeans" is a comprehensive set of laws defining European climate and energy policy after 2020. This package encompasses and links a series of topics related to the household sector. Through this package, member states are required to set high goals for energy efficiency and decarbonisation in the construction and revitalization of residential buildings, while simultaneously implementing measures concerning households affected by energy poverty. The Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings, the Energy Efficiency Directive, the Renewable Energy Directive, the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, and the Regulation on the Establishment of a Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality cover the main issues related to energy transition policy in households in the European Union. As a member of the Energy Community and a candidate for membership in the European Union, Serbia has committed to harmonizing its energy policy and legislation, accepting technical assistance and support in implementing reforms to adapt the national energy system to European standards. The aim of this paper is to present the regulatory and strategic framework "Clean Energy for All Europeans" in the part related to the household sector and to analyse its transposition into key legal provisions dealing with this topic in the Republic of Serbia

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY AND PARLIAMENTARISM UNDER THE MARTIAL LAW

Background . The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the implementation of parliamentarism in the conditions of representative democracy under martial law. Military aggression led to the creation of a mechanism for the protection of the state and its bodies, as well as the establishment of an effective mechanism for responding to rapid changes in the situation and preserving the full and effective work of state authorities, which were created in the state precisely thanks to the phenomenon of representation and the role of parliamentarism. Methods . The research process employed both general scientific and special scientific methods, specifically: structural analysis to examine constitutional norms and key law provisions that serve as the cornerstones of parliamentarism and the means by which the people exercise their power through the parliamentary institution of representation; comparative analysis to compare the types and forms of implementation of representative democracy under unique conditions of martial law; and abstract-logical to analyze literary sources, the regulatory framework, and the formation of conclusions. Results . After the standards of the existing legislation were examined and modifications made, the following legislative innovations were emphasized in the many areas of the Ukrainian Parliament's (Verhovna Rada Ukrayny, VRU) activity: These areas include: a) allocating the parliament's powers to determine the details of military administrations' operations, to elect and remove officials; b) restricting the parliament's financial authority; c) enforcing the right to information regarding the posting of draft and adopted laws of Ukraine on the official website; d) organizing the work of factions; e) attempting to move the sessions and voting process online; f) planning Council activities and keeping track of the working hours of Ukrainian deputies. Prior to anything else, it is necessary to look at the roles and authority of the Ukrainian people's representative in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with regard to carrying out their responsibilities in many areas of life. As a result, it was decided that the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the executive body, would now have additional authority in the area of economic activity. This would enable it to move swiftly and take decisive action to boost the State of Ukraine's economy. In light of the authority and appointment of military administrations, as well as the election and removal of public officials, the division of powers under the supervision of the parliament is addressed. Conclusions . Such restriction on parliamentarian powers can be implemented in line with the model of constitutionalism established in the Ukrainian Constitution, and in certain instances, it is even expressly permitted by the rules of the direct effect of the Basic Law. The intention is to empower the executive authorities to address issues confronting the state and its bodies as quickly and efficiently as possible, especially when it comes to the state's economic protection and the welfare of the nation. However, there are powers that belong exclusively to the legislative body, such as the establishment of restrictions on human and civil rights and freedoms by the laws of Ukraine. this situation must be observed following international law and the Constitution of Ukraine, in compliance with the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine

Cудебно-правовые реформы Фридриха II прусского и Павла I

Introduction. The topicality of the study is related to clarifying the degree of influence of the ideas and practices of Frederick II the Great on Paul I in public policy, in particular in carrying out a number of reforms. Such research contributes to rethinking of the history of the Russian autocracy not only in the XVIII century, but also in the general history of Russia. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach, objectivity and historicism principles, and. In addition, general scientific methods of information analysis and synthesis, methods of deduction and induction, as well as the historical and comparative method were used. Analysis. The influence of the Prussian King Frederick II is commonly associated with the military reform of Paul I and the introduction of Prussian orders into the Russian army. However, it seems that the experience of Prussia during the time of Frederick the Great was used in other transformations of Paul I, including judicial and legal reforms, since the Russian emperor considered the Prussian model of government relevant for Russia. Building a Prussian-style state required innovations in various fields; the worldview and political discourse of the XVIII century played an important role in their implementation. To identify the ideas and practices of Frederick II of Prussia in the judicial and legal field, original works in German were used, demonstrating the key provisions of the reform of the Prussian king. The judicial and legal reform of Paul I are reflected in a number of works by Russian historians, but they do not provide a detailed comparison of the aspects of reform in Prussia and Russia. The facts demonstrating the similarity of the ongoing transformations include the abolition of torture and corporal punishment, the restructuring and centralization of judicial administration, unification and the creation of new legislation. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that judicial and legal reforms were conditioned by the influence of Enlightened absolutism and were aimed at overcoming judicial arbitrariness and the implementation of humanistic ideas.

Charting a Path to Progress: The Role of Uzbekistan's New Constitution

This article delves into the significance of Uzbekistan's new constitution in shaping the trajectory of the country’s progress. The author thoroughly examines the key provisions and reforms introduced in the constitution and discuss their implications for advancing democracy, governance, and human rights in Uzbekistan. By analyzing the political landscape and historical context, the article offers valuable insights into how the new constitution can foster inclusive development and modernization in the country. The author’s perspective provides a nuanced understanding of the role of legal frameworks in promoting social and political change, making this article a compelling read for those interested in constitutional law, Uzbekistan’s political evolution, and democratization in the region.

СТРАТЕГИЯ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИИ: ВЕКТОРЫ ОБНОВЛЕНИЯ

The large-scale geopolitical and geo-economic changes inherent in the modern world order, complemented by prolonged economic, technological, and demographic trends, are projected onto the Russian space, correcting both its external contour and internal architecture. In this context, the discourse on targets, directions, and ways of activating the territorial socio-economic dynamics of the Russian Federation has revived, and the development of an updated strategy for its spatial development has been reinvigorated. Based on the tools of socio-geographical analysis, the study aims to identify the most important problem areas characteristic of modern Russia, dilemmas, alternatives, and priorities in the field of its spatial development, as well as to substantiate on this basis a conceptual approach to updating the key provisions of the current Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2025. The paper notes the internal inconsistency of this document (the prevalence of orientation toward ‘alignment’ within the agglocentric model, the desire to combine centripetal trends with the search for formats to counteract the ‘compression’ of the developed space, etc.) and its simultaneous transitivity, susceptibility to innovation (‘municipalization’ of approaches, consideration of the ‘geopolitics factor’, etc.). The paper emphasizes the need to modify the Strategy by focusing on the exogenous determinants of Russia's spatial development (including the formation of ‘Greater Eurasia’), as well as its scientific, technological, and defense-industrial factors. We substantiate the reasonableness of a more consistent shift in emphasis to the stimulation of interregional and inter-municipal integration, to mutually supportive co-development of regions and municipalities within a single market, transport, logistics, and information space based on the balance of ‘Moscow-centrism’ with the development of other growth poles, expansion, and ‘interlayering’ of their spheres of influence.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА И БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРОДУКЦИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ ПРИНЦИПОВ ХАССП И ТРЕБОВАНИЙ СТАНДАРТОВ «ХАЛЯЛЬ»

Currently, the halal product market is growing, and small businesses have good opportunities to ensure competitiveness in it. An important role in this should be given to the application of Halal standards and the implementation of key provisions of quality management. The article examines the practice of one of the small enterprises of the Republic of Mordovia operating in the halal market. Based on the results of the study, the author substantiated and proposed a unified approach to ensuring the quality and safety of products based on the integration of HACCP principles (risk analysis critical control points) and the requirements of Halal standards (Haram critical control points). This will allow enterprises in this area to produce food products that have halal status and whose safety is guaranteed.

Environmental doctrine within the framework of legal regulation in the Russian Federation

This article analyzes and highlights the key provisions of the environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation. Environmental management is identified as a significant influence of economic globalization. The author summarizes the crucial role of developing and implementing a new environmental doctrine in the modern world, particularly within Russian legislation, alongside the introduction of relevant new norms into the country's environmental law. Through research in this area, the author concludes that it is now imperative to develop a new environmental policy. This urgency is underscored by the fact that many countries, including Russia, face environmental threats caused by climate change and industrial activity. This policy should become a national priority in the near future. The purpose of this article is to advocate for the preparation of a new environmental doctrine and new management mechanisms to balance environmental policy within the modern development conditions of the Russian Federation. The study emphasizes the importance of creating a new environmental policy and outlines the reasons and threats that heighten the relevance of this issue in the contemporary world.

Trends of the US Military-Industrial Complex on the example of the analysis of the National Defense Industrial Strategy

The article examines the main trends in the US military-industrial complex in the new geopolitical environment. The publication of the first National Defense Industrial Strategy at the end of 2023 reflected the views of the country's military establishment on the changed military environment in the world and confirmed the unpreparedness of the US defense industry for a potential conflict with an equal rival. The analysis of the key provisions of the Strategy gives an idea of the main directions of reforms of the country's defense industry, in order to prepare it for a likely high-intensity military conflict. The article makes an attempt to identify the main directions of reforms, the implementation of which becomes the most important task of the country to preserve the military-industrial base in the event of a direct military clash.

ВАЖЛИВІСТЬ ЦИФРОВОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ ДЛЯ ТОРГІВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

In a fast-paced and ever-changing world, learning and applying digital marketing is becoming vital for companies seeking to remain relevant and competitive. For companies specialising in consumer goods, the importance of digital marketing is particularly important, as it is not only a way to attract new customers and maintain relationships with existing audiences, but also a platform for innovation and adaptation to changing market conditions. The purpose of the study is to identify the key provisions on the main digital marketing tools available in the given period of time, to identify which of them are the most effective and to propose methods of their implementation for retailers. The research objective was achieved by using statistical data collected from digital platforms to analyse consumer preferences for different forms of shopping. This included a review of services that provide delivery of goods from various retailers in order to identify their impact on the development of digital marketing. In this context, we propose advanced digital marketing strategies designed to help businesses develop their competitive advantage by increasing customer appeal and improving e-commerce management. This approach ensures effective adaptation to dynamic changes in the market environment and a quick response to current trends, making strategic management more flexible and highly efficient.

Nigeria's Proceeds of Crime (Recovery and Management) Act 2022: A Review of Key Provisions and Issues Arising

Nigeria's Proceeds of Crime (Recovery and Management) Act 2022: A Review of Key Provisions and Issues Arising

The main sacramentological provisions in the discourse of theological personalism: On the example of the heritage of Orthodox theologians of the 20th — early 21st centuries

The article examines the key provisions of the interpretation of the Orthodox sacramentology in the context of theological personalism. The author explores the specifics of the view of some representatives of theological personalism on Orthodox sacramentology. The introduction describes the research methodology, identifies the core problem of the research, and offers an introduction to the terminology adequate to the subject of the study. The main section is devoted to two components of the personalist vision of Orthodox sacramentology — the idea of the sacrament itself and specific sacramentological constructs contained in the theological heritage of a number of representatives of the discourse. Studying the texts of a number of Orthodox theologians of the 20th — early 21st centuries, developing or relying on the ideas of personalism, leads to the several conclusions. Within the heterogeneous direction of thought of theological personalism, there are a number of significant provisions of the doctrine of the sacraments: sacramentology is based on a personalistically understood soteriology; the exceptional importance of the social aspect of the sacramental life of the Church is emphasized, which is called upon to reveal the Church itself and create a space for genuine dialogue, that is, to transform human existence, elevating it to the personal dimension. Individual sacraments are understood as a means for a Christian to become a person through overcoming the individual and natural, joining the space of genuine dialogue (understood in a social or mystical key), and mastering the correct way of interacting with the world and the Other.

CRACKS IN THE PILLARS: ASSESSING LIMITATIONS IN THE LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY ACT FOR EQUITABLE JUSTICE

This doctrinal research delves into the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987, scrutinizing its effectiveness in fostering equitable justice within the Indian legal system. Unraveling the historical context and key provisions, the study critically examines its impact, identifies limitations, and proposes innovative solutions. Navigating through literature, cases, and legal papers, the research pioneers a discourse on the challenges impeding the acts implementation. Crafting a roadmap for the future, the paper concludes with a compelling call to action for stakeholders and legal policymakers, emphasizing the imperative of achieving true equitable justice.

SUBSTANTIVE COMPONENTS OF COPYRIGHT: ESSENCE, FEATURES, SPECIFICITY

Objective. The objective of this scholarly article is to find out the essence of copyright, namely its key concepts and basic principles, to identify the mechanisms and tools for its protection in Ukraine. Methods. Theoretical methods include analysis and synthesis of literature on the problem under study; practical methods are the selection of factual material on the basis of which conclusions about the essence of copyright. Key concepts and basic provisions, mechanisms and instruments of copyright protection in Ukraine will be formulated. Results. The 21st century is considered the beginning of a new era, which is characterized by global technologies, high informatization, mechanization, and dynamic economic growth. In this century, the main attention of society is paid to the intellectual product, which forms the basis of the concept of "intellectual property" (IP) in the economic and legal context. The collected factual material allows us to conclude that the modern development of any field of human activity (culture, industry, agro-industrial complex, health care, etc.) is impossible without proper technical and scientific support and spiritual achievements of society. These aspects are closely related and interdependent. Thus, the problem of proper use of the intellectual potential of society and the nation as a whole requires constant attention and support from the state. The existence of a modern system of legal protection of IP in Ukraine contributes to the preservation and enrichment of the technical and scientific potential of the state, the development of the national economy and international trade, as well as the attraction of foreign investments, in particular in the form of advanced technologies, which allows Ukraine to enter the world market of intellectual property as an equal in rights partner. The norms of copyright, together with provisions on related rights, form a single institution of IP law - the institution of copyright and related rights. Objectively, copyright is considered as a complex of civil law norms that regulate relations that arise during the creation and use of works of art, science and literature. Subjectively, copyright represents personal and property rights that arise in connection with the creation of works of science, literature and art by the individuals who created them, and which are subject to protection according to the law. It is important to note that copyright arises immediately from the moment of creation of the work, and this moment is recognized by the manifestation of the work on a tangible medium in such a way that it can be understood by others.