Key Principles Research Articles

A comprehensive framework for detecting copy number variants from single nucleotide polymorphism data: 'rCNV', a versatile r package for paralogue and CNV detection.

Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of copy number variants (CNVs) in phenotypic diversity, environmental adaptation and species divergence across eukaryotes. The presence of CNVs also has the potential to introduce genotyping biases, which can pose challenges to accurate population and quantitative genetic analyses. However, detecting CNVs in genomes, particularly in non-model organisms, presents a formidable challenge. To address this issue, we have developed a statistical framework and an accompanying r software package that leverage allelic-read depth from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for accurate CNV detection. Our framework capitalises on two key principles. First, it exploits the distribution of allelic-read depth ratios in heterozygotes for individual SNPs by comparing it against an expected distribution based on binomial sampling. Second, it identifies SNPs exhibiting an apparent excess of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. By employing multiple statistical tests, our method not only enhances sensitivity to sampling effects but also effectively addresses reference biases, resulting in optimised SNP classification. Our framework is compatible with various NGS technologies (e.g. RADseq, Exome-capture). This versatility enables CNV calling from genomes of diverse complexities. To streamline the analysis process, we have implemented our framework in the user-friendly r package 'rCNV', which automates the entire workflow seamlessly. We trained our models using simulated data and validated their performance on four datasets derived from different sequencing technologies, including RADseq (Chinook salmon-Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Rapture (American lobster-Homarus americanus), Exome-capture (Norway spruce-Picea abies) and WGS (Malaria mosquito-Anopheles gambiae).

Toward a social justice model of inclusion for university–community engagement

ABSTRACT University-community engagement often professes to center the shifting needs and issues that communities face but these are often pushed to the periphery in knowledge creation. The methods of engagement, research agenda, outcomes, as well as the measures of success are typically grounded in the academe and universities can almost always pinpoint immediate benefits for the co-creation of this knowledge. Universities are usually able to secure funding and gain prestige to undertake these engagements and projects are put forth as testaments of universities commitments to social change. Communities often struggle to do the same and many are often not equipped with the resources to translate the new knowledge into practice-based initiatives such as programming, funding applications for staffing, services and service delivery. While there are unquestionable merits in the longstanding histories of university-community engagements, more needs to be done for research to be mutually beneficial for both parties. This article outlines five key principles of social justice and inclusion as a preliminary stage of a conceptualized first step necessary to frame university-community engagement. It reiterates consultations with communities through research as a requirement to develop an actual model of university-community engagement to embody social justice and inclusion for true social change.

Using co-design to develop INTERCEPT, a mobile health (mHealth) App, for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Health Research Board, Ireland SOLVE CHD SYNERGY Grant, University of Sydney, Australia Background Co-design adopts a participatory, person-centred approach to the development of health interventions, which aims to maximise their acceptance and effectiveness. However, despite this many mobile applications are designed with little input from target end users, resulting in poor uptake and usage. Purpose The aim of our study was to optimize the evolution of the INTERCEPT (I-App) mHealth app by integrating target users’ (patients and healthcare professionals) perspectives into its design and development. Methods A core project team of health care professionals (nurse specialists, physicians, physiotherapists, dietitians, psychologists and a pharmacist), software developers and patients was established. A four phase iterative anrticipatory approach to the design process for I-App was adopted using online workshops conducted over a 12-month period. Phase one involved identification of the guiding principles, content and design features. In phase two, a working prototype of the I-App was developed and in phase three a beta version of this prototype was pilot tested among the project team and reviewed for clarity of language, ease of navigation and functionality. Phase four involved user acceptance testing of the I-App with patients who had a recent cardiac event (<2 years). Improvements in the usability of the app were assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS), which was administered pre and post user acceptance testing. Results From target user insights and scientific literature five key design principles were identified: simplicity and ease of use; behavioural change through goal setting; self-monitoring and use of rewards; provision of credible information and data privacy. Medication adherence, psychosocial support and tracking physiologic parameters like blood pressure were considered important components. Usability testing of I-App resulted in 64 recommendations for the app and of these 51 were implemented. Significant improvements in SUS scores were observed from 61 to 82 (p<0.001) demonstrating the effectiveness of adopting a co-design apporach. Conclusion Using co-design methodology resulted in the INTERCEPT mHealth app responding to the end users’ needs and preferences including desired content and features. The next step in the development process is to trial the feasibility and usage of the I-App in the real-world clinical setting.

Chronic kidney disease in children: Vaccination – strategy, current recommendations and potentialities

The Immunization Schedule with additional vaccinations against certain infections is recognized as an effective strategy for preventing complications in children with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The aim of this study is to highlight international experience regarding the immunization status of such patients in order to optimize the vaccinations process in Ukraine.
 The current Immunization Schedule for pediatric CKD, approved in international practice, is presented and has been compared to the national one. The approaches to the use of live and inactivated vaccines, to the immunization of persons on immunosuppressive therapy and the additional protective measures are clearly outlined. The international experience in the major vaccine-controlled disease prevention in children with CKD includes routine immunization (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, hemophilic infection), additional vaccination of immunocompromised hosts (influenza, pneumococcal infection, chicken pox) and in groups with risk factors (meningococcal, papillomavirus, rotavirus infections, hepatitis A, etc.) are summarized. It is emphasized that the optimal window of opportunity for vaccinations is the early stages of CKD or at least the pre-transplant time. The key principles of vaccine control prior and after kidney transplantation have been given.
 Increasing knowledge on protection from vaccine-controlled infections involved in children with CKD, including at the immunosuppressive therapy stage and kidney replacement therapy, makes implementation of current recommendations easier and advances the prevention strategy for this sensitive cohort. The process of harmonization of national recommendations on the vaccine status formation in this group of patients based on international experience and Ukrainian capabilities is proposed to initiate.

Macroeconomics: An Overview of Key Concepts and Policies

This scientific journal article provides an in-depth analysis of macroeconomics, focusing on its fundamental concepts and policies. Macroeconomics is a vital field in economics that examines the behavior of an entire economy, studying factors like aggregate production, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. This article aims to shed light on the key principles governing macroeconomic phenomena and the policies employed to stabilize and improve economic conditions. By understanding macroeconomics, policymakers can make informed decisions to foster sustainable economic development.

Fermentation Gone Wild: A Biochemistry Laboratory Experiment.

An experiment for the upper-level biochemistry laboratory is described in which students isolate a wild yeast from environmental sources and characterize the strain for its potential in the brewing industry. In addition to providing valuable experience in important biochemical techniques, this study also illustrates key principles of bioprospecting, the search for new biological sources with potential commercial or scientific value. By foraging for yeast in the wild, students explore the microbial diversity of their local environment and potentially find untapped sources of yeast that produce novel flavors and aromas. Overall, students engage with hands-on experience in bioprospecting, allowing them to appreciate the value of exploring biological diversity and its potential applications in the brewing industry.

A Framework for Implementing a District-Wide School Wellness Needs Assessment: Using the WSCC Model

Poor nutrition and insufficient amounts of physical activity are key contributing factors to childhood obesity and can adversely affect the physical, social, and emotional health, along with the academic success, of today’s youth. Comprehensive school-based initiatives, in combination with broader community efforts that target these behaviors, can help youth to develop and sustain healthy lifestyles through the adolescent years. The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model emphasizes the connection between health and academic achievement and highlights the importance of school wellness assessments, stressing that schools serve as the nucleus in providing these supports with input, resources, and collaboration from the community. Inadequate amounts of attention have been given to the process of conducting school wellness assessments that promote collaboration between university research teams and key school district stakeholders. This article presents the process of conducting a district-wide wellness assessment with the WSCC model as the conceptual framework. It outlines practical steps for other districts to replicate and key collaboration principles, along with the specific use of a unique wellness assessment tool that includes a readiness for change component. It also discusses challenges and opportunities encountered, lessons learned along the way, and implications for school administrators and school health practitioners.

WORLDVIEW PRINCIPLES OF VOLUNTEERING IN UKRAINE DURING THE WAR

Volunteering in Ukraine is becoming an increasingly popular phenomenon that occupies an important place in the life of society. Many people choose volunteering as a way to help people in difficult life circumstances, as well as to develop their own personality and engage in active civic participation. As a significant social phenomenon, volunteering has its own ideological foundations that define its core values and principles. Volunteering is based on the desire to help people and nature regardless of their status, nationality, religion, or political beliefs. The purpose of the study. The current study examines the ideological foundations of volunteering in Ukraine in wartime and their significance for volunteering, to study the practical experience of volunteers in Ukraine in 2014-2023, and to examine the peculiarities of the legal regulation of volunteering in Ukraine in wartime. Methods. Achieving the goal and objectives of the study was made possible by using a set of interrelated modern general scientific and special methods and approaches. The systematic approach made it possible to study volunteering as a holistic set of elements in the totality of the connections between them. Through the use of the method of systematization, the author provides a review of the legal framework for volunteering, factor analysis is used to determine the factors influencing the relationship between the state and society in the field of volunteering, and system analysis is used to assess the state of relations between the state and society in Ukraine at this stage through its quantitative indicators.Results. According to the study “Volunteer Movement in Ukraine”, prepared by GfK Ukraine on behalf of the UN in Ukraine, Ukrainian citizens pay great attention to the volunteer movement in the development of social processes: 62% recognize the role of volunteers in the changes in the last year; 85% believe that the volunteer movement helps strengthen peace; 81% tend to consider the volunteer movement an essential component of civil society. Regarding the legal regulation of volunteer activities in Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Volunteer Activity” of April 19, 2011, No. 3236-VI was adopted in April 2011. The Law of Ukraine of 15.08.2022 No. 2519-IX On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Volunteer Activity” on Support of Volunteer Activity regulates social relations related to volunteer activity in Ukraine. Discussion. One of the key principles of volunteering in Ukraine is selflessness and the ability to work in extreme conditions. Volunteers often work in difficult and dangerous conditions that require a high level of professionalism and skills. For many volunteers, the Ukrainian revolution of 2013-2014 and the events in eastern Ukraine were turning points that forced them to change their attitude to their own lives and start helping others. Ukrainian volunteers are an example of community and state cooperation that contributes to ensuring security and helping victims. They have shown that volunteering can be an effective tool in the fight against war and its consequences. Many volunteer organizations provided free medical care, took on the responsibility of supplying the military with necessary items and military equipment, organized the evacuation of people from the war zone, and provided psychological support to the military and their families. Conclusions.Volunteering in Ukraine is not a new phenomenon, but the war with Russia has become a catalyst for its development. This is a great example of how crises can encourage people to act together and interact to achieve a common goal. Volunteerism in Ukraine demonstrates the importance of spiritual unity and cooperation in difficult times, and is one of the most striking examples of civil society in action. The ideological principles of volunteering in Ukraine include non-profitability, openness, spirituality, and humanism, transparency and openness, security, and cooperation with government agencies and the military. The volunteer movement in Ukraine, especially in times of war, is an important factor in ensuring security and helping victims. Involvement of different groups of the population in volunteer activities, as well as cooperation with state and international structures, are important to ensure the effectiveness and success of volunteer activities.

Is China Socialist? Theorising the Political Economy of China

This article investigates important and interrelated issues regarding China. It seeks to understand China’s current social formation, setting out the relationship between China and socialism. To examine whether China is socialist, this article examines key principles of socialism drawn from Marx including: individuals’ possession of the means of subsistence; the entitlement to a share of the means of production that are held in common; equality; and the degree to which the state is withering. Through an examination of China’s social welfare regime, the rural land ownership regime, and state-owned enterprise profit sharing with citizens, the article finds that China does not meet the criteria for socialism. In this context, the article continues to evaluate – based on an examination of the ruling party’s motivations and the power dynamics of several social forces – the possibility that China could return to socialism once it builds a sustaining productive dynamic. Also investigated is the role of the state, analysing state-controlled economic resources including natural objects and state-owned enterprise and their impacts on society and the economy.

Does the public know what researchers know? Perceived task difficulty impacts adults' intuitions about children's early word learning.

The present study examined adults' understanding of children's early word learning. Undergraduates, non-parents, parents, and Speech-Language Pathologists (N = 535, 74% female, 56% White) completed a survey with 11 word learning principles from the perspective of a preschooler. Questions tested key principles from early word learning research. For each question, participants were prompted to select an answer based on the perspective of a preschooler. Adults demonstrated aligned intuitions for all principles except those derived from domain-general theories, regardless of experience with language development (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 revealed that perceived difficulty of a task for a preschooler impacted adults' reasoning about word learning processes. Experiment 3 ruled out level of confidence and interest as mechanisms to explain the results. These results highlight disconnects in knowledge between the cognitive development research community and the general public. Therefore, efforts must be made to communicate scientific findings to the broader non-academic community, emphasizing children's ability to excel at word learning in the face of task difficulty.

FaaSLight : General Application-level Cold-start Latency Optimization for Function-as-a-Service in Serverless Computing

Serverless computing is a popular cloud computing paradigm that frees developers from server management. Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) is the most popular implementation of serverless computing, representing applications as event-driven and stateless functions. However, existing studies report that functions of FaaS applications severely suffer from cold-start latency. In this article, we propose an approach, namely, FaaSLight , to accelerating the cold start for FaaS applications through application-level optimization. We first conduct a measurement study to investigate the possible root cause of the cold-start problem of FaaS. The result shows that application code loading latency is a significant overhead. Therefore, loading only indispensable code from FaaS applications can be an adequate solution. Based on this insight, we identify code related to application functionalities by constructing the function-level call graph and separate other code (i.e., optional code) from FaaS applications. The separated optional code can be loaded on demand to avoid the inaccurate identification of indispensable code causing application failure. In particular, a key principle guiding the design of FaaSLight is inherently general, i.e., platform - and language-agnostic . In practice, FaaSLight can be effectively applied to FaaS applications developed in different programming languages (Python and JavaScript), and can be seamlessly deployed on popular serverless platforms such as AWS Lambda and Google Cloud Functions, without having to modify the underlying OSes or hypervisors, nor introducing any additional manual engineering efforts to developers. The evaluation results on real-world FaaS applications show that FaaSLight can significantly reduce the code loading latency (up to 78.95%, 28.78% on average), thereby reducing the cold-start latency. As a result, the total response latency of functions can be decreased by up to 42.05% (19.21% on average). Compared with the state-of-the-art, FaaSLight achieves a 21.25× improvement in reducing the average total response latency.

Key principles of drug therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

Objective: to summarize scientific information about the basic principles of modern drug therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) considering their individual characteristics.Material and methods. The basis of the study included modern scientific articles and clinical guidelines on CML diagnosis and treatment (2021), State Register of Medicines (SRM) of the Russian Federation, instructions for the use of medicines. The following methods were used: structural analysis, analytical method, content analysis, retrospective analysis, systematic approach, situational-logical and graphical methods of analysis.Results. The analysis made it possible to summarize scientific information about the basic principles of drug therapy for patients suffering from CML. It was revealed that the problem of CML therapy today is relevant, since every year there is an increase in the incidence of this nosology. Currently, the most significant is the prescription of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), since they have pronounced effects and are well tolerated by patients. Therapy for CML in TKIs prescription consists of several lines. Imatinib is the first line therapy because it has better safety profile. There are combinations with imatinib; for example, it is used together with interferon alfa, which allows, in some cases, to increase the response to treatment. The following drugs are used in the second line: nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, ponatinib. If TKI therapy is ineffective, it is possible to prescribe standard chemotherapy, interferon therapy, or bone marrow transplantation in the absence of contraindications. Studies are underway on the possibility of using and including in clinical guidelines such drugs as arsenic trioxide, decitabine, omacetaxime, inhibitors of farnesyl transferases, granulocyte-macrophage factors, antitumor vaccines. The analysis of SRM identified 27 trade names for TKIs, the share of domestic drugs was 60%. There were no Russian analogues for bosutinib and ponatinib in SRM, which are recommended for use in case of ineffective TKI therapy of previous lines.Conclusion. The study of drug provision for CML patients is an urgent task for pharmaceutical practice and for the healthcare system as a whole. Currently, the acute issues are the individual approach to the treatment of each CML patient considering concomitant diseases, and the search for new, more effective drugs that can increase the life expectancy and quality of life of patients suffering from this disease.

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A HOLISTIC APPROACH TOWARDS A RESILIENT FUTURE

Sustainable development has emerged as a global imperative to address the pressing challenges of environmental degradation, social inequality, and economic instability. This research paper explores the concept of sustainable development, its key principles, and the critical role it plays in shaping a resilient and prosperous future. It investigates the interconnectedness between environmental, social, and economic dimensions, highlighting the need for an integrated approach. Furthermore, the paper examines various strategies and initiatives that promote sustainable development at local, national, and international levels. It also discusses the challenges and barriers to achieving sustainable development and presents potential solutions for overcoming them. By presenting a comprehensive analysis, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable development and offers insights into its implementation across different sectors and regions.

Understanding medical professionalism using express team-based learning; a qualitative case-based study

ABSTRACT Medical Professionalism (MP) defined as values, behaviours and attitudes that promote professional relationships, public trust and patient safety is a vital competency in health profession education. MP has a distinctive uniqueness due to cultural, contextual, conceptual, and generational variations. There is no standard instructional strategy to probe the understanding of MP in a cohesive, structured, interactive manner. This study aimed to investigate undergraduate medical students’ understanding of MP using express team-based learning (e-TBL) at both campuses of Royal College of Surgeons Ireland (RCSI). Using the key principles of a sociocultural theoretical lens in adult learning theory, we designed e-TBL as a context-learning-based educational strategy. We conducted three e-TBL sessions on cross-cultural communication and health disparities, a reflective report on clinical encounters, and professionalism in practice. We collected, collated, and analyzed the student experiences qualitatively using data gathered from team-based case discussions during e-TBL sessions. A dedicated working group developed very short-answer questions for the individual readiness assurance test (IRAT) and MP-based case scenarios for team discussions. In this adapted 4-step e-TBL session, pre-class material was administered, IRAT was undertaken, and team-based discussions were facilitated, followed by facilitator feedback. A qualitative inductive thematic analysis was performed, which generated subthemes and themes illustrated in excerpts. Our thematic analysis of data from 172 students (101 from Bahrain and 71 from Dublin) yielded four unique themes: incoming professional attitudes, transformative experiences, sociological understanding of professionalism, and new professional identity formation. This qualitative study provides a deeper understanding of medical students’ perceptions of medical professionalism. The generated themes resonated with divergent and evolving elements of MP in an era of socioeconomic and cultural diversity, transformative experiences, and professional identity formation. The core elements of these themes can be integrated into the teaching of MP to prepare fit-to-practice future doctors.

How to engineer the unknown: Advancing a quantitative and predictive understanding of plant and soil biology to address climate change.

Our basic understanding of carbon cycling in the biosphere remains qualitative and incomplete, precluding our ability to effectively engineer novel solutions to climate change. How can we attempt to engineer the unknown? This challenge has been faced before in plant biology, providing a roadmap to guide future efforts. We use examples from over a century of photosynthesis research to illustrate the key principles that will set future plant engineering on a solid footing, namely, an effort to identify the key control variables, quantify the effects of systematically tuning these variables, and use theory to account for these observations. The main contributions of plant synthetic biology will stem not from delivering desired genotypes but from enabling the kind of predictive understanding necessary to rationally design these genotypes in the first place. Only then will synthetic plant biology be able to live up to its promise.

Privileged Access Management: Ensuring Security and Accountability

An essential security strategy known as Privileged Access Management (PAM) focuses on monitoring and controlling access to critical internal systems, networks, and data. This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of Privileged Access Management, examines its relevance for modern cybersecurity, and lists the key principles and components needed to develop an effective PAM program. The research also discusses the benefits and drawbacks of PAM and provides deployment best practices. Through a detailed investigation of the body of prior research, industry reports, and case studies, the study offers insights into the current state of PAM and predicted changes

Equitable global allocation of monkeypox vaccines

With the world grappling with continued spread of monkeypox internationally, vaccines play a crucial role in mitigating the harms from infection and preventing spread. However, countries with the greatest need – particularly historically endemic countries with the highest monkeypox case-fatality rates – are not able to acquire scarce vaccines. This is unjust, and requires rectification through equitable allocation of vaccines globally. We propose applying the Fair Priority Model for such allocation, which emphasizes three key principles: 1) preventing harm; 2) prioritizing the disadvantaged; and 3) treating people with equal moral concern. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEPV) has the most potential to mitigate harm, and so ensuring countries have sufficient supply for PEPV should be the first priority. And historically endemic countries, which face disadvantages that compound potential harms from monkeypox, should be the first recipients of such vaccines. Once sufficient supply is allocated for countries to apply PEPV, global allocation could move on to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), again prioritizing historically endemic countries first before distribution to the rest of the global community, based on projected number of cases and vulnerability to harm.

Sustainable Development of a Build-Up Area Taking into Account the Environmental Safety in Urban Conditions

Introduction. The sustainable design system of a built-up area requires integration of many types of information and ensuring the constant involvement of users, community members and various specialists throughout a building’s life cycle. The holistic designing approach implies focusing on the functional relationship between different parts of a building or a building complex as a whole that increases the complexity of a project. The key principle underlying sustainable buildings is an integrated design process taking into account the principles of environmental safety.The present article focuses on the analysis of the managerial and organizational methodology used by the civil engineering professionals in the context of sustainable construction. The design, management and arrangement of a construction site for a building’s reconstruction or a large scale build-up within the urban area boundaries require the development of measures and solutions for the storage and use of toxic chemicals, allocating the places for hazardous wastes collection and disposal, wastewater treatment – the results of operation of a previous structure or a building complex. All these factors need appropriate monitoring, assessment of risks and measures of ecological recovery of a land plot, in cases when the original objects and territories change their functional designation and are rebuilt into objects having impact on the environment.Materials and Methods. The development of sustainable design principles for arranging a construction site of capital construction facility on the areas that were exposed to long-term impact during the previous buildings’ and structures’ operation requires working-out the algorithms, methodology for assessment and monitoring the environmental situation on a construction site. The implementation of the present solutions requires the analysis of the sources of pollution, the duration of exposure, the nature and degree of construction site’ soil layer pollution. The development of modern managerial, organisational and technological solutions will minimise the processes of territory recovery and create sustainable construction operations.Results. As a result of the conducted research there were developed: the algorithms for assessing the ecological state of a construction site soil layer, the recommendations on the methodology for a build-up area ecological state assessment and monitoring aimed at setting the sustainable design of the organisational and technological solutions within an investment and construction project.Discussion and Conclusions. The implementation of the sustainable design processes in the investment and construction project on a build-up area soil layer preservation, the monitoring and assessment of its state enable avoiding extra costs due to the absence of the need for soil reclamation and purchase of soil of a different chemical composition from that originally formed in a particular area, and due to ensuring maximum possible preservation of vegetation.

Testing evolutionary adaptation potential under climate change in invertebrates (mostly Drosophila): findings, limitations and directions.

A (quite) large set of experiments has been undertaken to assess the potential for evolutionary changes in invertebrates under current and future climate change conditions. These experimental studies have established some key principles that could affect climate change adaptation, yet there remain substantial obstacles in reaching a meaningful predictive framework. This Review starts with exploring some of the traits considered in individuals and approaches used in assessing evolutionary adaptation relevant to climate, and some of the core findings and their substantial limitations, with a focus on Drosophila. We interpret results in terms of adaptive limits based on population processes versus fundamental mechanistic limits of organisms. We then consider the challenges in moving towards a predictive framework and implications of the findings obtained to date, while also emphasizing the current limited context and the need to broaden it if links to changes in natural populations are to be realized.

Better engineering layered vanadium oxides for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries: Going beyond widening the interlayer spacing

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as among the most promising candidates for large‐scale grid energy storage, owing to their high safety, low costs, and environmental friendliness. Over the past decade, vanadium oxides, which are exemplified by V2O5, have been widely developed as a class of cathode materials for ZIBs, where the relatively high theoretical capacity and structural stability are among the main considerations. However, there are considerable challenges in the construction of vanadium‐based ZIBs with high capacity, long lifespan, and excellent rate performance. Simple widenings of the interlayer spacing in the layered vanadium oxides by pre‐intercalations appear to have reached their limitations in improving the energy density and other key performance parameters of ZIBs, although various metal ions (Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+) and even organic cations/groups have been explored. Herein, we discuss the advances made more recently, and also the challenges faced by the high‐performance vanadium oxides (V2O5‐based) cathodes, where there are several strategies to improve their electrochemical performance ranging from the new structural designs down to sub‐nano‐scopic/molecular/atomic levels, including cation pre‐intercalation, structural water optimization, and defect engineering, to macroscopic structural modifications. The key principles for an optimal structural design of the V2O5‐based cathode materials for high energy density and fast‐charging aqueous ZIBs are examined, aiming at paving the way for developing energy storage designed for those large scales, high safety, and low‐cost systems.