Key Points Of Contention Research Articles

세종대 풍수학에 대한 인식과 그 실상 - 세종 15년(1433) ‘풍수학’ 설치 과정을 중심으로

This paper aims to explore the actual state of geomancy (pungsu, 風水) in the early 15th century and examine perceptions of geomancy from various perspectives by investigating the process of establishing the “Pungsuhak (風水學)” organization. In the seventh month of the 15th year of King Sejong (世宗)'s reign (1433), a debate arose in the court over the auspicious site of Gyeongbok-gung (景福宮) Palace, initiated by the geomancer Choi Yang-seon (崔揚善). This led to a geomantic debate in the court, reigniting the controversy over the mountain pass next to Heolleung (獻陵), which had been raised but remained unresolved in the 12th year of Sejong's reign (1430). Despite opposition from his officials, King Sejong ordered scholars from the Jiphyeonjeon to study geomantic texts to resolve the issues. He formalized the scholars' research duties by assigning them official titles and establishing the “Pungsuhak” organization. The establishment of “Pungsuhak” faced considerable opposition. The key points of contention were threefold: first, that geomancy should not be discussed in royal lectures; second, that geomancy was not a subject worthy of the king's personal study; and third, that the Jiphyeonjeon should not be engaged in the study of geomancy. King Sejong countered these objections by citing Zhu Xi (朱熹)'s example, arguing that discussing geomancy was not beyond the scope of a Confucian scholar's duties, and he proceeded with the research through the “Pungsuhak” organization. At the time, two other organizations oversaw geomancy: the Seoun-gwan (書雲觀), an administrative body, and the Yin-Yang Studies (陰陽學) of the Ten Schools (十學), an organization responsible for education and examinations. However, when the geomantic debate arose, Sejong chose not to utilize these existing organizations but instead established the “Pungsuhak” organization, entrusting the scholars of Jiphyeonjeon with the study of geomancy. Consequently, the geomancy departments within the Seoun-gwan and Yin-Yang Studies remained in a disadvantaged position.

출소자 긴급지원 문제점 및 전달체계 개선방안 연구

This study proposes alternatives for improving the delivery system of emergency welfare support for ex-prisoners, particularly suggesting ways to integrate the emergency support system with the rehabilitative welfare system. The aim is to propose alternatives for ex-prisoners' independence and recidivism prevention. Based on existing research data, this study explores the current status, trends, and operational issues of emergency welfare support. It identifies issues and key points of contention in emergency welfare support for ex-prisoners. Drawing from this analysis, the study aims to present policy alternatives and development strategies to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the emergency welfare support system for ex-prisoners.
 The study results reveal a continuous and sharp increase in the number of cases and the amount of support provided through the emergency welfare support. Among these, the number of support cases for ex-prisoners has drastically risen from 1,135 cases in 2014 to 49,513 cases in 2020. Given the nature of the emergency support system, the entire process, from application-related investigations to decisions, disbursement management, and post-assessment, is carried out by dedicated personnel in a one-stop delivery system. This has led to burdens on frontline local government agencies due to heavy workloads and stresses from public complaints. Notably, many challenges have been raised concerning support for ex-prisoners.
 Consequently, this study aims to discuss integrated community services by proposing a delivery system and case management system linkage and improvement approach with the Korea Rehabilitation Agency responsible for ex-prisoners' recidivism prevention and social integration.

The Theology of Sergius Bulgakov by Robert F. Slesinski

Reviewed by: The Theology of Sergius Bulgakov by Robert F. Slesinski Harry Moore Robert F. Slesinski. The Theology of Sergius Bulgakov. (New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2017. 280 pp. The past twenty years have witnessed a remarkable surge of interest in the theology of Fr. Sergei Bulgakov. Robert F. Slesinski's The Theology of Sergius Bulgakov is thus a timely addition to this particular inter-denominational renaissance. Slesinski has not only demonstrated an unmatched understanding of Orthodoxy's most eclectic and highly speculative theologian, but has brought a wealth of critique to the fore. Having already established himself as a specialist in Russian religious thought with his doctoral thesis on Pavel Florensky, Slesinski now turns to Florensky's more systematic yet controversial contemporary, delving deep into his elaborate and often perplexing theological reflections. After a short biographical outline of Bulgakov's development as a theologian, chapters 2 and 3 deal with his thoughts on Divine Wisdom and their key points of contention. Slesinski first outlines the historical development of Sophiology with reference to Florensky and Vladimir Solov'ev, before presenting Bulgakov's own original conception of Sophia as "a principle that engenders the transformation of society from within" (47). Sophia's multi-faceted existence is accurately distilled in these chapters; this includes Sophia as Divine–Human mediator, as natural beauty, as human creativity, as the "world-soul," and as the "proto-image of all creation" (53), with the latter idea receiving more detailed examination in chapter 10, "A Sophiological Conception of Creation." Some of the more traditional weaknesses in Bulgakov's thought are also discussed here, such as its determinism and impersonalism, along with the well-known accusation that Sophia is simply a "fourth hypostasis" (50). Specific attention is paid in the opening chapters to the notion of Sophia as an organic teleological principle in contrast to a mechanical, causal principle, one that Slesinski ascribes to Cartesian philosophy. Most importantly however, Slesinski launches a sustained attack on Bulgakov's "especially impoverished" view of causality (150). Contra Bulgakov, he maintains that the category of causality is not simply mechanical, but is in fact a "primary datum of experience," and eventually equates the sophianic creative act to a scholastic causa exemplaris (56). However, the decisive theoretical grounding for Bulgakov's rejection of causality, as established by Vladimir Solov'ev in his influential philosophical writings, is unfortunately not included in the debate. The following four chapters (4–8) examine Bulgakov's "Little Trilogy." The discussion here reveals the theologian's striking originality in the areas of Angelology, Mariology, and the study of John the Forerunner. In a similar vein to earlier treatments of these more devotional texts, the analysis is dominated by Catholic–Orthodox polemic. Slesinski's arguments here tend to focus on areas of confessional dispute such as the dogma of the Immaculate Conception (85–104) and the veneration of Saint Joseph (80–84). On the whole, Slesinski is convinced that Bulgakov has deeply misunderstood Catholic teachings, specifically the work of Thomas Aquinas. He claims that the Russian theologian postulates a "gross caricature of Catholic theology" (126). However, the author does not dwell on this caricature and instead attempts a "catholicization" of Bulgakov, not only by drawing specific attention to his early "flirtations with Catholicism" (31), but by asserting that his theology actually aligns with areas of Aquinas' Summa Theologica, more specifically concerning the Creator as the principle of the world's being, and the Holy Spirit as the "bridge of Love" (200). Most interestingly, Slesinski rethinks the Immaculate Conception as itself [End Page 217] a sophianic dogma (172). However, in some places the susceptibility of Bulgakov's Orthodox theology to this "catholicization" is surely overstated. For example, Slesinski's assumption that "Catholics and Orthodox subscribe to the same ontological understanding of sanctification" (95) overlooks the specificities of the Orthodox understanding of Theosis, and the typically Orthodox disputes surrounding Gregory Palamas and Barlaam of Seminara. Furthermore, the question as to whether the Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception would reduce the significance of the incarnation is not addressed. The following three chapters (9–11), along with chapters 13 and 14, focus on the "Greater Trilogy," and introduce the reader to Bulgakov...

Designing Policy Mixes for Resource Efficiency: The Role of Public Acceptability

Where the public acceptability of a policy can influence its chance of success, it is important to anticipate and mitigate potential concerns. This paper applies search frequency analysis and a form of claims-making analysis to identify public acceptability concerns among fourteen policies proposed by the EU-funded DYNAMIX project to achieve EU resource efficiency. Key points of contention in the corresponding public discourses focus primarily on trust, fairness, effectiveness and cost. We use our findings to provide specific recommendations for the design and implementation of the proposed policy mix which are intended to improve the public acceptability of contentious aspects, and highlight some broader insights for policymakers.

Contemporary Discourses of Green Political Economy: A Q Method Analysis

ABSTRACTFor over two decades, the concept of sustainable development has been salient in political discourse. But its promise of reconciling economic development, social welfare, and environmental sustainability has proven rather elusive. In recent years, we've seen numerous competing concepts emerge in debates about sustainable economic development. While many advance ideas of a green economy and green growth, others talk about wellbeing, gross national happiness, inclusive wealth, harmony with nature, de-growth, steady-state economy, and buenvivir (living well). This rhetorical diversity shows that there is no single vision for reconciling environmental sustainability and economic development. But the varied terminology itself obscures actual points of agreement and disagreement. This article reports on a bilingual ‘Q study’ of international debates about sustainable economic development. It reveals that three discourses underpin these debates: Radical Transformationism; Cooperative Reformism; and Statist Progressivism. The article dissects these discourses and contextualizes their key points of contention in wider sustainability debates over the past two decades.

Raising the Stakes: More Electronic Gaming Machines equals how many more problem gamblers?

In the administration of the New South Wales Gaming Machines Act 2001, a small ‘industry’ developed around the preparation and appraisal of Social Impact Assessments (SIAs) required to accompany any application for additional Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs) in clubs or hotels. The two-tiered structure permitted a simple process, known as Class 1, for small-increase applications. However the more complex Class 2 process required for larger applications was slow, costly and contentious. One of the key points of contention in this process was assessing the extent of problem gambling impacts that might be associated with a localised increase in EGMs, ordinarily expressed as an estimate of the increase in problem gamblers. As a consequence of this inefficient process, subsequent legislation sought to eliminate these contested aspects. This paper examines the available evidence on this policy approach and its effectiveness, focusing on the specific aspect of estimating incremental impacts arising from regulatory decisions, which serve to demonstrate the shortcomings of the system. The evidence presented extends to the application of a mathematical model developed for assessing outcomes in the SIA process. This model has some value as a tool in assessing regulatory outcomes in situations where marginal changes can alter externalised impacts.

The TBT Panels: US–Cloves, US–Tuna, US–COOL

AbstractIn a series of controversial 2011 decisions, WTO DSM Panels sought to reconcile legitimate regulatory interests of the state with various obligations to treat imported products in an even-handed and not unnecessarily trade-restrictive manner. Among the key points of contention were which obligation pertained in each case – national treatment, limits on technical regulations, or rules governing standards. In each case, the Panel imposed significant restrictions on national regulatory practices, and in each case the Panel reasoning was challenged by the Appellate Body. This paper addresses some of the key legal and economic issues raised in the original Panel decisions, leaving the late-breaking Appellate Body decisions for future analysis. Given the unsettled nature of the terrain, the economic analysis focuses primarily on the question of national treatment, while the legal analysis deals with other interesting points that emerge from these rulings, such as the appropriate level of deference to international standards and the legitimacy of labeling requirements.

Migration, Informalization and Public Space in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

In this paper, I ask how migrant insertion into the local economy, in particular in the informal economy, has led to contestation over public space in Santa Cruz. Related to this issue, the paper asks what sorts of collective actions are used to defend rights to the use of urban public space, and what are the key points of contention. In my analysis, I look at theoretical connections between the informal economy and urban space, recent changes in the Santa Cruz local economy ‒including accelerated migration and the burgeoning informal economy‒ and conflicts over uses of public urban space.

Changing Politics of Federal Health Insurance Programs

In 1965, when Medicare and Medicaid were enacted, concern about access to the health care system for the elderly and poor overrode concerns about cost. The legislation focused on removing financial barriers to health care for these groups, and implementation of the legislation was a matter of reaching agreements with hospitals and physicians over reimbursement and administrative procedures with the objective of insuring that health care resources would be available to the beneficiaries of these new federal health insurance programs (Wolkstein, 1984).Ideological conflict and the alignment of interest groups are central to understanding the politics of Medicare. The intense disagreement over public versus private financing of medical care, and of universal coverage versus covering only the needy (i.e., social insurance versus charity), were key points of contention that established the context within which Medicare and Medicaid were developed, debated and enacted. Labor unions led the liberal organizations and those representing the elderly in advocating a universal, non-income tested federal health insurance system. The American Medical Association (AMA) led the health industry, business and conservative groups in opposing federal financing of personal health care. The intense opposition of the health providers and political conservatives to a universal federal insurance system led the national health insurance advocates to shift to an incremental strategy, the objective of which was to achieve a universal federal health insurance program in stages, beginning with a payroll-tax-financed Medicare program covering all (not just low income) elderly who were eligible for social security pension benefits.

Changing Politics of Federal Health Insurance Programs

In 1965, when Medicare and Medicaid were enacted, concern about access to the health care system for the elderly and poor overrode concerns about cost. The legislation focused on removing financial barriers to health care for these groups, and implementation of the legislation was a matter of reaching agreements with hospitals and physicians over reimbursement and administrative procedures with the objective of insuring that health care resources would be available to the beneficiaries of these new federal health insurance programs (Wolkstein, 1984).Ideological conflict and the alignment of interest groups are central to understanding the politics of Medicare. The intense disagreement over public versus private financing of medical care, and of universal coverage versus covering only the needy (i.e., social insurance versus charity), were key points of contention that established the context within which Medicare and Medicaid were developed, debated and enacted. Labor unions led the liberal organizations and those representing the elderly in advocating a universal, non-income tested federal health insurance system. The American Medical Association (AMA) led the health industry, business and conservative groups in opposing federal financing of personal health care. The intense opposition of the health providers and political conservatives to a universal federal insurance system led the national health insurance advocates to shift to an incremental strategy, the objective of which was to achieve a universal federal health insurance program in stages, beginning with a payroll-tax-financed Medicare program covering all (not just low income) elderly who were eligible for social security pension benefits.

Changing Politics of Federal Health Insurance Programs

In 1965, when Medicare and Medicaid were enacted, concern about access to the health care system for the elderly and poor overrode concerns about cost. The legislation focused on removing financial barriers to health care for these groups, and implementation of the legislation was a matter of reaching agreements with hospitals and physicians over reimbursement and administrative procedures with the objective of insuring that health care resources would be available to the beneficiaries of these new federal health insurance programs (Wolkstein, 1984).Ideological conflict and the alignment of interest groups are central to understanding the politics of Medicare. The intense disagreement over public versus private financing of medical care, and of universal coverage versus covering only the needy (i.e., social insurance versus charity), were key points of contention that established the context within which Medicare and Medicaid were developed, debated and enacted. Labor unions led the liberal organizations and those representing the elderly in advocating a universal, non-income tested federal health insurance system. The American Medical Association (AMA) led the health industry, business and conservative groups in opposing federal financing of personal health care. The intense opposition of the health providers and political conservatives to a universal federal insurance system led the national health insurance advocates to shift to an incremental strategy, the objective of which was to achieve a universal federal health insurance program in stages, beginning with a payroll-tax-financed Medicare program covering all (not just low income) elderly who were eligible for social security pension benefits.