Key Reference Point Research Articles

History of Archaeological Work and Attitudes Towards Antiquities at Uruk

Uruk, also known as Warka, is an ancient Mesopotamian site in modern Iraq that has been the focus of archaeological exploration for over 165 years. Excavations at Uruk have revealed cultural remains from the Eridu period (ca. 5000 BCE) until the Parthian and Sasanian periods (ca. first and second centuries CE). The site is a key point of reference for understanding the development of early urbanisation, writing, architecture, production, and social structure. Over 165 years, changing politics, methods of archaeology and attitudes towards antiquities have affected the way the site was handled. My project focuses on those critical changes which reveal the evolution of archaeology from a Western-dominated affair to a more inclusive practice. In this presentation, I will discuss and evaluate the history of archaeological work and attitudes towards antiquities at Uruk with an emphasis on the teams that excavated there, their methods of excavation, the conditions of the permits they were given, and significant finds and their subsequent distribution. The analysis will be divided into historical time periods (from the Ottoman Period to Iraq after the US-led invasion of 2003) based on the modern history of this region. Governmental and professional policies are also explored in regard to antiquities laws, methods of archaeology and local versus foreign involvement.

Introduction

Introduction

Melacak Skeptisisme dalam Islam Klasik

The skepticism referred to in this paper is different from the skepticism commonly known in ancient Greece. Skepticism in Islam is never isolated, but rather is a key reference point where theological questions are debated endlessly. For centuries, Muslim scholars have faced puzzling questions of a theological and philosophical nature. Their inability to answer such questions requires a paradigm shift in a new approach to religious thought. This research is intended to track how skepticism is in classical Islam, by using descriptive methods as well as historical analysis. In this study, it was found that skepticism in classical Islam became an approach in scientific and religious studies as well as a tool for scientific discipline systems test, even though skepticism was not fully institutionalized or became a form of flow. Previously, the study of skepticism in classical Islam was only limited to the thoughts of one figure, so this paper takes several case studies of figures. Skepticism in classical Islamdivided into four periods, starting from the ninth century to the twelfth century. The ninth century was marked by debates about the position of God by anthropomorphic groups with the Jahmiyah. The tenth century was marked by debates and mutual claims of truth between religions. The eleventh century was marked by al-Ghazali's critics on philosophers. Then the twelfth century was marked by Ibn Taimiyah's critics on logic, Christianity and Sufism.

Melacak Skeptisisme dalam Islam Klasik

The skepticism referred to in this paper is different from the skepticism commonly known in ancient Greece. Skepticism in Islam is never isolated, but rather is a key reference point where theological questions are debated endlessly. For centuries, Muslim scholars have faced puzzling questions of a theological and philosophical nature. Their inability to answer such questions requires a paradigm shift in a new approach to religious thought. This research is intended to track how skepticism is in classical Islam, by using descriptive methods as well as historical analysis. In this study, it was found that skepticism in classical Islam became an approach in scientific and religious studies as well as a tool for scientific discipline systems test, even though skepticism was not fully institutionalized or became a form of flow. Previously, the study of skepticism in classical Islam was only limited to the thoughts of one figure, so this paper takes several case studies of figures. Skepticism in classical Islamdivided into four periods, starting from the ninth century to the twelfth century. The ninth century was marked by debates about the position of God by anthropomorphic groups with the Jahmiyah. The tenth century was marked by debates and mutual claims of truth between religions. The eleventh century was marked by al-Ghazali's critics on philosophers. Then the twelfth century was marked by Ibn Taimiyah's critics on logic, Christianity and Sufism.

Franco-British Relations and Rivalries: One-upmanship, Schadenfreude and the Weight of History

The relations between Britain and France (taken here at the inter-state and governmental level for the most part) have consistently been unable to break free of previous conflicts and rivalries, however distant they may have been. Memories of these, even long after the event, have frequently been key points of reference and have served to weigh down on the diplomatic, as well as the popular, relations between the two countries. This is reinforced by their deep-rooted rivalry, often relating to the two countries’ shared past, that has often blocked the efforts to work effectively together, no matter how deep their common interests. The concept of schadenfreude seems particularly relevant here to the record of Franco-British relations.These questions are studied with particular reference to two broad periods allowing an analysis of the evolution of Franco-British relations in the light of these concepts. Firstly, the post-second world war period up to the end of the 1960s. These years were particularly difficult ones for Franco-British relations and also saw an important shift in the balance between the two countries. Against the background of European construction, and still very much in the wake of the events of the war which did so much (and which still do so much today) to influence how the two countries saw one another, both British and French leaders made constant references to the record, recent and more distant, of Franco-British relations. Secondly, the paper addresses the more recent ways in which references to past rivalries have continued to have a negative impact on Franco-British relations, up to and including the debate around Brexit.

Pandemic: The Spanish Flu in Australia 1918–1920 by Ian W. Shaw

Reviewed by: Pandemic: The Spanish Flu in Australia 1918–1920 by Ian W. Shaw Heather Battles (bio) Ian W. Shaw, Pandemic: The Spanish Flu in Australia 1918–1920 (Warriewood, NSW: Woodslane Press, 2020). ISBN: 978-1-925868-44-9 (PB). 8 B&W photographs. vi + 271 pp. The centenary of the 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 have sparked widespread public and scholarly interest in the responses to and experiences of the 1918 flu and what lessons it may offer us today. Published in 2020—the first year of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, Pandemic: The Spanish Flu in Australia 1918–1920 explores the Australian experience, focusing on actions taken by differing levels of government (federal, state, municipal), and the varying responses and experiences among Australia’s states. The book seeks in part to address the question of why Australia’s 1918 mortality was so much lower than much of the rest of the world. These events are illustrated through stories of individuals who shaped these responses and experiences, from government officials, public servants, and medical professionals to community volunteer groups and their individual unnamed volunteers. Shaw argues that it was, in large part, through the actions of such individuals that Australia came through the pandemic with comparatively lower impact. The book consists of fourteen chapters (an introduction and thirteen main chapters) plus a brief appendix and a note on sources. The first half of the book focuses on the lead-up to the arrival of pandemic influenza in Australia, covering how the country prepared and some of the early outbreaks in quarantine facilities. The second half of the book examines the actions taken by the different levels of government, particularly comparing the responses and experiences of each state or region, beginning with New South Wales (NSW) and ending with Tasmania and, at the other end of the country, Thursday Island in the Torres Strait. In these latter chapters, Shaw assesses each state’s response; NSW is singled out for the greatest praise, while Victoria is judged fairly harshly. A key reference point throughout the book is a conference held in November 1918 in Melbourne, in which the Commonwealth and states agreed to a series of recommendations to address an anticipated outbreak of pandemic flu—and a key theme [End Page 194] is that this agreement subsequently broke down. In “Chapter 13: Post-Mortem”, Shaw concludes with a discussion of the research and assessments of the origins and impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic since 1920. He compares Australian flu mortality rates to flu mortality estimates elsewhere, while noting that these rates varied within countries. Shaw gives the mortality rate for Australia as less than 3 per 1,000 population, lower than that of the European population in neighboring New Zealand (5 per 1,000) and of England (4.3 per 1,000). He also notes that mortality was certainly much higher in Australia’s Indigenous population and that the official figures are undercounts. This chapter also details what happened to some of the individuals profiled in the book after the pandemic ended (or to their surviving family members). He ends with some reflections on the parallels between the 1918 flu experience and COVID-19, noting that there may be lessons that can be applied to the next pandemic. Shaw is a former teacher and security consultant who has worked as a nonfiction writer full-time during the past decade. He has published eight previous books on Australian history based on historical and archival materials, with a frequent focus on military-related events and two books specifically on the experiences of Australian nurses. This background is evident in his particular attention in this book to the actions of Australian nurses and the military in relation to the 1918 flu outbreak in the Pacific and at the Australian border. The book draws largely on historical newspaper content from the National Library of Australia’s Trove database, as well as from some archival materials and secondary sources. This is not an academic history, in that there is an overall lack of engagement with historical scholarship, with very limited citations. This includes limited references to other historical work on...

‘Contemporary Classicism’ Copy of a Copy: Appropriating Classical Statues as Conceptual Readymades

Conceptual readymades – a contemporary artist’s use of a classical work selected as a key point of reference taken out of time – have developed in recent years as part of contemporary art’s appropriation of Greco-Roman statuary. This investigation argues that a contemporary artist’s use of the classical does not represent ‘copies’ but cultural readymades. Contemporary digital and sculptural work foregrounding the classical sheds light on the parallel phenomenon whereby Roman re-interpretations of Greek sculpture may have been equivalent to contemporary classicism. Contemporary case studies featuring digital media, generative art, and sculpture are approached both from the perspective of what they can reveal about contemporary art’s use of the classical and what contemporary art’s use of classical sculpture can suggest about Roman reinterpretations as cultural readymades. Remade as part of contemporary art, classical sculpture is uniquely positioned as an accessible point of reference with which to comment on our own time by concurrently reframing the past.

Understanding digital disconnection beyond media studies

Digital disconnection or ‘digital detox’ has become a key reference point for media scholars interested in how media technology increasingly gains influence on our everyday lives. Digital disconnection from intrusive media is often intertwined with other types of human conduct, which is less highlighted. There is a potential for media scholars to engage with what seems to be a mainstreaming of digital disconnection from self-help literature via mobile applications to media activism and public debate. In this article, we therefore aim to examine digital disconnection beyond media studies by distilling five common positions: disconnection as health, concentration, existentiality, freedom and sustainability. An underlying theme in all five positions appears to be the notion of responsibilisation, although some of the positions attempt to portray disconnection as a way to ultimately resist such responsibilisation. The article thus aims to spur media scholars to treat digital disconnection as part of broader cultural trends.

Steven Hutchinson. Frontier Narratives: Liminal Lives in the Early Modern Mediterranean

Steven Hutchinson. <i>Frontier Narratives: Liminal Lives in the Early Modern Mediterranean</i>

Interrupting Everyday Life

The Freudian slip has become a key reference point for our contemporary understanding of the human psyche. An underlying urge makes its way to the surface, interrupting a conversation and exposing our hidden desires. While there is an extended body of research addressing these so-called psychic mechanisms, little attention has been devoted to the actual moment of embarrassment that takes place: the moment in which the slip occurs, and the distinct socio-cultural moment that shapes Freud's case studies. For Freud himself, the context is fin de siècle Vienna, a period labelled as a version of modernity caught in the tension between cultural productivity and interpersonal alienation. The first recorded occurrence of the Freudian slip was when Freud himself suffered the unfathomable humiliation of not remembering the name of the painter Signorelli, thus embarking on a complex explanation of the various unconscious mechanisms at play. In ‘Interrupting everyday life: The socio-cultural dimension of the Freudian slip’, Ruth Schor revisits these early case studies with the help of an iconic guidebook, revealing a telling first account of a well-known glitch as part of an indicative study of a legendary cultural milieu.

EXAMINING COMPETENCE IN ACTION RESEARCH OF BASIC EDUCATION TEACHERS IN CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

Background and Purpose: This study examined the self-perceived competence in action research components of basic education teachers in Cebu City as one form of identifying their challenges in doing AR. The results aimed to provide baseline information for the planned professional development program.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methodology: It employed a sequential explanatory design (QUAN→qual). It is characterized by collecting and analyzing quantitative data in the primary phase and then by collecting and analyzing qualitative data. There were 166 teachers who participated in the online survey. These teachers previously underwent professional development programs in designing AR projects, and two-thirds did an AR. Using their responses, they were grouped through a hierarchical clustering technique to create distinct groups of teachers sharing the similarity of competence or needs in the AR components. The cluster analysis yields four groups. Eventually, eight teachers were interviewed regarding their responses, which means two teachers represented each cluster.&#x0D; &#x0D; Findings: For very few teachers in cluster one (n=4), they regard selecting AR topic, planning the project, analyzing and presenting data, and integrating ethics as areas of non-difficulty while integrating technology, reflecting on AR, and communicating results as areas of difficulty. For the majority of the teachers belonging in cluster 2 (n=76), cluster 3 (n=37), and cluster 4 (n=49), all AR components are regarded as difficult, indicating all are critical areas for professional development.&#x0D; Contributions: A conventional way of conducting needs assessment of teachers’ competence in AR as a basis for professional development program is done through calculating the mean and standard deviation per AR competence or skills of all teachers participating in a survey. However, this method disregards the individual professional needs of teachers as it presents the general level of competence in each skill set. The professional needs may vary from one teacher to another. Thus, this study presents a novel way of examining teachers’ needs in AR by using cluster analysis to homogenously group participants according to the similarity of their responses or professional needs. This gives key reference points on which AR skills need to be improved for teachers belonging to the same group when planning a teacher development program in AR.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Action research, competence, in-service teacher, professional development, teacher research.&#x0D; &#x0D; Cite as: Cortes, S. T., Pineda, H. A., &amp; Geverola, I. J. R. (2021). Examining competence in action research of basic education teachers in Cebu city, Philippines. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(2), 202-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp202-230

A Guide to Doppler Ultrasound Analysis of the Face in Cosmetic Medicine. Part 1: Standard Positions.

Interest in Doppler ultrasound (DUS) analysis of the face has grown in cosmetic medicine, in particular for injectable fillers. When dealing with complications, DUS has the advantage of easily visualizing the filler and identifying the problem in relation to the patient's anatomy. When working with hyaluronic acid filler, ultrasound-guided injections with hyaluronidase can precisely target the problem. In addition, DUS can be used to study the anatomy of a patient, specifically to prevent intravascular injections. We predict that in a few years' time DUS will become standard equipment in the offices of cosmetic doctors. We discuss the basics of ultrasound imaging of different tissues with the concomitant terminology. With the use of 7 basic DUS probe positions, key anatomic reference points can be easily found. From these, all relevant anatomic structures in the face can be observed and analyzed. With some practice, physicians will ultimately be able to acquire a complete 3-dimensional mental image of a patient's face.

OCCLUSAL PLANE ORIENTATION IN PATIENTS WITH DENTOFACIAL ANOMALIES BASED ON MORPHOMETRIC CRANIO-FACIAL MEASUREMENT

Based on 79 lateral projection head teleroentgenograms obtained from relatively young patients (median age, 37.4±4.3), we have developed a method for the occlusal plane orientation in view of cranio-facial anatomical reference points. As stable anthropometric reference points, we employed the gnathic angle shaped by the spinal and mandibular planes, as well as the interalveolar angle, where the subspinal Downs point and the supramental point were employed as retention elements. When reconstructing the occlusal plane in patients with dentoalveolar anomalies, the construction of the bisector of the interalveolar angle was explained as a key reference point, which allows diagnosing occlusion anomalies in the vertical direction (symmetrical and asymmetric) not only in the lateral, yet also in the frontal segment of the dental arches. The method developed for constructing the occlusal plane does not depend on the position of the incisors and the second permanent molars, which can be used to identify the vertical deformation of the dental arches.

Разрыв связей в репрезентациях взаимодействия Я – Другой как предиктор экстремистского поведения

The article presents the results of theoretical reflection of various psychological mechanisms (automating conformism, deindividualization, depersonalization), the essence of which boils down to the loss of a person’s own self as a key reference point in the construction and cognition of the social world. It is shown that the personal I is supplanted by the hypertrophied We as an attributive property of group consciousness, which is based on the idea of being chosen and superior. It is argued that the functioning of the listed mechanisms leads to the gap of connections in personal representations of I – Other interaction as the fundamental basis of sociality, increasing the risks of actualizing the extremist behavior of the individual. It has been established that the breaking of ties is due to the personality’s lack of need and desire to distinguish between oneself and the Other, the loss of the ability to feel the Other and empathize with him, which actualizes indifference to the in-group Other, disgust and cruelty towards the outgroup Other, and also leads to a reduction in the ability to know oneself through the Other, to enter into a dialogue with him and to amplify one’s own development and self-knowledge. The applied aspect of the problem under study is the possibility of using the results of the analysis for the development of preventive socio-psychological programs and trainings aimed at preventing extremism, terrorism and religious radicalism in the youth environment.

Homo Religiosus Федора Достоевского: Между Sacrum и Profanum, Россией и Европой

Eu rope has always remained one of the key points of reference in the process of world-view self-determination of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Without taking into account the nature, meaning and evolution of its relationship to Europe, it becomes impossible to describe and explain the overall dynamics of Dostoyevsky’s thought and attitude, as well as his proposed historiosophical view of Russia’s history and the history of the world. All of them assumed a three-phase conceptualization of time, typical of religious thinking, including: 1. primary unity, 2. state of alienation and internal tearing, and 3. a repeat, mature unity. It is, therefore, necessary to consider the legitimacy of understanding and explaining Dostoyevsky’s intellectual identity and attitude in terms of homo religiosus. In order to fully recognize the structure and evolution of his thoughts, it is worth taking advantage of the cognitive opportunities offered by the post-Kantian theoretical perspective. In the proposed approach, avoiding the ontologisation of explanatory schemes, one can not only more adequately define the status of Russia and Europe in the Russian-general perspective fulfilment of the, but also to recognize the postulating de facto status of the Dostoyevsky concept, which is a kind of equivalent to the Kantian demands of practical reason.

Analysis of international experience in the field of building information modelling of transport infrastructure objects

In this paper, the authors consider the current state and level of implementation of building information modeling applied to transport infrastructure at the stages of their life cycle in Russia and abroad. Possible prerequisites for the transfer of knowledge and technologies of building information modeling from the civil and industrial facilities to the field of transport construction are highlighted according to the accumulated experience in the design, construction and operation of such facilities in various countries and Russia. Special emphasis is placed on examples of the world’s largest implemented or ongoing projects for the construction of transport infrastructure. The experience of implementing these projects was analyzed from the point of view of the software used in relation to all stages of the life cycle of transport infrastructure objects: design, construction and subsequent operation. The prospects for the development of data exchange formats in the context of the existing problem of mutual integration of BIM and GIS for transport infrastructure objects to ensure their complementarity and compatibility are also considered. The functional levels of the use of various software within the framework of companies implementing project activities using information modeling technologies are highlighted. A list of criteria characterizing the level of information modeling technologies integration to transport infrastructure objects into the activities of participants in the life cycle of these objects is highlighted. A review of the regulatory framework of information modeling in construction in Russia is carried out, and the main differences in this area with the regulatory regulation of this area in the European Union are noted. Conclusions are made about the key reference points for the development of information modeling of transport infrastructure facilities on a national scale, leading customer companies and contractors.

Early Music Recordings as Mythography: Monteverdi and the ‘Other’ Vespers

In 1989, at St Mark’s Basilica in Venice, John Eliot Gardiner conducted and recorded Claudio Monteverdi’s Marian Vespers, published in 1610. Despite the print’s dedication to Pope Paul V, the three-year gap between the print being issued and Monteverdi taking up the post of maestro di cappella at St Mark’s and the considerable stylistic diversity of the pieces contained in that print, Gardiner considers Monteverdi’s Vespers as one coherent whole, for which the Venetian basilica was the target venue. Gardiner’s project has undoubtedly played a major role in how present-day audiences conceive of the 1610 Vespers. It has thus made a permanent mark on contemporary musical culture, as evidenced by the numerous reissues of the 1989 album and, most of all, productions by other musicians that associate the 1610 Vespers with St Mark’s. This article discusses the concept of ‘Monteverdi’s Vespers’ as represented in contemporary record releases of the composer’s works. This concept refers both to Monteverdi’s Vespro della Beata Vergine, published in 1610, and to various modern compilations of his works which musicians, musicologists and producers refer to as ‘Vespers’. The great wealth of Vespers-related pieces held in libraries and archives still considerably outweighs the number of performances and recordings of those works. Monteverdi’s Vespers, on the other hand, make up the majority of existing recordings of seventeenth-century polyphonic Vespers and thus constitute a key point of reference. I analyse around 500 albums (not only with Vespers music) released between 1952 and 2019, focussing on their iconographic and typographic content, as well as their graphic designs, in an attempt to show how the modern vision of this repertoire came to be formed and what persons and places are associated with this current in the history of early music recording.

Формирование культурной идентичности России и Запада в контексте трансформации форм антично-христианского синтеза

The focus of this paper is on two variants of transformation of forms of ancient Christian synthesis – Western, European and Eastern, represented by the Russian Orthodox civilization. Christianity is the “core” of both European and Russian cultures, which is why this issue is so important and relevant. The author considers the concept of A.F. Losev in which two modifications of Platonism – varlaamism and palamism – are identified as key forms of ancient Christian synthesis, and examines the influence of the concepts of Barlaam of Calabria and Gregory Palamas on the formation of the identity of European and Russian cultures. Also, in the context of this topic, the study by A.G. Glinchikova, who singles out the theories of Augustine Aurelius and Dionysius the Areopagite as the dominant forms of the ancient Christian synthesis, is analyzed. On the whole, the work reflects the key reference points of the above theories that influence the formation of the cultural identity of Russia and the West.

Upper Eyelid Ptosis Correction with Levator Advancement in Asian Patients using the Musculoaponeurotic Junction of the Levator as the Key Reference Point.

Upper eyelid ptosis correction is a complex procedure. The ethnic differences in the Asian upper eyelid anatomy are compounded by the technical challenges of primary and revision ptosis correction. The authors present a technique of upper eyelid ptosis correction that estimates the exact location of suture fixation that uses the musculoaponeurotic junction of the levator as the reference point. The preoperative considerations in determining the fixation point relative to the musculoaponeurotic junction include the following: A, the extent of ptosis correction needed; B, the degree of compensatory brow elevation with eye opening; and C, eye dominance. The benefits of this approach are the shortened operative time because of more precise preoperative planning and greater predictability and reproducibility of the results. The authors have found that this technique produced consistent and superior results for ptosis correction in Asian patients.

Stock dynamics and predator–prey effects of Atlantic bonito and bluefish as top predators in the Black Sea

AbstractThis study uses surplus production model-based methods to assess data-poor stocks and estimate key reference points for Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Black Sea. Our results demonstrate that the catch maximum sustainable yield (CMSY) method, using catch data only, yields similar results to the more accurate Bayesian Schaefer model (BSM) method, fitted with commercial catch-per-unit-of-effort data, and therefore is suitable in assessing data-poor stocks. We explore the ecological impacts of the two stocks on other commercial species and compare impacts of predation and fishing. Prior to 1995, the consumption of bonito and bluefish on anchovy, horse mackerel, and sprat exceeded the removal of those prey species by the fisheries. Later on, the trends reversed, with catches of prey species becoming more than three times higher than their predation by bonito and bluefish. Horse mackerel, the main prey of bluefish, has declined to critical levels since 1995, which is likely contributing to the general decline in bluefish, along with overfishing. Heavy fishing of bonito and bluefish has caused their current depleted states and combined with their significant impact on prey fish contributed to the ecosystem regime shift in the Black Sea. Due to the present steady positioning of low stock regimes, the recovery of the two stocks need decisive and possibly prolonged rebuilding measures, including a reduction in fishing pressure, efficient control of under-sized catch, and ensuring sufficient prey biomass availability.