Key Ideas Research Articles

Peak Demand Minimization via Sliced Strip Packing

We study the Non-preemptive Peak Demand Minimization (NPDM) problem, where we are given a set of jobs, specified by their processing times and energy requirements. The goal is to schedule all jobs within a fixed time period such that the peak load (the maximum total energy requirement at any time) is minimized. This problem has recently received significant attention due to its relevance in smart-grids. Theoretically, the problem is related to the classical strip packing problem (SP). In SP, a given set of axis-aligned rectangles must be packed into a fixed-width strip, such that the height of the strip is minimized. NPDM can be modeled as strip packing with slicing and stacking constraint: each rectangle may be cut vertically into multiple slices and the slices may be packed into the strip as individual pieces. The stacking constraint forbids solutions where two slices of the same rectangle are intersected by the same vertical line. Non-preemption enforces the slices to be placed in contiguous horizontal locations (but may be placed at different vertical locations). We obtain a (5/3+varepsilon )-approximation algorithm for the problem. We also provide an asymptotic efficient polynomial-time approximation scheme (AEPTAS) which generates a schedule for almost all jobs with energy consumption (1+varepsilon ) {textrm{OPT}}. The remaining jobs fit into a thin container of height 1. This AEPTAS is used as a subroutine to acquire the (5/3+varepsilon )-approximation algorithm. The previous best result for NPDM was a 2.7-approximation based on FFDH (Ranjan et al., in: 2015 IEEE symposium on computers and communication (ISCC), pp 758–763, IEEE, 2015). One of our key ideas is providing several new lower bounds on the optimal solution of a geometric packing, which could be useful in other related problems. These lower bounds help us to obtain approximative solutions based on Steinberg’s algorithm in many cases. In addition, we show how to split schedules generated by the AEPTAS into few segments and to rearrange the corresponding jobs to insert the thin container mentioned above, such that it does not exceed the bound of (5/3+varepsilon ) {textrm{OPT}}.

Explainable artificial intelligence: A taxonomy and guidelines for its application to drug discovery

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is having a growing impact in many areas related to drug discovery. However, it is still critical for their adoption by the medicinal chemistry community to achieve models that, in addition to achieving high performance in their predictions, can be trusty explained to the end users in terms of their knowledge and background. Therefore, the investigation and development of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have become a key topic to address this challenge. For this reason, a comprehensive literature review about explanation methodologies for AI based models, focused in the field of drug discovery, is provided. In particular, an intuitive overview about each family of XAI approaches, such as those based on feature attribution, graph topologies, or counterfactual reasoning, oriented to a wide audience without a strong background in the AI discipline is introduced. As the main contribution, we propose a new taxonomy of the current XAI methods, which take into account specific issues related with the typical representations and computational problems study in the design of molecules. Additionally, we also present the main visualization strategies designed for supporting XAI approaches in the chemical domain. We conclude with key ideas about each method category, thoroughly providing insightful analysis about the guidelines and potential benefits of their adoption in medical chemistry.This article is categorized under: Data Science > Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning

HoaKV: High-Performance KV Store Based on the Hot-Awareness in Mixed Workloads

Key–value (KV) stores based on the LSM-tree have become the mainstream of contemporary store engines, but there are problems with high write and read amplification. Moreover, the real-world workload has a high data skew, and the existing KV store lacks hot-awareness, leading to its unreliable and poor performance on the highly skewed real-world workload. In this paper, we propose HoaKV, which unifies the key design ideas of hot issues, KV separation, and hybrid indexing technology in a system. Specifically, HoaKV uses the heat differentiation in KV pairs to manage the hot data and the cold data and conducts real-time dynamic adjustment data classification management. It also uses partial KV separation technology to manage differential KV pairs for large and small KV pairs in the cold data. In addition, HoaKV uses hybrid indexing technology to index the hot data and the cold data, respectively, to improve the performance of reading, writing, and scanning at the same time. In the mixed read and write workloads experments show that HoaKV performs significantly better than several state-of-the-art KV store technologies such as LevelDB, RocksDB, PebblesDB, and WiscKey.

Rethinking Collective Reflection in Teacher Professional Development

Collective reflection, which has become a de rigueur activity in teacher training and professional development, is predicated upon Schön’s theory of reflective practice. This concept, according to which people learn to be reflective-in-action through reflection on practice, relates primarily to individual and one-on-one mentorship processes. The shift from individual to collective processes has gone largely unstudied and unproblematized. This study of collective teacher reflection in a professional development workshop calls prevailing assumptions into question by bringing an alternative lens, textual trajectories, to bear on this ubiquitous activity to better account for oft-ignored issues of context and identity. Using linguistic ethnographic methods, it traces textual trajectories of key ideas indexed in a collective reflection event. Key findings include the nonlinearity of the reflective process and the centrality of identity-work in collective teacher reflection. This study thus reveals functions of this ritual that belie its ostensible purposes and suggest a rethinking of this practice.

Travail, formation et professionnalisation : enjeux et configurations sociales, cadres théoriques et échelles d’analyse

This article looks at the relationship between work, training, and professionalization. It examines the changes that have led to their emergence. It then presents the main configurations of links between these three concepts, which fuel current debates and make it possible to understand them in terms of the contexts in which they are operationalized. The issues surrounding these links and the theoretical and methodological frameworks used to understand and interpret them are also reviewed. The article thus takes the form of a review of the existing literature. It concludes with a number of “key ideas” shared by the many practices and research projects in this field.

Działalność Ireny Wojnar na forum organizacji międzynarodowych InSEA i UNESCO

The article focuses on Irena Wojnar’s collaboration with UNESCO and InSEA. It presents the most important areas of Irena Wojnar’s activity in these organisations (participation in congresses, projects and publications). In addition, the key ideas that Irena Wojnar promoted in these organisations are also presented. The research material I analysed was primarily Irena Wojnar’s publications related to the traditions and ideas propagated by UNESCO and InSEA, as well as congress documentation collected by Irena Wojnar. An important source of information for me was also the lectures given by Professor Irena Wojnar, whom I heard at numerous conferences and seminars organised in Poland and abroad, as well as the direct conversations I had with her (e.g. during the 5th European InSEA Congress in Warsaw). The paper begins with a brief introduction. Then, in two main parts, I discuss Irena Wojnar’s activities and the ideas she promoted within the framework of her cooperation with UNESCO and then within her activities at InSEA. The article concludes with a summary in which I highlight the role that Irena Wojnar played in disseminating the ideals of UNESCO and InSEA in Polish pedagogy and in promoting Polish aesthetic thought, the theory of education through art and humanistic education in the world.

Unmasked: COVID-19, Face Coverings, and Navigating Dis/Abling Spaces and Cultures

During the COVID-19 pandemic, policies have been established that have exempted some disabled people from wearing a face covering in public spaces. Yet, despite the introduction of such policies, disabled people have reported being challenged and abused for not wearing one. Drawing upon key ideas and tropes from disability studies and the sociology of the everyday, we sketch out the adverse effects and ambiguities caused by the pandemic relating to the use of face coverings, along with how emerging cultural norms and notions of shame are publicly mobilized to police conduct. Touching on themes of access, materiality, in/visibility, and in/exclusion, we conclude that face coverings are simply another artifact through which disabled people are read, judged, and excluded in public life. We also contend that face coverings, and the controversy surrounding their use, are another example of how disabled people have been overlooked, disregarded, and disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Concept of Civilization in Modern Studies of the Neolithic in China and Japan

This paper presents a brief overview of studies exploring the origin of civilizations in modern archaeology of China and Japan and mostly concerning the Neolithic period. The analysis of publications shows that in Chinese and Japanese archaeology, original scholarly traditions have been developed, with their own methodological foundations and terminology. We outline the key ideas relating to the origin of civilization, elaborated by researches in China (Su Bingqi, Yan Wenming, Li Boqian, Xu Hong, Gao Jiangtao) and Japan (Harunari Hideji, Watanabe Hiroshi, Sasaki Fujio, Yasuda Yoshinori). We show that most Chinese scholars consider the formation of state a sine qua non of transition to the civilization stage. However, the problem of identifying criteria of civilization and state formation using archaeological data has not been resolved to date. Examples of archaeological markers of civilization proposed by Chinese specialists are listed. In the works by Japanese researchers, no connection between the emergence of the state and civilization has been revealed. Most Chinese archaeologists date the emergence of civilization and of the fi rst state formations to the Late Neolithic (Dawenkou, Hongshan, Liangzhu, Longshan, etc.), ca 3500–2000 BC. There are alternative hypotheses—the Early Bronze Age (Erlitou culture) and the Late Bronze Age (the Spring and Autumn period). In Japanese archaeology, there are two main positions regarding the time when civilization had formed—the Jōmon period (Neolithic) and the subsequent Yayoi period (Bronze Age). Scholarly and external (including political) factors that have infl uenced modern concepts of the origin of civilization require special historiographic research.

Evolution of death and immortality ideas from russian cosmism to synergy

In this paper, death and immortality ideas of Russian cosmists are in syncretic way put together with key ideas in postmodern philosophy. The problem considered in world philosophy on creating co-evolutionary conditions for the emergence of «immortal» man is illustrated by a wide variety of ideas and concepts. This paper contains innovative ideas of the Russian cosmists as the starting point of the research. Special attention is paid to the extraordinary teachings of N. F. Fedorov, who is the founder of Russian Cosmic philosophy. Using the system-diachronic method and technologies of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, the author compares the ideas of Russian cosmism with manifest concepts of modern philosophy (synergetics, phenomenology, transhumanism). The author also gives the most striking facts of discoveries of modern natural science and draws conclusions about ideas of Russian cosmists that have been put forward ahead of their time and retained their relevance and ontological potential until now. The paper presents the prospects for further studying the heritage of Russian cosmism to search for philosophical tools that could, without going beyond the limits of ethical universals, successfully combine the controversial theoretical directions of modern philosophy for the future positive practical development of society.

The Other Japan: Back to Japan’s Religious Roots for a New Japanese Nationalism?

The purpose of this article is first to elucidate the nature and worldview of theideology of pre–World War II Japan that inspired the Japanese elite to embark on global conquest and that mobilized the Japanese masses to fight to the death even after the dropping of the atomic bombs. Second, the aim is to examine how this ideology first emerged in the Meiji period and how it came to dominate Japanese politics until the end of the war. Third, it will illustrate not only what has survived of this form of ultranationalism in the postwar period, identifying the ideas of core thinkers and organizations, but it will also examine the emergence of different, or perhaps more moderate, forms of Japanese nationalism, pinpointing their key ideas and describing their visions for a future Japan. Finally, I will attempt to shed light on the historical forces and scenarios that might return Japanese ultranationalists to the center of political influence and power in the Japanese state and overturn Japan’s postwar pacifist constitution and noninterventionist military foreign policy.

Climate policy at the Bank of England: the possibilities and limits of green central banking

ABSTRACT While climate change has been a public policy issue for decades, central banks have only recently considered it relevant to their objectives. Beginning in 2015, the Bank of England (BoE) was among the first movers to do so. This article illustrates how two institutional features were key in enabling this response. First, the macroprudential framework that developed in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has provided the key ideas that central bankers have used to understand climate change in relation to their objectives. Additionally, government support for BoE action on climate change was also essential in empowering the BoE by setting a transition pathway and providing political legitimacy. The result has been BoE policies that not only seek to limit climate-related risks but also actively shift credit toward greener enterprises. However, this article argues that this has not amounted to a green paradigm shift in the BoE's institutional role, but is better understood as a thermostatic mode of policy innovation. While the BoE's hierarchy of goals have not changed, the types of policy problems relevant to those goals has shifted substantially. Finally, this article offers reflections on the scope and durability of the BoE's approach to climate change in this context. This article contributes to the literature on central banking and climate change beyond the BoE by providing a framework for understanding the possibilities and limitations of current central bank approaches to climate change.

HSDL-based intelligent threat detection framework for IoT network

Many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are susceptible to cyber-attacks. Attackers can exploit these flaws using the internet and remote access. An efficient Intelligent threat detection framework is proposed for IoT networks. This paper considers four key layout ideas while building a deep learning-based intelligent threat detection system at the edge of the IoT. Based on these concepts, the Hybrid Stacked Deep Learning (HSDL) model is presented. Raw IoT traffic data is pre-processed with spark. Deep Vectorized Convolution Neural Network (VCNN) and Stacked Long Short Term Memory Network build the classification model (SLSTM). VCNN is used for extracting meaningful features of network traffic data, and SLSTM is used for classification and prevents the DL model from overfitting. Three benchmark datasets (NBaIoT-balanced, UNSW-NB15 & UNSW_BOT_IoT- imbalanced) are used to test the proposed hybrid technique. The results are compared with state-of-the-art models.

Uncertainty and Dynamicity in Real-World Vehicle Routing (Student Abstract)

Interest in vehicle routing problems (VRP) with stochastic and dynamic elements has grown in the past decade. Despite numerous contributions in this area, the handling of uncertainties and dynamic changes in complex VRPs received little attention. Based on our experience from industrial practice, we discuss why accounting for uncertainties and dynamic changes is crucial for the applicability of the produced routing plans. Then, we first identify and justify the best-suited direction to address dynamicity and uncertainties in real-world VRPs. Second, we outline the key concepts and ideas of our approach to finally demonstrate that it is realistic to implement them efficiently.

GePA*SE: Generalized Edge-Based Parallel A* for Slow Evaluations

Parallel search algorithms have been shown to improve planning speed by harnessing the multithreading capability of modern processors. One such algorithm PA*SE achieves this by parallelizing state expansions, whereas another algorithm ePA*SE achieves this by effectively parallelizing edge evaluations. ePA*SE targets domains in which the action space comprises actions with expensive but similar evaluation times. However, in a number of robotics domains, the action space is heterogenous in the computational effort required to evaluate the cost of an action and its outcome. Motivated by this, we introduce GePA*SE: Generalized Edge-based Parallel A* for Slow Evaluations, which generalizes the key ideas of PA*SE and ePA*SE, i.e., parallelization of state expansions and edge evaluations, respectively. This extends its applicability to domains that have actions requiring varying computational effort to evaluate them. The open-source code for GePA*SE, along with the baselines, is available here: https://github.com/shohinm/parallel_search

Effective Mimicry of Bélády’s MIN Policy

This paper introduces the Mockingjay cache replacement policy, which advances the state-of-the-art by producing single-core performance that approaches that of Bélády’s MIN policy, and which does so with a surprisingly simple solution. The basic idea is to predict a line’s reuse distance so that when a line is inserted into the LLC, its ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) can be computed. Lines are then evicted based on their ETA ordering. This paper describes the Mockingjay policy and explains the key ideas that make it successful.

Turbo-HB: A Sub-Millisecond Hybrid Beamforming Design for 5G mmWave Systems

Hybrid beamforming (HB) architecture has been widely considered for 5G mmWave systems. It reduces hardware complexity by allowing the number of RF chains to be far fewer than the number of antennas. A major practical challenge for HB is to obtain a beamforming solution in real-time. In 5G NR, new frame structures with short TTIs are employed to support mmWave communications. Under such frame structures, it is necessary to obtain a beamforming solution with a time resolution varying from 1 ms to 125 us -- an extremely stringent time requirement considering the complexity involved in HB. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Turbo-HB -- a novel beamforming design under the HB architecture that is capable of offering the beamforming matrices in less than 500 us. The key ideas of Turbo-HB include: (i) reducing the complexity of computation-intensive SVD operations by exploiting channel sparsity at mmWave frequencies, and (ii) achieving large-scale parallel computation with minimal memory access. We implement Turbo-HB on an off-the-shelf Nvidia GPU and conduct extensive experiments. Our experimental results demonstrate that Turbo-HB can obtain a beamforming solution in 500 us for up to 100 RBs and 10 MU-MIMO users on each RB while offering competitive throughput performance compared to state-of-the-art (non-real-time) algorithms.

MODELING THE CYBERSECURITY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM UNDER MARTIAL LAW

Industry 5.0 is already gradually beginning to manifest itself in various aspects of our lives. It is especially sensitive for ensuring socio-economic development. At the same time, cyber threats are increasing, which have a negative impact on ensuring economic security. That is why there is an urgent need to protect information in wartime conditions. The main goal of the article is to determine ways to ensure the cyber security of the socio-economic system under martial law. The object of the study is the cyber security system. As a result of the study, the author's model was presented for enabling the provision of a high level of cyber security in wartime conditions. For this, a modern method of modelling structural systems was applied. The practical and scientific significance of the obtained research results can be presented in the form of an information model for ensuring the cyber security of the socio-economic system under martial law. Innovative elements of the obtained results are the presented processes of cybersecurity, which allows to detail the key ideas of modelling. The research has limitations in the form of taking into account only the features of ensuring cyber security of the socio-economic system in the conditions of the military state of one country.

Sandinista Revolution: a Postcolonial Approach to USA Interventionism

"The Sandinista Revolution was a watershed moment in Nicaraguan history that forever altered the course of the country's history. First, it dismantled the Somoza family's dynasty, which had ruled for 43 years, not all of them consecutively, and established a political system dependent on their despotic regime. Second, and more significantly for international relations, the Sadinistas' denunciation of the neo-colonialism committed by the leader of the western democracies was a direct attack on US interventionism in Central America. Unfortunately, it was also the point at which the FSLN established its roots in Nicaraguan society and transitioned from a socialist movement to an authoritarian regime under Daniel Ortega. In order to analyse these evolutions of events I propose a postcolonial theoretical approach. The fact that postcolonialism is a relatively new addition to the international relations theory that first appeared in literature is one of the primary justifications for why this theoretical approach relies on information from native authors. This theory mainly focuses on the former colonies and criticises how the colonial past and present interactions with the former colonists have an impact on how those colonies have developed. I will examine the key ideas of these approaches in the international arena with respect to the particular case of the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua. Keywords: Latin America, postcolonialism, Sandinista Revolution, discourse analysis, United States of America."

Assessing Productive Meanings in Calculus

We offer an analysis of calculus assessment items that highlights ways to evaluate students’ application of important meanings and support their engagement in generative ways of reasoning. Our central aim is to identify characteristics of items that require students to apply their understanding of key ideas. We coordinate this analysis of assessment items with a discussion of relevant findings from research on the teaching and learning of calculus, emphasizing the importance of promoting students’ engagement in quantitative and covariational reasoning. We conclude with a broader commentary on the importance of instructors attending to students’ meanings in their teaching, and offer suggestions for flexibly introducing these items as part of formative assessments throughout the life of a calculus course.

Концепция глобального упадка насилия Стивена Пинкера и реакция научного сообщества

Two widely discussed books on violence by Steven Pinker offer a grand metanarrative about the movement of humanity towards reason, progress, and humanism. The article briefly generalizes the main author’s methodological predispositions. The article also deals with the conceptual analysis of the theory. The scholar’s theory is based on several key ideas: the state, gentle commerce, the taming of manners, and the Enlightenment. The main point is that society, passing successively through such stages-ideas, moves in the direction of greater progress and limitation of violence. As for the criticisms, we illustrate the limitations of the method chosen and the inadequacy of its objectives. First, the author uses the criminological method of counting the number of murders per hundred thousand in a population, which can only characterize one segment of violence. Secondly, the measured violence does not always correlate with other violent crimes. We also point out objective difficulties in working with the available statistics. In particular, we are confronted with fragmented data and incomparable methodology of data collection from predecessors. In addition, we reveal many mistakes, inaccuracies, and in many cases even deliberate discrepancies within representative data. Steven Pinker often resorts to overly sweeping generalizations and comparisons of difficult-to-compare cases. Many scholars have also noted the author’s use of unprofessional literature. In terms of conceptual ideas, critics note the author’s ignorance of contemporary debates and disregard for differences in the works of those classics used in the work. We should also note the rather unfriendly tone of the discussion on the part of all the participants, since the dispute is about big ideas, which often leads to direct insults and labeling. In conclusion, we praise the communicative gesture of challenging the scientific community, but it seems clear that the main goal to give proof towards violence decline is inconclusive.