Key Holders Research Articles

Self-efficacy of mathematics education students in solving geometry problems

The problem and the aim of the study. Teachers as key holders of student success must have selfefficacy so that the learning process goes well and gets optimal results. In other words, teachers who have good self-efficacy will be able to foster students' self-efficacy in working on math problems. Researchers propose to analyze the influence of mathematics education students' self-efficiency in solving geometric problems. Participants and Research methods. This research uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which aims to analyze the self-efficacy of mathematics education students in solving geometry problems. This research was conducted on 43 students STKIP YPUP Makassar, which consisted of 7 boys students and 36 girl students. Two instruments were used in this study, namely the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ) and The Geometry Problem Solving Test (GPST). Forty-three students in the research sample. were asked to complete SEQ and GPST-1 with a time duration of 30 minutes and 80 minutes respectively, the implementation of which was directly supervised by the researcher and assisted by lecturers who taught geometry courses. The results were grouped into low, medium and high mathematics ability groups. Then one student from each group was selected to be the research subject. Results. Data analysis for the influence test obtained: (i) F count 56,863 with a significance of 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that students' self-efficacy and Geometry Values simultaneously have a significant influence on the geometry problem solving, and (ii) For SEQ, t count was 3,480. with a significance of 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that the self-efficacy partially has a significant influence on the geometry problem solving, while for GV, the t count is 8.775 with a significance of 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that Geometry Values partially has a significant influence on the geometry problem solving. LS can complete the understanding of aspects of the problem, MS is able to solve problems by understanding the problem and formulating a plan, and HS is able to solve problems on all indicators. Conclusion. Quantitatif: Self-efficacy and geometry values has a significant influence on students' geometry problem-solving. Qualitative: Each subject in each group has a different geometry problem solving process at each stage of problem solving.

書院과 大學 草創期 藏書管理와 書籍 製作

In both Joseon Korea and the West, the development of scholarship and academic institutions followed quite different trajectories. The emergence of Joseon's academies(seowon) and Western universities occurred with an approximate time gap of about 300 years. Given the differences of the societal, cultural, political, and economic contexts of that time, it would be unreasonable to generalize the publication of books and management of libraries in these two regions' educational institutions. In Joseon Korea, the purpose of establishing seowons was to educate young scholars in reverence for sages, Confucian ethics such as filial piety and the loyalty to the rulers and propriety, and to uphold the tradition of scholarly pursuits. Although founded privately by civilians, seowons were to some extent under state control. In the process of their establishment, universities in different regions of Western Europe exhibited notable distinctions. Universities in southern Europe, particularly in Italy and southern France, tended to enroll older students compared to their northern counterparts. Bologna University served as a prominent example, focusing primarily on secular studies. As a result, Italian universities placed greater emphasis on fields like law and medicine rather than theology. Conversely, universities in northern Europe often looked to Paris University as a model. These institutions were predominantly controlled by the Church. Consequently, theological studies took precedence, and church-related institutions played a significant role in the administration and operation of these universities. Hence, in their early stages, universities were more under the control of ecclesiastical authorities than of secular governments. Looking through both the East and the West and examine the situation of early educational institutions' libraries, we must first consider the contemporaneous context, although there are several difficulties. As the era changes, not only do cultural and social environments differ, but also book publication and library management practices vary. Universities emerged in the West around 1250, while the first Confucian academies(seowon) in Korea were established around 1543 during the reign of King Jungjong. Therefore, it is impractical to compare them directly within the same timeframe. There are also significant differences in how books were acquired in these two regions. Considering these various factors, it is not ideal to uniformly compare library management practices. Therefore, without being bound by specific years, I have set the research focus of the Western universities from the establishment period up to around the time of the religious Reformation period in the mid-1550s, approximately 300 years after their initial establishment. In contrast, seowons in Joseon Korea I have set the research scope up to the mid-18th century, about 200 years after their founding. The differences stemming from the societal, political, economic, and cultural contexts of these two regions inevitably influenced their educational purposes. Therefore, the examination of the publication and management of books in these two representative educational institutions will be looked at in a superficial manner. In Joseon Korea, while there were variations in quality depending on purpose or use, the medium for recording was primarily paper. Therefore, at seowons, books were predominantly woodblock editions from the outset. There were roughly six methods used at seowons to increase their book collections: transferring books from kings or prominent scholars or founders, donations, exchanges, purchases, self-publishing. Regulations were established to manage the increased number of books effectively. Books at seowons were stored in bookshelves within library rooms. These books could not be taken outside of the seowon premises, and access to the library required three key holders to be present simultaneously to unlock it.

The Implementation of Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar Qadi al-Baqilany

This article aims to review the application of the concept of Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar Qadi al-Baqilany using Hassan Hanafi's phenomenological hermeneutics as an analytical approach. The socio-political and thought conditions of al-Baqilany's time became a problem in itself. The diversity of society that is not only from the Arab community also raises problems that require special handling. Qadi al-Baqilani had a view of Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar who could respond to the realities of the time. This research uses qualitative methods with the type of literature study. The choice of Hasan Hanafi's phenomenological hermeneutics as an approach aims to deepen the study so as to get a complete picture of the real implementation of Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar Qadi al-Baqilany. The researcher's analysis includes socio-historical conditions, texts, reality and people's consciousness. The main instruments are reduction data, display data and conclusions. The results show that a) the socio-historical, political and thought of society is very diverse. There was a lot of poverty and misthinking by the Mu'tazilites as key holders of the madhhab in government. So that the implementation carried out by Al-Baqilany is to conduct scientific debates to several schools or schools, especially the Mu'tazilites, Jahmiyah and Shia in the place provided by the government. And also by contradicting the Roman king, b) the incorporation of reason and naqli in every argument, c) the use of linguistic elements needed in his works and debates, d) the use of communicative, systematic, simple and understandable language at every level of his works and e) the existence of mass awareness efforts.

C4.5 Algorithm Implementation to Predict Student Satisfaction Level of Lecturer’s Performance in the Covid-19 Pandemic

Implementation of education during the emergency period of Covid-19 in Higher Education was carried out at home through online/distance learning. The lecturer is one of the key holders of success in the learning process. Lecturer performance is a main factor needed to improve education and service quality in online learning. In this study, the authors implemented the C4.5 algorithm using RapidMiner 9.10 app to predict student satisfaction with lecturer performance during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data in this study were obtained from a questionnaire distributed to active students in the Computer Science Study Program (class of 2016 - 2021) at the University of Nusa Cendana with 942 records. The attributes used in this study were the lecturer's age, gender, suitability of learning media (SLM), and the competencies of Pedagogic Competence (PeC), Professional Competence (PrC), Personal Competence (PsC), and social competence (SC), with the level of student satisfaction as the target class divided into two, namely Satisfied and Dissatisfied. The dataset is processed using RapidMiner and produces 11 decision rules which show that the attribute PeC has the most significant influence on the level of student satisfaction with lecturer performance during the Covid-19 pandemic and the test results of the decision tree model using cross-validation. The test results show that the C4.5 algorithm has a good performance in predicting levels of student satisfaction with an accuracy rate of 94.8%, precision for the prediction class Dissatisfied and Satisfied of 92.23 % and 95.52%, and recall of the actual Dissatisfied and Satisfied classes of 85.2% and 97.77%.

Building a community-scale plastic recycling station to make flower pots from bottle caps

Plastic waste is increasing worldwide, contributing significantly to pollution and global warming. Our department uses at least 50 plastic water bottles daily; these bottles can be reused to manufacture other products. Recycling plastic waste produces various products, including garden sets for kids, bricks, roof tiles, key holders, and flowerpots. Through this project, we contribute to the fight against pollution caused by plastic waste by developing an easy-to-use plastic processing system. We create these valuable products using plastic collected from landfills. We present an open-source system that can be easily built by a technical team to create an ecosystem. We use the project as a mobile educational model to demonstrate the recycling mechanism and to foster a community recycling culture. The following procedures are included in this study. High-density polyethylene bottle caps are washed and dried before shredding in a shredder to produce flakes. Plastic flakes are fed into an extruder, which heats and transforms them into a homogeneous mass. This molten plastic is molded into the shape of a flowerpot using a die. Pots are great products to obtain from discarded plastic caps due to their strength. Following the fabrication of the entire system, numerous tests are performed to improve the design and obtain the desired specifications, resulting in appealing end products. In our facilities, flowerpots are made from consumer bottle caps and used to grow aloe.

An evaluation of the transition from an amateur to professional culture within Hong Kong’s Elite Rugby Programme

ABSTRACT Currently little is known about the development of high-performance cultures in emerging nations. This study is the first of its kind examining an emerging rugby nation’s transition from an amateur to a professional full-time fifteen-a-side programme. Eleven full-time professional male rugby union players, the Head of the Hong Kong Rugby Union’s (HKRU) Elite Rugby Programme(ERP) and the HKRU’s peripatetic sport psychologist were interviewed. Inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interview data revealed four emerging themes, namely; 1) an amateur environment that required change; 2) ERP’s professional culture building blocks; 3) leadership strategy and managing key stake holders and 4) managing on-going challenges in the ERP’s professional culture. Theoretical and applied implications for practitioners and programme leaders responsible for driving cultural change in their respective environments are discussed.

Manufacture of Exotic Leather and Small Leather Goods from Ovine Stomach

Leathers made from exotic skins or rare parts of animals have very good market value. The exotic leathers are usually preferred because of their patterns, naturally occurring marks and their unique structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tanning the ovine stomach into novelty leather and leather products. The ovine stomach was converted into an exotic leather using oil tanning methodology, with goat oil as a tanning agent. The rumen and reticulum parts of the stomach were taken through pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning operation. The resultant leather had a different grain from the ordinary leather. Then mechanical operations like drying, toggling and staking were done. Physical properties of the leathers were analyzed by determining their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, flex endurance and ball burst extension test. The grain structure of the leathers was analyzed using a light microscope. The results of physical tests were poor compared to the grains of conventional leathers since the composition of raw outer coverings of animals and those of the stomach are different. The leather processed from this non-conventional source has been found suitable for manufacturing fancy small leather goods like coin purse, key holders, purses and wallets.

A Searchable Encryption Scheme with Biometric Authentication and Authorization for Cloud Environments

Cloud computing offers the possibility of providing suitable access within a network for a set of resources. Many users use different services for outsourcing their data within the cloud, saving and mitigating the local storage and other resources involved. One of the biggest concerns is represented by storing sensitive data on remote servers, which can be found to be extremely challenging within different situations related to privacy. Searchable Encryption (SE) represents a particular case of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) and at the same time represents a method composed from a set of algorithms meant to offer protection for users’ sensitive data, while it preserves the searching functionality on the server-side. There are two main types of SE: Searchable Symmetric Encryption (SSE), where the ciphertexts and trapdoors for searching are performed using private key holders, and Public Key Searchable Encryption (PKSE), in which a specific number of users have the public key based on which are capable of outputting ciphertexts and giving the possibility of producing the trapdoors by using the private key from the holder. In this article, we propose a searchable encryption system that uses biometric authentication. Additionally, biometric data are used in the trapdoor generation process, such that an unauthorized user cannot submit search queries. The proposed system contains three components: classic user authentication (based on username, password, and a message with a code using short message service (SMS), biometric authentication, and the searchable encryption scheme. The first two components can be seen as two-factor authentication (2FA), and the second component represents the initialization step of the searchable encryption scheme. In the end, we show and demonstrate that the proposed scheme can be implemented with success for medium to complex network infrastructures. We have granted special attention to the trapdoor function, which generates a value that can be used to perform the search process and search function that is based on the trapdoor pair for searching within the index structure. We provide the correctness and security proof of the operations, which gives us the guarantee that the cloud servers return the correct documents. Additionally, we discuss measuring the performance of the authentication scheme in terms of performance indicators, introducing two indicators for measuring purposes—namely, cloud average number of non-legitim the user actions for cloud purposes (CANNL) and cloud average number of legitim user actionsCANLU.

Abstract WP34: Bed Ahead Process Avoids The Thrombectomy Patient Boarding In Emergency Department

Background: University Hospitals Comprehensive Stroke Center (UH CSC) is an academic medical center with a dedicated 19 bed Neuroscience Intensive Care unit (NSU). As the only comprehensive stroke center in a 22 hospital system, the majority of ischemic stroke patients requiring a mechanical thrombectomy procedure are transferred to the UH CSC. A post thrombectomy patient requires intensive monitoring to assess for complications and is best cared for by highly trained neuro nurses in an intensive care environment. Lack of available NSU beds often resulted in these patients returning to the high volume emergency department with less than ideal staffing. The request for a NSU bed was not initiated until the thrombectomy procedure began delaying the chain of events that lead to an available NSU bed. Hypothesis: A proactive process that would initiate obtaining a NSU bed sooner would avoid these patients from boarding in the emergency department. Methods: Key stake holders from the stroke program, neurocritical care, emergency medicine, neuro interventional and the transfer center met in early 2019 to review data and quality concerns. An algorithm was developed and shared with all staff. Once the stroke faculty accepts a transfer of a potential thrombectomy patient, the new process includes notifying the NSU fellow and charge nurse to initiate making an open bed before the patient arrives to UH CSC. Results: In 2018, 48% of patients that underwent a mechanical thrombectomy returned to the emergency department. After the implementation of the new process the percentage of patients returning to the emergency department declined to 28% in 2019. In 2020 only 8% returned to the emergency department. The number of quality concerns significantly decreased. Conclusion: The bed ahead process initiated before a thrombectomy patient arrives at the comprehensive stroke center has been successful in avoiding returns to the emergency department and meeting our goal to achieve high quality patient outcomes and improve care efficiency.

Elites on Equality: Room for Gender Balance and Ethnic Diversity in Leadership Positions?

Access to resources, wealth, and power positions varies systematically with membership in social categories. This article asks what role the elites themselves – as holders of power and regulators of access to influential positions – can play in maintaining, but also changing, the demographic composition of elites. Drawing on a unique survey among the entire Norwegian elite, we investigate what holders of elite positions believe are the main causes of gender imbalance and lack of ethnic diversity, and whether their beliefs influence their willingness to implement measures to promote gender equality and ethnic diversity. In line with expectations drawn from the literatures on policy representation and critical frame analysis, we find a strong, positive relationship between the belief in the importance of institutionalized causes of inequality and the willingness to introduce ameliorative measures to increase diversity. Conversely, we find a negative relationship between the belief in individualized explanations, such as the lack of qualifications, and the willingness to introduce measures. As elites are key holders of power, the findings imply that how elites view the causes of categorical inequality has strong bearings on the room for structural change.

The millennial employees in Central Jakarta: How do they commit to the company?

<p><em>Generation Y, also known as Millennials, is a strong dominant in the workforce and becomes one of the key holders in the industry's success and economy. Unfortunately, the highest turnover rate is coming from this generation with their behavior of working short tenure and how fast they are changing jobs worries many organizations as this ceases the organization’s growth, productivity, and performance. This research aimed to determine the relationship between career development, compensation, and work environment on millennials' turnover intention. Quantitative method is conducted and surveyed with 172 Central Jakarta's millennial employees who had worked at least 1 year. Partial Least Square PLS-SEM, SPSS, and pre-survey interview analysis were used to analyze the data. The result showed that career development and compensation have a significant negative influence on turnover intention. However, work environment has not significant influence on millennials employees’ turnover intention in Central Jakarta.</em><em></em></p>

THE EFFECT OF MOTHER’S READINESS ON BREASTFEEDING SUCCESS

AbstractBackground: The practice of breastfeeding in Indonesia is not 100% carried out. The data stated that in 2017 children aged <6 months who were exclusively breastfed were around 52%. This figure is considered low and below the national target (80%). One of the important key holders of successful breastfeeding is the mother's readiness to breastfeed. Mothers can prepare starting from knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. In order to be able to carry out mature exclusive breastfeeding, preparation for lactation since pregnancy is an important factor. Considering that the mother's readiness is still low, it is important to conduct research on this readiness factor. This study aims to analyze the effect of mother's readiness on breastfeeding success. Methods: This research uses analytical observational with cross sectional approach. The sample used was 100 babies according to the specified criteria. The data collection technique was done by filling out online questionnaires. The data were then analyzed using the Chi Square test. Results: This study shows the effect of mothers readiness with breastfeeding success which obtained a p value of 0.045. the results of the chi square test showed that mother’s readiness = 0.045 (α < 0,05), mother’s knowledge = 0.005 (α < 0,05) and lactation preparation = 0.19 (α < 0,05). Conclusion: These data indicate that there is an influence of mother's readiness on breastfeeding success.

Corporate Governance of Banks and Financial Institutions: Economic Theory, Supervisory Practice, Evidence and Policy

Banks are special, and so is the corporate governance of banks and other financial institutions. Empirical evidence, mostly gathered after the financial crisis, confirms this. Banks practicing good corporate governance in the traditional, shareholder-oriented style fared less well than banks having less shareholder-prone boards and less shareholder influence. The special governance of banks and other financial institutions is firmly embedded in bank supervisory law and regulation. Most recently there has been intense discussion on the purpose of (non-bank) corporations. For banks stakeholder governance and, more particularly, creditor or debtholder governance is more important than shareholder governance. The implications of this for research and reform are still uncertain. A key problem is the composition and qualification of the board. The legislative task is to enhance independent as well as qualified control. The proposal of giving creditors and even supervisors a special seat in the board is not convincing. Other important special issues of bank governance are for example the duties and liabilities of bank directors in particular as far as risk and compliance are concerned, but also the remuneration paid to bank directors and senior managers or key function holders. Claw-back provisions, either imposed by law or introduced by banks themselves, exist already in certain countries and are beneficial. Much depends on enforcement, an understudied topic.

Social dynamics of values, taboos and perceived threats around sacred groves in Kurdistan, Iran

Abstract Sacred groves are important for the conservation of biodiversity in the Middle East, as more formal approaches to protected areas have often failed in this global biodiversity hotspot. This study aims to identify the most important social values, taboos and perceived threats around sacred groves in the Kurdistan province of Iran. We test whether values, taboos and perceived threats are lost in transmission across generations, with increased urbanisation, and with modernising livelihoods. Our survey of 205 local residents revealed that spiritual values, biodiversity and cultural heritage values are key motivations for local people to preserve sacred groves. Taboos restricting natural resource use were widely shared by local people and thus appeared as powerful pillars for conserving sacred groves. Local people expressed a strong perception that sacred groves are threatened, both by deliberate and accidental actions, and from both extractive and non‐extractive uses. Social values and taboos around sacred groves in Kurdistan seemed relatively stable, but we found clear differences. The key holders of values and taboos were elderly people, women, rural people and people with traditional lifestyles. We conclude that eliciting the traditional knowledge and management practices of these groups and empowering them to maintain and revitalise their customs, values and taboos through socioeconomic modernisation is crucial for any conservation strategy. Local residents who are young, male, more urban and follow a modern lifestyle may need targeting by awareness‐raising conservation programs. Maintaining and fostering informal conservation traditions such as those around sacred groves is particularly important in areas of conflict where other conservation approaches are lacking and where pressures on natural resources are high. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Scale-up of non-toxic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Chitin based nanocomposite articles by injection moulding and 3D printing

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a compostable polymer, filled with different weight percentage of unbleached nano chitin (NC; 10%, 30% and 50%), a biodegradable filler from crustacean waste, were prepared from the extruded blends by injection moulding and 3D printing. The nanochitin required was prepared from chitin isolated from prawn shells (Fenneropenaeus indicus). The nanochitin crystals were observed to contain carboxylic acid surface functional groups as assessed by FT-IR, 13C solid state NMR (SS NMR) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements and the extent of the same was estimated by potentiometric titration. The PBAT-NC nanocomposites were characterized SS NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis, DSC and TGA. Thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were determined. The moulded nanocomposites changed more and more rigid with increasing weight percentage of NC without significant change in the tensile strength. The TGA indicated that the thermal stability of PBAT could be improved but not significantly by the addition of NC. Wound healing was enhanced in the presence of the nanocomposite while in vivo toxicity was significant at high concentration. The PBAT-NC nanocomposites could be moulded in to useful articles such as laptop charger cover, rat cover for washing machine, planters and key holders under conditions similar to that used in the processing of LDPE.

The Impact of Career Development, Work-Family Conflict, and Job Satisfaction on Millennials’ Turnover Intention in Banking Industry

With a strong domination of the Millennials generation in the workforce, they become one of the key holders in the success of the organisation and the economy. Their behaviour of working short tenure and job-hop worries many organisations as this halt the organisations’ growth, performance and productivity while also incurring extra costs. Banking sector is known to have a high turnover rate and has been lacking in the number of talents which delays their implementation on key strategic initiatives. It becomes important to study the factor influencing the Millennials turnover rate. This study aims to measure the influence of Career Development (CD), Work-family Conflict (WFC), and Job Satisfaction (JS) on Millennials Turnover Intention (TI) in Indonesia’s banking industry. A quantitative research is conducted among Indonesia's Millennials banking employees and data were analysed using PLS-SEM. The result shows that Work-family Conflict has a significant positive direct impact on Turnover Intention. Job Satisfaction is also observed to have a significant negative direct impact towards Turnover Intention. Interestingly, Career Development has no direct significant impact on Turnover Intention unless it is mediated by Job Satisfaction. However, Work-family Conflict has no effect on Turnover Intention if it is mediated by Job Satisfaction. Additionally, this research provides academic and practical implications on how to manage these Millennials to reduce Turnover Intention in the banking industry which could lead to an actual turnover.

Di Rancang Bangun Sistem Keamanan Terhadap Kunci Ruangan Berbasis Bot Telegram Menggunakan Mikrokontroler Esp8266

A building or a house is a shelter and gathering of a family or group of people. One of the requirements for a safe house or building is a good door lock security system. Conventional doors use locks as a lock. This method has many security risks in terms of reliability and use. Among its weaknesses is that access to open or close keys can only be done by key holders and directly on the spot. Thus it will be difficult if you do security control of the door remotely, there is a risk of delay in handling the crime of theft, therefore an appropriate technology is needed to overcome this problem, namely a security system for the room where this system can be made based on Telegram Bot which uses a microcontroller. With the creation of such a system, the tools needed are microcontroller ESP8266 model, notepad ++ editors and Bascom AVR, using assembler programming language.

In silico analysis of polyphenols and flavonoids for design of human Nav1.7 inhibitors

Neuropathic pain is commonly associated with lesion or disease of the somatosensory system and often reflected as indicator of impaired life. Although the central nervous system is main regulator of pain but for initiation and maintenance of the neuropathic pain is regulated by peripheral nervous system. Sodium channels particularly Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Nav 1.9 are key stake holders in the peripheral neuropathy, activation of these sodium channels might lead to genesis and propagation. Flavonoids and polyphenols showed promising effects in neuropathic pain. Here we are reporting In silico analysis of some selected flavonoids and polyphenols on sodium activated voltage channel 1.7 to explore the structural fragments required for binding. Results indicated Baicalin, Butrin, Dihydromonospermoside, Icariin, Isocoreopsin and Isosaponarin are showing promising docking score with sodium activated voltage channel 1.7 than other compounds. Structural modification of these promising leads keeping pharamcophoric requirement intact may yield potent Nav1.7 inhibitors for peripheral pain management. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Design and Fabrication of Metal Key Holders and Cufflinks as Souvenirs for Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

This study explored how to merge creativity in design with the Crest of KNUST to design and fabricate quality metal key holder and cufflink as souvenirs for KNUST. Based on the assumption that the various KNUST souvenirs seem to be limited in design and therefore lack creativity and variety, which limit the option of those purchasing. In executing the study, the philosophical underpinnings of the crest of KNUST was brought to bear. The study employed aesthetics and studio- based research methods under qualitative research approach to design and fabricate quality metal key holder and cufflinks to be used as souvenirs for Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. By using the Gestalt theory of design, which is concerned with the relationship between the parts and the whole of a composition, the researchers carefully select parts of the emblem of KNUST to design and fabricate a key holder and a cufflinks. Metal working techniques such as chasing and repoussé, fording and piercing were used to these souvenirs for KNUST. The researchers made use of the various tools and machinery available at the various studios of Meta T l Product Section of Industrial Art Department, KNUST. These included the milling studio, 4 th Year production studio where all the piercing vices, drilling machines, stakes and soldering turntable are made available and finally the forging studio where brass scraps were melted into ingot. Results of the study revealed that by adopting the fundamental processes such as idea development, forming processes, joining processes and finishing processes coupled with the fact that local metal scraps are used, underpin the argument that producing quality and professional metal souvenirs can be done here in Ghana to meet any standard elsewhere. This shows that other metal products could be produced as souvenirs for KNUST. After carefully observing some souvenirs of KNUST and other institutions of higher learning, unique designs based on the emblem of KNUST can be done. Keywords: fabricate, Gestalt, key holder, cufflinks, souvenirs, chasing and repousse. DOI: 10.7176/ADS/83-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Corporate Governance of Banks and Financial Institutions: Economic Theory, Supervisory Practice, Evidence and Policy

Banks are special, and so is the corporate governance of banks and other financial institutions as compared with the general corporate governance of non-banks. Empirical evidence, mostly gathered after the financial crisis, confirms this. Banks practicing good corporate governance in the traditional, shareholder-oriented style fared less well than banks having less shareholder-prone boards and less shareholder influence. The special governance of banks and other financial institutions is firmly embedded in bank supervisory law and regulation. Most recently there has been intense discussion on the purpose of (non-bank) corporations. Shareholder governance and stakeholder governance have been and still are the two different prevailing regimes in the United States and in Europe, particularly in Germany. Yet for banks this difference has given way to stakeholder and, more particularly, creditor or debtholder governance, certainly in bank supervision and regulation. The implications of this for research and reform are still uncertain and controversial. The regulatory core issues for the corporate governance of banks are manifold. A key problem is the composition and qualification of the (one tier or two tier) board. The legislative task is to enhance independent as well as qualified control. Yet the proposal of giving creditors a special seat in the board disregards the reality of labor codetermination. Giving bank supervisors a permanent seat in the board would create serious conflicts of interest since they would have to supervise themselves. There are many other important special issues of bank governance, for example the duties and liabilities of bank directors in particular as far as risk and compliance are concerned, but also the remuneration paid to bank directors and senior managers or key function holders. Claw-back provisions, either imposed by law or introduced by banks themselves, exist already in certain countries and are beneficial. Much depends on enforcement, an understudied topic.