Key Generation Technique Research Articles

Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G Wireless Networks

The bloom of 5G communication and beyond serves as a catalyst for physical layer key generation techniques. In 5G communications systems, many challenges in traditional physical layer key generation schemes, such as co-located eavesdroppers, the high bit disagreement ratio, and high temporal correlation, could be overcome. This article lists the key enabling techniques in 5G wireless networks, which offer opportunities to address existing issues in physical layer key generation. We survey the existing key generation methods and introduce possible solutions for the existing issues. The new solutions include applying the high signal directionality in beamforming to resist co-located eavesdroppers, utilizing the sparsity of millimeter-wave channel to achieve a low bit disagreement ratio under low signal-to-noise ratio, and exploiting hybrid precoding to reduce the temporal correlation among measured samples. Finally, the future trends of physical layer key generation in 5G and beyond communications are discussed.

Optimal Tracking of QR Inspired LEA Using Particle Filter for Secured Visual MIMO Communication Based Vehicular Network

Line of sight (LoS) and security are the fundamental requirement for any secure visual MIMO communication based vehicular networks. Uneven speed, irregular terrains, and uncertain appearance of obstacles disgrace LoS between the visual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter and receiver. This paper proposes optimal tracking techniques to maintain LoS using a novel quick response (QR) inspired light emitting array (LEA) pattern. Automatic geometric transformation of the QR code in conjunction with the particle filter is used to track the dynamically varying LEA position. In addition to that, an adaptive threshold technique (ATT) has been proposed to minimize error caused by ambient light variations and interferences. A novel key generation algorithm is also proposed to improve the security of the visual MIMO communication system. It utilizes a customized linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and synthetic color image to generate a stronger key. The randomness test demonstrates the robustness of the proposed key generation technique with a minimal probability value of 0.1223 (>0.01). Simulation and real-time studies have been carried out in the presence of geometric distortions, and the bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated. Results illustrate that the proposed techniques make the visual MIMO system more secure and reliable for vehicular networks.

An Efficient Watermarking and Key Generation Technique using DWT Algorithm in Three-Dimensional Image

Discrete Wavelet Transform is the algorithm which can be used to increase the contrast of an image for better visual quality of an image. The histogram value for original image with highest bins is taken for embedding the data into an image to perform the histogram equalization for repeating the process simultaneously. Information can be embedded into the source image with some bit value, for recovering the original image without any loss of the pixels. DWT is the first algorithm which has achieved the image contrast enhancement accurately. This approach maintained the original visual quality of an image even though themessage bits are embedded into the contrast-enhanced images. The proposed work with an original watermarking scheme based on the least significant bit technique. As a substitute of embedding the data into a simple image as watermarking, least significant bitmethod by utilizing the three wavelets transform is applied in the proposed system in order to enhance the embedding technique using spatial domain. For security, the Huffman coding has used to secure the data embedded into a host image, which can convert the secret message sequence into bit sequence for least significant bit operation. DWT can analyze the signal at multiple resolutions and it can divide the image into two types of quadrants as high and low-frequency quadrants. Here dividing an image into low and high it makes the information to hide.

Physical Layer Security for the Smart Grid: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures

Smart energy systems are becoming an important component of smart cities. The wide adoption of existing computing technologies and communication standards by a smart energy system exposes it to the plethora of threats that exist in cyberspace. In this article, we investigate the vulnerabilities and threats associated with smart energy system components, including Internet of Things enabled devices, as well as relevant communication standards, and we discuss countermeasures against adversarial attacks. We found that the existing literature has reported various attacks, including modification, denial-of-service, malware, and message replay, which can cause malfunctioning of different components of a smart energy system. In addition, we propose a framework for securing the physical layer of the smart energy system. The framework is based on advanced key generation, machine learning, and physical layer security techniques, which enhance the security of smart energy systems across different applications.

Attribute-Based Collusion Resistance in Group-Based Cloud Data Sharing using LKH Model

Utilizing cloud computing, users can avail a compelling and effective approach for information sharing between collective individuals in the cloud with the facility of less administration cost and little maintenance. Security in cloud computing refers to procedures, standards and processes created to provide assurance for security of information in the cloud environment. In this paper, we project a secure data sharing method in cloud for dynamic members by producing keys for users using Logic Key Hierarchy (LKH) model, i.e., a tree-based key generation technique. We have generated this key using reverse hashing and one way hash-based technique so that no exiled user can predict the new key and new users cannot predict the old keys of the network group. From numerous experiments, this work is proved to be the best in maintaining forward secrecy, backward secrecy and group compromise attacks and consumes less computation cost compared to any other hash-based key generation techniques.

Random Bit Extraction for Secret Key Generation in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks are a group of random mobile nodes which does not have a pre-existing base stations or infrastructure. In order to make communications effective over these networks a security scheme is essential. This can be achieved by establishing some shared random bits generated with fundamental secret key generation techniques. This paper presents a secret key generation scheme suitable for networks adapted to dynamic source routing protocol. Investigations were carried out for the possibility of using a system metadata like routing information for randomness extraction. Using routing tables maintained by the nodes as backbone, we are extracting a set of common secret random data for key generation. The secret key generation starts with random source extraction followed by information reconciliation to reduce errors and privacy amplification to increase the confidentiality. The main advantage of this technique is that it utilizes the sources of randomness inherent in the system itself without increasing the computational complexity. It also helps to identify the presence of an adversary in the network. The results of the system are evaluated to analyze the efficiency of the technique in terms of packet loss and packet overhead.

Design of Secure and Reliable MU-MIMO Transceiver System for Vehicular Networks

MU-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO) has been a promising technique for vehicular networks to achieve faster communication. Conventional MU-MIMO transceiver is designed with One-dimensional (1-D) improper modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Multilevel Amplitude Shift Keying (MASK) failed to yield standard ABER (average bit error rate). To achieve high reliability, a novel MUMIMO uplink transceiver system is designed under PAPC (Per-Antenna Power Constraint) by assuming perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). MIMO communication channels are perceptible. Hence, security of the proposed system is improved by novel pseudorandom key generation technique using randomized synthetic colour image. Analytical design for proposed systems is carried and simulated for various p-norm constraints. Simulation results show higher reliability and security than the existing system. It also satisfies the linearity constraint of a power amplifier, which makes the system more suitable for practical applications.

Proficient Justification of Data Accuracy for Cloud Storage Using Dual Protection

The cloud security is one of the essential roles in cloud, here we can preserve our data into cloud storage. More and more clients would like to keep their data to PCS (public cloud servers) along with the rapid development of cloud computing. Cloud storage services allow users to outsource their data to cloud servers to save local data storage costs. Multiple verification tasks from different users can be performed efficiently by the auditor and the cloud-stored data can be updated dynamically. It makes the clients check whether their outsourced data is kept intact without downloading the whole data. In our system we are using the own auditing based on the token generation. Using this key generation technique compare the key values from original keys we can find out the changes about the file. A novel public verification scheme for cloud storage using in distinguishability obfuscation, which requires a lightweight computation on the auditor and delegate most computation to the cloud. Not only stored also the content will be encrypted in the cloud server. If anyone try to hack at the cloud end is not possible to break the two different blocks. The security of our scheme under the strongest security model. They need first decrypt the files and also combine the splitted files from three different locations. This is not possible by anyone. Anyone can download the files from the server with file holder permission. At the time of download key generated (code based key generation) and it will send to the file owner. We can download the file need to use the key for authentication and some other users want to download file owner permission is necessary.

A real-time multi-agent system for cryptographic key generation using imaging-based textural features

Traditional network security protocols depend on exchanging the security keys between the network nodes, and thus opposing the network to different classes of security threats. In this paper, a multi-agent system for cryptographic key generation is proposed for real-time networks. The proposed key generation technique generates a 256-bit security key for the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm using the textural features of digital images. By implementing this key generation technique at both the sender and receiver network nodes, the process of exchanging the security keys through the network would be eliminated, and thus making communication between network nodes robust against different security threats. Simulation results over a real-time network show the efficiency of the proposed system in reducing the overhead of the security associations performed by the IPsec protocol. On the other hand, the proposed agent-based system shows a high efficiency in guaranteeing the quality-of-service (QoS) of the real-time requests in terms of miss-ratio and total average delay through applying the best scheduling algorithm.

LSSCW: A Lightweight Security Scheme for Cluster based Wireless Sensor Network

In last two decades, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is used for large number of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as military surveillance, forest fire detection, healthcare, precision agriculture and smart homes. Because of the wireless nature of communication, Wireless Sensor Network suffers from various attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) attack and replay attack. Dealing with scalability and security issues is the challenging task in WSN. In this paper, we have presented a Lightweight Security Scheme for Cluster based Wireless Sensor Network (LSSCW). LSSCW has two phases: Initialization phase and data transfer phase. The work focuses on secured data aggregation in wireless sensor network with the help of symmetric and session key generation technique. Data from sensor nodes are securely transferred to base station. LSSCW is lightweight and satisfies security requirements includ-ing authenticity, confidentiality and integrity. The performance of LSSCW is verified using Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool. Results shows that LSSCW is secured and is efficient in terms of computation and communication overhead.

PreLatPUF: Exploiting DRAM Latency Variations for Generating Robust Device Signatures

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are potential security blocks to generate unique and more secure keys in low-cost cryptographic applications. Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) has been proposed as one of the promising candidates for generating robust keys. Unfortunately, the existing techniques of generating device signatures from DRAM is very slow, destructive (destroy the current data), and disruptive to system operation. In this paper, we propose \textit{precharge} latency-based PUF (PreLatPUF) that exploits DRAM \textit{precharge} latency variations to generate signatures. The proposed PreLatPUF is fast, robust, least disruptive, and non-destructive. The silicon results from commercially available $DDR3$ chips from different manufacturers show that the proposed key generation technique is at least $ \sim 1,192X$ faster than the existing approaches, while reliably reproducing the key in extreme operating conditions.

Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

This correspondence paper presents automatic key generation for long-range wireless communication in low power wide area networks (LPWANs), employing LoRa as a case study. Differential quantization is adopted to extract a high level of randomness. Experiments conducted both in an outdoor urban environment and in an indoor environment demonstrate that this key generation technique is applicable for LPWANs and shows that it is able to reliably generate secure keys.

Enhanced Convergent Encryption Key Generation for Secured Data Deduplication in Cloud Storage

Data deduplication is broadlyfor maintaining asole copy of user’s data in cloud storage servers. Data Deduplication is a process of verify that whether the data are already stored in the cloud storage or not and maintain a single copy of data in the cloud. Deduplication is possible in cloud only with the use of convergent encryption (CE) technique. This technique is used to generate convergent encryption key from the user data which is to be uploaded to the cloud and the user’s data are encrypted with this convergent encryption key. This CE is exposed to different cryptography attacks. To maintain secure deduplication with convergent encryption in cloud, this paper proposes enhanced convergent encryption key generation technique. The paper introduces scheme with Key Generation and Management as a Service (KGMaaS) mechanism for generating and maintaining key for convergent encryption and deduplication process. Generation of convergent encryption key takes place in user’s side. In this process, a key is used for generating the convergent encryption key unlike existing method. Key used to generate convergent encryption key is received from KGMaaS. KGMaaS is assumed to be a trusted party for key generation and sharing. The proposed technique is analyst for security vulnerability, and it is ensure the security and efficient deduplication by procedure used in the overall data deduplication process.

Physical Layer Key Generation

Modern automotive Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are increasingly adopting wireless communications for Intra-Vehicular, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) protocols as a promising solution for challenges such as the wire harnessing problem, collision detection, and collision avoidance, traffic control, and environmental hazards. Regrettably, this new trend results in new security challenges that can put the safety and privacy of the automotive CPS and passengers at great risk. In addition, automotive wireless communication security is constrained by strict energy and performance limitations of electronic controller units and sensors. As a result, the key generation and management for secure automotive CPS wireless communication is an open research challenge. This article aims to help solve these security challenges by presenting a practical key generation technique based on the reciprocity and high spatial and temporal variation properties of the automotive wireless communication channel. Accompanying this technique is also a key length optimization algorithm to improve performance (in terms of time and energy) for safety-related applications constrained by small communication windows. To validate the practicality and effectiveness of our approach, we have conducted simulations alongside real-world experiments with vehicles and RC cars. Last, we demonstrate through simulations that we can generate keys with high security strength (keys with 67% min-entropy) with 20× reduction in code size overhead in comparison to the state-of-the-art security techniques.

A local pilot auxiliary key generation scheme for secure underwater acoustic communication

To effectively extend physical layer key generation techniques to the underwater acoustic channel, a novel underwater key generation scheme is proposed. First, a local pilot auxiliary wait channel sounding protocol is proposed to solve impaired reciprocity problems caused by the great transmission delay. At the same time, the protocol ensures high key entropy and prevents the nearby eavesdroppers. Second, two traditional enhancing mechanisms are applied to improve the key agreement. Third, an assembly line protocol is proposed to solve the problem that the key generation rate decreases rapidly with the increase of communication distance. Fourth, a double-layer compensation centralized quantization combined with adaptive guard interval quantization method is proposed to improve the rate of key agreement and key generation. Finally, simulation results show that the bit error rate is lower than 0.01, and the key generation rate is higher than 600 bits/s, which verify the superiority of the proposed scheme.

An efficient AES implementation using FPGA with enhanced security features

Data transferred in an electronic way is vulnerable to attacks. With an aim to protect data for secure communication, a new Hybrid non pipelined Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm based on traditional AES algorithm with enhanced security features is proposed in this work. Abysmal analysis of the AES algorithm implies that the security of AES lies in the S-box operations. This paper presents a new approach for generating S-box values (modified S-box) and initial key required for encryption/encryption (improved key generation) using PN Sequence Generator. The AES algorithm with proposed modifications shows significant improvement in the encryption quality as compared to traditional AES algorithm. The traditional AES algorithm equipped with proposed novel modified S-box technique and improved key generation technique gives an avalanche effect of 60% making it invulnerable to attacks. The proposed design is synthesized on various Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices and compared to the existing designs resulting in significant improvement in throughput. The proposed design is implemented on Spartan6 FPGA device.

Full Capacity Image Steganography Using Seven-Segment Display Pattern as Secret Key

Due to the vast interchange of images over the internet, exchanging secret message hidden in these images would be encouraged and the technique is referred to as image steganography. Hiding the secret data into the least significant bits of the images pixels is a common practice. However, the choice of the hidden key and the efficiency of utilizing all pixels of the carrier image is of great importance. This paper presents a new technique for key generation and embedding/extraction processes for image steganography. The randomness of secret key required for the embedding process is achieved by using the seven segment display patterns with different dimensions. Full embedding efficiency is also achieved through. Experimental measurements and comparison with traditional steganography using LSB have confirmed the feasibility of the proposed scheme. As it produces highly imperceptible stego-images, besides the key randomness for selecting the pixels, which leads to the addition of huge difficulties against attackers and provides genuine protection for the hidden information.

Secure Quantum Key Distribution Encryption method for Efficient Data Communication in Wireless Body Area Sensor Net-works

Wireless sensor networks has found its advancement in sensing the physiological parameters of human body through WBAN. Such nodes are either implanted or surface mounted on the human body in a particular position. The main purpose of these networks is to send the data generated by the wearable device outside the WLAN or the Internet. The BAN will continuously monitor the psychological changes like blood volume pressure (BVP), Brain signals etc. Uncertainty in the normal values will result in transmit all the information to the respective recipient to take required treatment. If an emergency is detected, the doctor instantly updates the patient’s health by sending a specific message. There is limited confidentiality, so the intruders will gather sensitive data. Public key cryptography can be used to create an unprotected communication channel. It also provides a convenient way to implement keys. This paper is focusing on a unique key generation technique called Quantum key distribution, which is used to create symmetric key method by using quantum properties of optics to transfer information from one Client to another in One-Time Pad manner. The special feature of the technique is to guarantee that the key cannot be intercepted during transmission without alerting the users to provide high authentication for received data.

A framework to enhance security of physically unclonable functions using chaotic circuits

As a new technique for authentication and key generation, physically unclonable function (PUF) has attracted considerable attentions, with extensive research results achieved already. To resist the popular machine learning modeling attacks, a framework to enhance the security of PUFs is proposed. The basic idea is to combine PUFs with a chaotic system of which the response is highly sensitive to initial conditions. For this framework, a specific construction which combines the common arbiter PUF circuit, a converter, and the Chua's circuit is given to implement a more secure PUF. Simulation experiments are presented to further validate the framework. Finally, some practical suggestions for the framework and specific construction are also discussed.

A new key generation technique using GA for enhancing data security in cloud environment

Cloud computing is the distributed and centralised network with the collection of systems providing the resources based on pay-per-use. Security is the major issue in the cloud. Protecting the users' data is a critical task in cloud. Traditional cryptographic symmetric algorithms are suitable for storing data in a more secured way. Asymmetric algorithms are preferred for encrypting the keys rather than the data because of its less speed. The technique for generating or selecting the key plays a vital role in securing the data. Genetic algorithm is a powerful tool for solving the most of the optimisation problems. The proposed genetic algorithm is used for generating the best key which satisfies the specified fitness function. The optimal key generated from the proposed genetic algorithm is encrypted with asymmetric addition chaining cryptographic algorithm (ACCA) to make the key strong. This strengthened key can be used for encrypting data.