Key Activities Research Articles

Relevance of the “Polar Index” Project for Sustainable Development of the Russian Sector of the Arctic Zone

Introduction. The following study answers the question whether the “Polar Index” project is a reliable reflection of the development of the Russian Arctic region in the field of sustainable development. Within the framework of this scientific work, the analysis of the general methodology for calculating the "Polar Index" assigned to each of the companies operating in the Russian Arctic was carried out. The analysis made it possible to understand the logic of assigning an organization to one of the three groups, depending on how active its sustainable development policy is.Materials and methods. The materials used in the given article include studies of Russian scientists devoted to sustainable development of the Arctic region, as well as the materials published on the official web-sites of Russian energy companies. In terms of research methodology, the article pays special attention to event analysis aimed at identifying and interpreting key activities and projects that are implemented by Russian companies in the Arctic zone within the framework of sustainable economic, social and environmental development. In order to do this, three Russian energy companies of different levels of participation in the development of the region were selected. Next, for each of these companies, an analysis of its actions and development strategy regarding the Russian segment of the Arctic was carried out.Results of the study. The comparison of the assessment of Russian energy companies’ activities based on the Polar Index and the conclusions regarding the effectiveness of their activities obtained as a result of the event analysis proves that the Polar Index project indeed reflects the effectiveness of the activities of Russian companies in the Arctic region, as well as the degree of their involvement in sustainable development of the polar region in question, with a high degree of reliability.Discussion and conclusion. The research revealed Russian companies, the activities of which to a substantial degree comply with all the three criteria of sustainable development, namely, economic, ecological, and social. That being said, relevant scientific research on the given subject demonstrates that the companies, which managed to achieve the best results in the given sphere, are Rosneft, Norilsky Nikel and Gaspromneft.

Digital servitization in digital enterprise: Leveraging digital platform capabilities to unlock data value

Existing research has not clearly defined digital platform capabilities or explained how they unlock data value, limiting the understanding of digital servitization in digital enterprises. Therefore, our study draws upon the Dynamic Capability Theory and employs an exploratory, in-depth single case study approach to bridge this research gap. We identify three key digital platform capabilities: data integration capability, data analytics capability, and data productization capability. Our results demonstrate that these capabilities function as “reservoirs,” “catalysts,” and “pipelines” in a specific iterative sequence to unlock data value, thereby facilitating the successful implementation of digital servitization in digital enterprises. Furthermore, these capabilities are interconnected, collectively forming a dynamic capability—digital platform capability—that unlocks data value by integrating and reconfiguring data resources. Additionally, we delineate the differences in digital servitization between digital enterprises and traditional manufacturers across three dimensions: motivation, key service design activities, and benefits. Our findings enrich the existing literature on digital platform capabilities and data value while expanding the research scope of digital servitization from the perspective of digital enterprises.

Strengthening teacher competence through joyful learning and innovative learning media training

A needs assessment at Muhammadiyah Middle School 9 Tanggulangin revealed that teachers struggle with creating interactive learning environments and developing innovative teaching materials. To address these challenges, a training program was conducted to enhance teachers' pedagogical skills, creativity, and motivation. The program consisted of two key activities: joyful learning training and training in the development of creative and innovative learning media. The process included several stages: preparation (needs assessment, program design, material development, and pre-test), implementation (intensive training on joyful learning and innovative media development), and evaluation. The training involved 12 teachers (4 men and 8 women). The results showed significant improvements in teachers' understanding of joyful learning concepts and their ability to create creative and innovative learning materials. This program highlights the importance of adopting innovative and enjoyable teaching strategies to enhance teacher competence and improve student learning experiences. The initiative demonstrated that targeted training could effectively address the challenges teachers face, leading to better educational outcomes.

Geese as keystone species in the Low Arctic of central Canada: the Karrak Lake Research Station

True abundance of lesser snow ( Anser caerulescens caerulescens, Linnaeus 1758) and Ross's geese ( Anser rossii, Cassin 1861, collectively referred to as “light geese”, in North America had been unknown in the 1980s. However, different indices of abundance suggested steady increases at the time. The Karrak Lake Research Station (KLRS) was established partly because it was not known if the breeding biology from more southern latitudes (the only information available at the time) was representative of more northern colonies where 90% of the midcontinent population of lesser snow geese nested. Visits in 1990 confirmed the continued importance of Karrak Lake and surrounding areas in Canada’s central Arctic to a large nesting concentration of both snow and Ross's geese documented previously. Key activities at KLRS were (1) colony-wide annual monitoring of nesting goose abundance and nesting performance and (2) large-scale marking efforts to monitor survival, range-wide abundance, distribution, and exploitation rate from hunter harvest and natural mortality rate. The scope of research expanded to include their interaction with local vegetation and other sympatric wildlife, including Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus, Linnaeus 1758), king eiders ( Somateria spectabilis, Linnaeus 1758), long-tailed ducks ( Clangula hyemalis, Linnaeus 1758), and cackling geese ( Branta hutchinsii). Following exponential growth in the 1990s and 2000s, nesting populations of light geese at Karrak lake collapsed since 2012, presenting a unique opportunity to examine how local ecosystems recover and revert from heavy grazing by hyperabundant geese.

Integrating ethics and democratic principles in chemistry education: a case study

Abstract This study presents a novel approach to integrating ethics and core values into chemistry education through the module “Culture of Democracy Through the Didactics of Chemistry.” Developed as part of a broader initiative aimed at educating future teachers for democracy and human rights, this module explores the ethical dimensions of chemical knowledge and its social and environmental impact. Utilizing the Council of Europe’s Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture, it introduces pre-service teachers to concepts such as responsibility, human dignity, and the rule of law. The module involved six pre-service teachers and two schoolteacher-mentors. Key activities included student-led discussions, such as exploring personal responsibility and moral dilemmas in chemistry, exemplified by the Heinz dilemma, and engaging in discourse on the possibility of breaking a law for morally justifiable reasons to comprehend the delicate balance between legal duties and moral responsibilities. Through reflective exercises and collaborative learning, pre-service teachers engage critically with the ethical implications of their future profession. Initial feedback highlights the value of integrating ethical discussions into chemistry education, fostering deeper reflection and a sense of responsibility among pre-service teachers. The study provides a valuable framework for educators integrating ethics into science curricula, fostering responsible chemistry practice aligned with social values.

Development and safety of investigational and approved drugs targeting the RAS function regulation in RAS mutant cancers.

The RAS gene family holds a central position in controlling key cellular activities such as migration, survival, metabolism, and other vital biological processes. The activation of RAS signaling cascades is instrumental in the development of various cancers. Although several RAS inhibitors have gained approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for their substantial antitumor effects, their widespread and severe adverse reactions significantly curtail their practical usage in the clinic. Thus, there exists a pressing need for a comprehensive understanding of these adverse events, ensuring the clinical safety of RAS inhibitors through the establishment of precise management guidelines, suitable intermittent dosing schedules, and innovative combination regimens. This review centers on the evolution of RAS inhibitors in cancer therapy, delving into the common adverse effects associated with these inhibitors, their underlying mechanisms, and the potential strategies for mitigation.

Sweet Bread Teaching Factory's Feasibility Projection at Banyuwangi State Polytechnic

This study aims to provide an overview of sweet bread production as an alternative in planning and developing teaching factories based on business feasibility projection analysis. A quantitative technique was applied in this research. Survey techniques and statistical tests were used to examine the hypotheses. To demonstrate that an institution can and should continue its sweet bread business, several variables were measured, including the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Return on Investment (ROI), Benefit–Cost Ratio (B/C ratio), Payback Period (PBP), and Break Event Point (BEP), providing further information for Business Model Canvas analysis of a business model. Based on the BMC, the value propositions are a variety of sweet bread, ease of access, affordable prices, quality, and taste. Key activities include sweetbread production, stock management, marketing and promotion, and customer service. Customer segmentation involves students, lecturers, staff, and institutional visitors. An analysis of financial projections reveals that business is feasible. This can be seen from IRR = 53,19%; the NPV > 0 is equal to IDR 85,222,327; ROI = 216.69%; B/C ratio =1.07; BCR > 1; PBP = 41 months; and BEP = IDR 5,528,669.25. Keywords: teaching factory, sweet bread production, business feasibility, financial projection

Ethical design through grounding and evaluation: The EDGE method for designing information systems for social impact

The development of effective socio-technical information systems requires designers to balance ethical goals with functional capabilities and business objectives. To address this challenge, we propose EDGE, a novel ethical design method that focuses on two key activities in the systems development process—ethical grounding and evaluation of ethical impacts. We provide an empirical example of the EDGE method by applying it to the redesign of a sustainable application in the energy industry. This empirical example reveals the need for ethical clarity to ground and evaluate the app to achieve improved ethical performance and social impacts. We conclude with the implications of the new ethical design method and future research directions for its application and enhancement.

Improving the clarity of doctoral admissions webpage information: a UK institutional case study

ABSTRACT This paper explores data from an institutional case study on doctoral admissions at one UK university. Using a multi-part design, this paper first shares the results of a desk review of institutional webpages, and then reports on empirical research with academic directors of postgraduate research (n = 12), doctoral programme officers (n = 8), doctoral supervisors (n = 19), and doctoral researchers (n = 15) on their perceptions of, and interactions with, doctoral admissions webpage information. The webpage review identified seven categories of information departmental doctoral admissions webpages typically convey. The study reveals that doctoral admissions webpages have complex functions and diverse intended audiences. We document the key activity of webpage work and how this is divided. We also highlight potential information gaps for certain audiences. Our paper aims to contribute insights to create more transparent and accessible doctoral admissions information for all potential applicants. We conclude by sharing recommendations to enhance the quality of such information.

Strategies for enhanced acetone-butanol-ethanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii Y10 from glucose and xylose and exploration of its physiological mechanisms

To enhance the production of butanol and its ratio to the total solvent, the impacts of exogenous amino acids supplementation on acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation were studied. With this effort, the highest butanol and total solvent production of 14.18 ± 0.24 g/L and 16.29 ± 0.31 g/L were achieved when 5.0 mg/L of phenylalanine was added at 18 h. Additionally, to explore the physiological reasons for the efficient synthesis of butanol under the optimal condition, the changes of key enzyme activities in the butanol synthesis pathway and the intracellular microenvironment were investigated. The findings show that phenylalanine addition could enhance crude enzyme activities of acetate kinase and butyrate kinase activities, strengthen NADH synthesis and expend more ATP to promote the growth of Clostridium beijerinckii Y10. This study suggests that the method of a tiny amount of amino acid addition was a simple and efficient approach to enhance bio-butanol production, thus providing a new strategy to improve the performance of other similar fermentation.

Identification of compounds from Origanum compactum and Origanum elongatum using HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and comparative analysis of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties

The aim was to assess the phytochemical composition, phenolic component levels, and biological properties of the flowering tops of Origanum compactum and Origanum elongatum. The study employed phytochemical assays, spectrophotometric techniques for quantitative analysis of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, and compound identification using HPLC/UV-ESI-MS. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the O. compactum extract had significantly high levels of total polyphenols, measuring 47.368 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram, and flavonoids, measuring 14.839 mg quercetin equivalents per gram. The phytochemical examination of O. compactum revealed that lithospermic acid accounted for 36.82 % of the chemicals detected, followed by salvianolic acid C at 12.57 % and ros-marinic acid at 6.01 %. The main constituents of O. elongatum are salvianolic acid C (14.46 %), luteolin-3-O-glucuronide (13.51 %), salvianolic acid B (12.24 %), rosmarinic acid (7.83 %), and rutin (6.18 %). The results demonstrated different levels of effectiveness against the investigated microorganisms, with the extract from O. compactum exhibiting better activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria, certain yeasts, and the fungus Aspergillus niger. The aqueous extracts of both Origanum species demonstrate significant antioxidant activity. O. compactum has a higher total antioxidant capacity (IC50 of 35.083 μg/mL) compared to O. elongatum (IC50 of 77.080 μg/mL). However, O. elongatum has a higher reducing power (35.697 μg/mL) compared to O. compactum (42.563 μg/mL). In vivo evaluations revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. compactum and O. elongatum possess significant antihyperglycemic and anticoagulant properties. The extracts demonstrated a marked reduction in blood glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Wistar rats and effectively prolonged both prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), highlighting their ability to inhibit coagulation pathways. Moreover, their comparable efficacy to standard antihyperglycemic medications and absence of severe toxicity, even at high doses, underscore their therapeutic potential for safe and effective treatment applications. Between the two species, O. compactum exhibited superior efficacy in key biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant properties, making it a strong candidate for therapeutic applications. This study underscores the value of Origanum species as a rich source of bioactive compounds, offering significant potential in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and agri-food industries. The findings pave the way for further exploration of their diverse applications.

Differences in body condition and hepatic cellular metabolism among distinct populations of cestode-infected pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)

Host populations can vary in the prevalence and intensity of their parasites, which may influence the impacts of infection on host physiology and health. Parasite-induced effects on hosts may be due to underlying changes in cellular energy metabolism, predominantly driven by the mitochondria. However, limited research has been conducted on understanding variation in host–parasite interactions across populations. We sampled three wild populations of pumpkinseed sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)), two of which are infected by cestodes, to study correlations among infection intensity, host body condition, and key metabolic enzyme activities in liver tissue. In both infected populations, cestode infection was associated with reduced hepatic lipid metabolism and increased hepatic lactic fermentation. Interestingly, Lake Cromwell fish showed a decrease in body condition, electron transport system activity, and antioxidant activity with cestode intensity, whereas the contrary was observed for Lake Long fish. This suggests that Lake Long fish could be boosting their immune system and food intake to better tolerate infection, unlike Cromwell fish. This study not only highlights how different populations can vary in their response to parasite infections but also the importance of accounting for infection when studying animal physiology.

Proteomic analysis of the human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell secretome by integrated approaches via filter-aided sample preparation

The immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of the human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) secretome are acknowledged but the understanding of the specific bioactive components remains incomplete. To address these limitations, the present investigation aimed to profile the proteins and peptides content of the hAMSC secretome through sample pretreatment and fractionation on 10 kDa molecular cut-off FASP (Filter Aided Sample Preparation) device and LC-MS analysis. The filter retained protein fraction underwent trypsin digestion, while the unretained was collected unchanged for intact small proteins and peptides analysis. This combined approach (C-FASP) collects in a single step two complementary fractions, advantageously saving sample volume and time of analysis. The bottom-up analysis of the C-FASP proteins fraction >10 kDa confirmed our previous findings, establishing a set of proteins consistently characterizing the hAMSC secretome. The analysis of the fraction <10 kDa, never been investigated to our knowledge, identified peptide fragments of thymosin beta 4 and beta 10, collagen alpha 1 chains I and III, alpha-enolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, involved in wound healing, anti-inflammatory response, tissue repair and regeneration, key biological activities of the secretome. C-FASP provided a comprehensive molecular profile of the hAMSC secretome offering new insights for enhanced therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. SignificanceIn this investigation we originally present the comprehensive proteomic investigation of the human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell secretome by combining the analysis of the proteome and of the peptidome following sample pretreatment and fractionation by Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) with 10 kDa molecular cut-off in coupling with LC-MS analysis. The proteome fraction retained by FASP filter was analyzed after enzymatic digestion, while the unretained fraction, below 10 kDa molecular mass, was analyzed unchanged in its intact form. This dual approach provides novel insights, previously unexplored, into the molecular components potentially responsible for the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of the hAMSC secretome. These findings could significantly enhance the therapeutic potential of hAMSCs in regenerative medicine.

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Soil Enzyme Activities in a Saline-Alkaline Grassland.

Global climate change and agricultural practices have increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, significantly affecting the nitrogen cycling process in grasslands. The impact of different N forms on key soil enzyme activities involved in N nitrification, particularly in the saline-alkali grasslands of the Hexi Corridor, using natural grassland as a control (CK) and adding three N treatments: inorganic N (IN), organic N (ON) and a mixed N treatment (MN, with a 4:6 ratio of organic to inorganic N). Our study assessed the effects of these N forms on soil properties and enzyme activities crucial for N cycling. The findings indicate that different N forms significantly enhance soil mineral N content, with ON treatment leading to the highest increases in nitrate and ammonium content 92.44% and 35.6%, respectively, compared to CK. Both IN and ON treatments significantly boosted soil nitrate reductase and urease activities (p < 0.05), while MN treatment decreased nitrate reductase activity, with ON treatment showing the greatest sensitivity to enzyme activity changes. Soil pH slightly increased with N addition, but soil nitrite reductase activity remained relatively unchanged (0.372-0.385 mg g-1). Correlation analysis revealed that soil mineral N content and pH are key regulators of enzyme activities in saline-alkaline grasslands. These results suggest that different N forms should be considered in nutrient cycling models, with organic N addition potentially enhancing soil N conversion and mitigating nutrient limitations in grassland ecosystems.

Towards digitalization of the circular economy in the furniture industry

Fashionable, cheap furniture of questionable quality is often used for short-term economic gain. If the furniture is not liked, it is quickly discarded. The need to reduce CO2 emissions, dwindling resources and social and political demands contradict this practice and require the implementation of closed-loops material cycles and the introduction of circular business models. A systematic literature review and a case study were conducted to provide a comprehensive overview of current circular economy strategies (e.g. reuse, refurbishment and recycling) implemented in the furniture industry in relation to various key activities of platform companies. As part of the case study, interviews were conducted with stakeholders and experts from the furniture and interior design industry. The European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform was also consulted. The literature review and the case study show that the furniture industry is in a state of transition. By incorporating designs that allow for improved remanufacturing, refurbishment and reuse, companies in the industry are increasingly starting to consider circular economy patterns. Increasing digitization and servitization are driving new circular business models. Another key finding is that digital platforms are suitable for connecting stakeholders such as manufacturers, service providers and consumers, taking into account the relevant business models. The study also identified motivations, barriers and requirements for the implementation of circular and digital business models in the furniture and interior design industry. There is still a large gap between what can be achieved with a circular economy and its actual implementation.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOGISTICS SECTOR AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ASEAN COUNTRIES

In the modern economics, any manufacturing companies have increasingly relied on professional logistics firms, leading to rapid growth in the logistics sector as a service industry and its significant contribution to economic development. With increasing globalization and competition, countries have focused on enhancing their logistics systems to ensure stable economic growth and strengthen global trade competitiveness. In the ASEAN region, logistics plays a critical role, facilitating cross-border trade and regional connectivity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the logistics sector, specifically air freight transportation, and economic growth in ASEAN countries, given the sector's central role in supporting supply chain management and trade activities. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether there is a causal relationship between air freight transportation (AFT), a key logistics activity, and gross domestic product (GDP) growth in six ASEAN countries. The study seeks to provide insights into how investment in logistics infrastructure, particularly in air freight, may influence economic growth in the region. The study uses panel data for six ASEAN countries from 1996 to 2021. Data on GDP growth and air freight transportation were sourced from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database. A series of statistical tests, including the Cross-Sectional Augmented Dickey Fuller (CADF) test, Pesaran’s slope homogeneity test, and the Bootstrap Granger causality test, were performed to examine cross-sectional dependence and the causal relationship between GDP growth and air freight transportation. Descriptive statistics revealed significant disparities in air freight transportation capacity among the countries studied, with Indonesia and Thailand showing substantial air freight volumes compared to the Philippines. However, the results of the panel causality tests, including the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test, indicate that no causal relationship exists between air freight transportation and GDP growth in the six ASEAN countries.

Empirical Evidence on Corporate Social Responsibility A Case Study of Chinese Companies in Pakistan

This paper investigated the state of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices among Chinese companies operating in Pakistan. Findings reveal that while most Chinese firms have dedicated CSR programs, the strategic focus and long-term developmental impacts vary; enhancing corporate reputation rather than creating ethical value or empowering local communities was the dominant motivation. Key CSR activity areas include education, healthcare, and environmental initiatives, aligned with local socioeconomic needs. Although positive impacts are acknowledged, local stakeholders perceive CSR effects to be limited lacking strategic direction; challenges around political sensitivities, security risks, and coordination issues were highlighted. The paper advocates for a more strategic, participatory and sustainable CSR approach focused on long-term capacity building. Guidance frameworks attuned to local contexts can enable companies to balance business goals with lasting social value.

Artistic Education in Jerzy Vetulani’s Perspective: A Comparative Analysis With Irena Wojnar’s Polish Concept of Aesthetic Education

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This article aims to present the anthropological, aesthetic, and pedagogical foundations of Jerzy Vetulani’s postulate of artistic education and compare it with Irena Wojnar’s concept of aesthetic education. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research questions are: What are the anthropological, aesthetic, and pedagogical foundations of Vetulani’s postulate of artistic education? Is there a similarity between Vetulani’s postulate and Wojnar’s proposal of education through art? To achieve these objectives, the content analysis method based on Karolina Szczepaniak’s model was used. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Starting with Vetulani’s neurobiological views, the article first presents art as a defining characteristic of homo sapiens and a key activator of the human brain, especially its cognitive functions. It then discusses the pedagogical assumptions of Vetulani’s postulate. The comparison between Vetulani’s and Wojnar’s concepts is made by examining their anthropological assumptions and the role of art in human development. RESEARCH RESULTS: According to Vetulani, the relationship between humans and art is bio- logically determined, with art being essential for achieving full humanity. Both Vetulani and Wojnar view humans as inherently open to art, which plays a significant role in the upbringing process. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: Vetulani and Wojnar both emphasize the importance of art in human education. Brain imaging technology can enhance traditional aesthetic education. Activating the brain’s cognitive functions through art, particularly cognitive attention as highlighted by Vetulani, can be beneficial in treating common concentration disorders in children and adolescents.

Analysis of apple chips business development strategies using business model canvas approach and SOAR-AHP method

The study focuses on SMEs X, a producer of various processed fruit products, primarily apple chips. The business experienced a 90% decline in revenue due to an 8-month market closure during the Covid-19 pandemic, with ongoing challenges such as reduced revenue and production capacity post-pandemic. This study aims to identify business models in SMEs using the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach, develop alternative business strategies through SOAR analysis of BMC elements, prioritize these strategies using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, and enhance their BMC. Four expert respondents participated in the study. The research results highlight the current business conditions across the 9 BMC elements. The SOAR matrix produced eight alternative strategies, prioritized using the AHP method, including optimal production planning and scheduling (OR2), strengthening apple chips brand awareness (OA2), disseminating freeze-drying production technology innovations (OA1), developing business unit production (SA2), expanding the marketplace (SA1), maximizing the use of social media (OR1), product quality standardization (SR1), and forming partnerships with other fruit chip SMEs to innovate freeze-dried products (SR2). The BMC was further developed by integrating SR2 and OA1 into the key partnerships element, SA2 into the key resources element, OA2, OR1, and OA2 into the key activities element, SR1 into the value proposition element, and SA1 into the channel element.

Parental Care Behavior Of Sumatran Elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) During Nocturnal Activities In Gunung Leuser National Park, Tangkahan Resort, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia

The Sumatran elephant, active both day and night, is more active two hours before sunset and after dawn. In a matriarchal system, a dominant female leads the herd, with mothers and allomothers (non-nursing females) caring for the calves. This study, conducted at Gunung Leuser National Park, Tangkahan Resort, used CCTV to observe behavior like grooming, feeding, playing, and resting for 12 hours each night. Over 84 hours of observation, 5639 data points were recorded for adults and 5117 for calves, totaling 5040 minutes. Key nighttime activities included grooming (adults: 36.5%, calves: 22.07%), feeding (adults: 33.71%, calves: 24.5%), and playing (calves: 11.8%, adults: 5.24%). The study showed strong mother-calf bonds, with mothers actively protecting and teaching their young. These findings emphasize the mother’s role in the calf's development during nighttime.