Removal Of Ketoprofen Research Articles

Polypyrrole-functionalized magnetic Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites as a fast, efficient and reusable adsorbent for removal of ketoprofen and indomethacin from aqueous solution

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as emerging organic pollutants have received widespread attention. A novel composite adsorbent was successfully prepared through the modification of polypyrrole (PPy) onto the surface of magnetic Bi2MoO6 (MnFe2O4/Bi2MoO6/PPy) and acted as excellent adsorbent to remove organic compounds from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, BET, VSM, XPS and PES. The resulting composites combined the advantages of all three parts and possessed porous structure and magnetic properties, which showed excellent adsorption performance for ketoprofen (KET) and indomethacin (IDM), as evidenced by 87.03% and 86.24% of removal in just 120 min at initial concentration of 10 mg/L, respectively. The adsorption processes of MnFe2O4/Bi2MoO6/PPy for PPCPs were well fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and described better by Langmuir isotherm model. The possible adsorption mechanisms of KET and IDM by MnFe2O4/Bi2MoO6/PPy were provided. Additionally, the effect of other coexisting substances was also explored using Cu2+ as a model. Moreover, the adsorption performances were further studied to remove several dyes, in which showed superior affinity for anionic dyes. In practical application, it had almost equal removal capacity for KET both in the Yellow River water and sewage treatment plant inlet water.

Synthesis, characterization, kinetics and modeling studies of new generation pollutant ketoprofen removal in water using copper nanoparticles

Copper nanoparticles were synthesized following their characterization by XRD, SEM-EDX and TEM techniques. These nanoparticles were used to remove new generation pollutant ketoprofen up to 89% at optimal conditions of 50 mg/L concentration, 50 min, 5.0 pH, 1.0 g/L dose and 25 °C. The adsorption followed the Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin - Radushkevich models describing good adsorption of ketoprofen in water. The adsorption followed pseudo-first-order and liquid film diffusion mechanism. The adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic as proposed by the thermodynamics data. The supramolecular mechanism was purposed for the adsorption. Remarkably, the adsorption process was appropriate at low contact time. These properties of the adsorption made this development applicable to natural water resources, making the process economic and eco-friendly. So, this adsorption method may be used to remove ketoprofen in water easily at an inexpensive level.

Cytotoxicity evaluation of ketoprofen found in pharmaceutical wastewater on HEK 293 cell growth and metabolism

Inefficient ketoprofen removal from pharmaceutical wastewater may negatively impact the ecosystem and cause detrimental risks to human health. This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity effects of ketoprofen on HEK 293 cell growth and metabolism, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) expression, at environmentally relevant concentrations. The cytotoxic effects were evaluated through the trypan blue test, DNS assay, MTT assay, and the expression ratio of the COX-1 gene. The results of this study show insignificant (p > 0.05) cytotoxic effects of ketoprofen on cell viability and cell metabolism. However, high glucose consumption rates among the treated cells cause an imitation of the Warburg effect, which is likely linked to the development of cancer cells. Apart from that, the upregulation of COX-1 expression among the treated cells indicates remote possibility of inflammation. Although no significant cytotoxic effects of ketoprofen were detected throughout this study, the effects of prolonged exposure of residual ketoprofen need to be evaluated in the future.

Removal of Ketoprofen from Water by Sono-Activated Persulfate Oxidation

In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of treating water contaminated with ketoprofen (KET) by ultrasound (US) and sono-activated persulfate (US/PS) systems. The effects of different reaction parameters, such as the initial pharmaceutical compound concentration (C0), persulfate concentration, ultrasonic power, and initial pH of the solution (pHi) on the KET removal and reaction kinetics were investigated. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was used as a chemical probe to identify the predominant radicals in the US and US/PS systems. The results demonstrated that the persulfate oxidant can be activated by US under neutral and alkaline conditions. Moreover, KET was predominantly degraded by hydroxyl radicals (HO.) generated by the activation of persulfate. Under alkaline conditions, the removal efficiency of KET improved with increasing amount of persulfate added. HO. was the dominant radical at a more alkaline pH in both US and US/PS systems, which was verified by the tert-butyl alcohol probe. These results provide insights into the treatment of water contaminated with pharmaceutical compounds.

Removal of cimetidine, ketoprofen and naproxen by heterogeneous catalytic ozonation over volcanic sand at low pH

This work presents experimental results on the catalytic effect of volcanic sand on the simultaneous removal of naproxen, ketoprofen, and cimetidine by ozonation. Catalyst characterization included XRD, EDX, XRF, SEM and physisorption analysis. Removal assays at laboratory scale in a semi-batch reactor showed enhanced removal by the presence of the catalyst at pH 4, but no difference was found at higher pH values. Furthermore, the immobilization of different amounts of TiO2 (2.5 % and 5.0 %) on the sand surface revealed that TiO2 exerted an adverse effect on the catalytic activity at pH 4, lowering ketoprofen removal by up to 41.3 %. Likewise, the highest and fastest removal at pH 4 was obtained using a catalyst dose of 1 g/L and dosing ozone at 15 mg/L (72.5 % ketoprofen; 90.7 % total pharmaceuticals), reaching more than 80 % total elimination after only one minute of treatment. Catalyst reusability evaluated over 5 cycles demonstrated efficient elimination of the pharmaceuticals, with only slight decrease in ketoprofen elimination. Finally, heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ketoprofen was applied in a real wastewater matrix, obtaining a removal of 75.9 % after 40 min of reaction; this represents a similar efficiency to that achieved in synthetic wastewater.

Chitosan Biopolymer from Crab Shell as Recyclable Film to Remove/Recover in Batch Ketoprofen from Water: Understanding the Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process

Seafood, a delight for many people, is sold in the market as a wide variety of products. However, seafood industries produce many by-products; for example, during the processing, the heads and shells of shellfish are generated as waste. This results in the generation of a large amount of shell waste that is accumulated over time, inducing a major environmental concern. Effective solutions for recycling shell waste should be taken into consideration, and the extraction of commercially useful substances like chitin and its derivates, such as chitosan, could be a valid solution for reducing the seafood waste’s environmental impact. Thus, during this work, we propose the use of chitosan as biowaste, to induce the formation of solid films useful for decontaminating water from emerging pollutants. In particular, ketoprofen was used as a model contaminant, and a high percentage of removal, at least 90%, was obtained in a short time under our experimental conditions. Thus, a comprehensive investigation into the adsorption of ketoprofen onto chitosan film was performed, detailing the nature of the adsorption by studying the effects of pH, temperature changes, and electrolyte presence in the solutions containing the pollutant. The process was found to be pH-dependent, involving meanly electrostatic interactions between the pollutant molecules and chitosan. The endothermic character of the adsorption was inferred. The kinetics of the process was investigated, showing that the pseudo second-order kinetic model best fit the experimental data. A recycling process of the adsorbent was proposed; therefore, the adsorbed pollutant can be recovered by reusing the same adsorbent material for further consecutive cycles of adsorption without affecting the efficiency for ketoprofen removal from water.

Acid-promoted Synthesis of MWCNT/UiO-66-NH2 Nanocomposite for Highly Efficient Removal of Ketoprofen

A novel MWCNT/UiO-66-NH2 nanocomposite with high porosity and water stability was fabricated through a facile acid-promoted method, which has high adsorption efficiency for ketoprofen (KET) from aq...

Effects of oxalate and persulfate addition to Electrofenton and Electrofenton-Fenton processes for oxidation of Ketoprofen: Determination of reactive species and mass balance analysis

Electrofenton (EF) has been widely used to remove contaminants from aqueous solution, while Electrofenton-fenton (EFF), is a two stage process that employs partial electrolysis, needs further study. In addition, a combination of oxalate and persulfate with these systems (EF-Oxalate, EFF-Oxalate, EF-Persulfate, and EFF-Persulfate) could improve the oxidation capacity. This study assessed the applicability of these systems for degradation of Ketoprofen as an emerging contaminant. Under batch experiments, results showed that the order of oxidation capacity and mineralization is EF-Persulfate > EFF-Persulfate > EF-Oxalate > EFF-Oxalate > EFF > EF. Radical scavenger experiments indicated that OH is the dominant radical species in EF, EFF, EF-Oxalate, and EFF-Oxalate systems. However, both OH and 1O2 participated in oxidation of Ketoprofen in both EF-Persulfate and EFF-Persulfate processes. Fe(II)/Total Fe ratios in both solution and sludge samples decreased as oxidation capacity enhanced. Solution and sludge analyses revealed that the amount of Ketoprofen and oxidation byproducts increased in sludge over time. Carbon mass balance calculations showed that EF-Persulfate leaves the lowest amount of oxidation by-products in the system. BOD5/COD ratio analyses demonstrated that all studied systems improved biodegradability of the raw wastewater. EFF and EF-Persulfate systems had the lowest and highest operational costs, respectively. Competitive maps were developed to compare all six processes by Ketoprofen removal efficiency, mineralization capacity, and operational costs. Results confirmed that addition of oxalate and persulfate to EF and EFF systems provide good solutions to decrease the load and risk posed by Ketoprofen to water systems.

Removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from water using high surface area nanographene: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

The removal of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Ibuprofen (IBU), Ketoprofen (KETO), Naproxen (NAP) and Diclofenac sodium salt (DIC); from an aqueous model and real solution using high surface area graphene (HSANGs) were investigated. The characterization showed the presence of graphene as over layered nanoplatelets with an average thickness of 5.0nm and high specific surface area of 677.5m2g−1. The effects of different factors, which affect the removal process were studied and optimized for efficient removal, and most of the KETO, NAP, DIC, and IBU could be removed within few minutes using 10.0mg HSANGs at ambient temperature, and the adsorption capacities for KETO, NAP, DIC, and IBU were 16.6mg/g, 17.8mg/g, 19.3mg/g, and 11.9mg/g at 296K; respectively. The removal of KETO, NAP, DIC, and IBU by HSANGs was studied kinetically and thermodynamically. The results showed that the removal was mainly a pseudo-second-order process, spontaneous, and entropy driving, due to the negative Gibbs free energy, positive entropy and the positive enthalpy values.

Remediation of a mixture of analgesics in a stirred-tank photobioreactor using microalgal-bacterial consortium coupled with attempt to valorise the harvested biomass

An artificial microalgal-bacterial consortium was used to remediate a mixture of analgesics (ketoprofen, paracetamol and aspirin) in a stirred-tank photobioreactor. A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3days supported poor treatment because of the formation of p-aminophenol (paracetamol toxic metabolite). Increasing the HRT to 4days enhanced the bioremediation efficiency. After applying an acclimatization regime, 95% removal of the analgesics mixture, p-aminophenol and COD reduction were achieved. However, shortening the HRT again to 3days neither improved the COD reduction nor ketoprofen removal. Applying continuous illumination achieved the best analgesics removal results. The harvested biomass contained 50% protein, which included almost all essential amino acids. The detected fatty acid profile suggested the harvested biomass to be a good biodiesel-producing candidate. The water-extractable fraction possessed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest the whole process to be an integrated eco-friendly and cost-efficient strategy for remediating pharmaceutical wastewater.

Ketoprofen removal by O3 and O3/UV processes: Kinetics, transformation products and ecotoxicity

Ozonation (O3) and its combination with ultraviolet radiation (O3/UV) were used to decompose ketoprofen (KET). Depending on the initial KET concentration, fourteen to fifty time's faster KET degradation was achieved using combined O3/UV method compared to simple ozonation. Using both methods, formation of four major aromatic transformation products were observed: 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzophenone, 3-(1-hydroperoxyethyl) benzophenone, 1-(3-benzoylphenyl) ethanone and 3-ethylbenzophenone. In the combined treatment the degradation was mainly due to the direct effect of UV light, however, towards the end of the treatment, O3 highly contributed to the mineralization of small carboxylic acids. High (~90%) mineralization degree was achieved using the O3/UV method. Toxicity tests performed using representatives of three trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystems (producers, consumers and decomposers) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata green algae, Daphnia magna zooplanktons and Vibrio fischeri bacteria showed that under the used experimental conditions the transformation products have significantly higher toxicity towards all the test organisms, than KET itself. The bacteria and the zooplanktons showed higher tolerance to the formed products than algae. The measured toxicity correlates well with the concentration of the aromatic transformation products, therefore longer treatments than needed for complete degradation of KET are strongly suggested, in order to avoid possible impact of aromatic transformation products on the aquatic ecosystem.

Fabrication and application of mesoporous Sb-doped SnO2 electrode with high specific surface in electrochemical degradation of ketoprofen

A novel mesoporous Sb-doped SnO2 electrode with high specific surface area and excellent electrocatalytic oxidation performance is fabricated through the evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) method, which firstly used for electrochemical degradation. SEM, TEM, XRD and BET revealed that mesoporous Sb-doped SnO2 electrode possessed nanosized particles, high crystallinity, remarkable porous structure with 94.2m2g−1 surface area and 3.7nm average pore size. Through in-depth investigation of electrochemical properties, the electrochemical effective surface area of mesoporous Sb-doped SnO2 electrode reaches 8.8cm2cm−2 and its activation energy is 24.9kJmol−1, exhibiting outstanding electrochemical activity. The mesoporous electrode is further served in ketoprofen removal. Compared with conventional Sb-doped SnO2 electrode, ketoprofen is completely decomposed on the mesoporous electrode after 3h, and the corresponding kinetic constant is 0.93h−1, 2.3 times as much as that of conventional electrode. The initial mineralization current efficiency of the mesoporous electrode attains 25.0%, whereas, the conventional electrode is only 14.9%. The enhancement of electrocatalysis performances with mesoporous electrode are thoroughly discussed and proposed to the essential factors that (i) mesopore structure provides more in situ active sites to accelerate hydroxyl radical generation and ketoprofen oxidation; (ii) mesopore channel effectively promotes the adsorption of organic pollutants, and improved contaminant diffusion.

Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products as Water-soluble Molecular Markers of Sewage

We examined the utility of 13 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as molecular markers of sewage contamination in riverine, groundwater, and coastal environments. The PPCPs were crotamiton, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid, thymol, triclosan, propyphenazone, carbamazepine, diethyltoluamide, ethenzamide, and caffeine. Measurements in 37 Japanese rivers showed positive correlations of riverine flux of crotamiton (r2 = 0.85), carbamazepine (r2 = 0.84), ibuprofen (r2 = 0.73), and mefenamic acid (r2 = 0.67) with the population in the catchments. In three surveys in the Tamagawa estuary, crotamiton, carbamazepine, and mefenamic acid behaved conservatively across seasons within a salinity range of 0.4-29 per thousand, suggesting their utility as molecular markers in coastal environments. Removal of ketoprofen and naproxen in the estuary was ascribed to photodegradation. Ibuprofen and thymol were removed from estuarine waters in summer by microbial degradation. Triclosan was removed by a combination of microbial degradation, photodegradation, and adsorption. These results were consistent with those of river water incubated for 8 d at 25 degrees C in the dark in order to examine the effects of biodegradation and photodegradation. Crotamiton was detected in groundwater from the Tokyo metropolitan area (12 out of 14 samples), suggesting wastewater leakage from decrepit sewers. Carbamazepine, ketoprofen, and ibuprofen (5/14), caffeine (4/14), and diethyltoluamide (3/14) were also detected in the groundwater, whereas the other carboxylic and phenolic PPCPs were not detected and were thought to be removed during their passage through soil. All the data demonstrated the utility of crotamiton and carbamazepine as conservative markers in freshwater and coastal environments. We recommend combining these conservative markers with labile PPCPs to detect inputs of poorly treated sewage.