Removal Of Ketoprofen Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of novel magnetic metal organic framework for efficient removal of ketoprofen from aqueous solutions: Mechanism of interaction, adsorption and optimization via BOX-Behnken design

This investigation examines the adsorption and elimination of the anti-inflammatory medication ketoprofen (KTP) in relation to a newly developed magnetic thorium metal-organic framework (MTh-MOF). The study found that KTP absorption on MTh-MOF resulted in a reduction in pore volume, pore size, and surface area, as revealed by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm analysis used to evaluate the characteristics of the MTh-MOF. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the pore radius of MTh-MOF decreased from 1.68 nm to 0.82 nm, demonstrating a consistent and uniform structure. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the functional groups present in MTh-MOF, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the compound's structure. The optimal conditions for achieving a high adsorption capacity were found to be at pH 6 and a MTh-MOF dose of 0.02 g. The results indicated that MTh-MOF displayed a high capacity for absorbing KTP, with the adsorption data fitting well with pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of MTh-MOF for KTP was determined to be 518 mg/g. The adsorption energy of 28.26 kJ·mol–1 suggested that chemisorption was the predominant mode of adsorption. The process of KTP adsorption on MTh-MOF was observed to be spontaneous, endothermic, and random, as evidenced by the temperature-dependent increases in the thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo, ΔHo, and ΔSo). The adsorption process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology and Box-Behnken design (RSM, BBD). Aromatic rings interact via π-π bonding, while chemisorption involves the development of chemical interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent. Additionally, electrostatic interactions arise from the attraction or repulsion of charges between the adsorbate and adsorbent, and pore-filling occurs when the adsorbate fills the adsorbent's pores. In order to understand the electrical properties, reactivity, and shape of KTP, density functional theory (DFT) was utilized.

Amended Vegetation Filters as Nature-Based Solutions for the Treatment of Pharmaceuticals: Infiltration Experiments Coupled to Reactive Transport Modelling.

In small populations and scattered communities, wastewater treatment through vegetation filters (VFs), a nature-based solution, has proved to be feasible, especially for nutrient and organic matter removal. However, the presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and their potential to infiltrate through the vadose zone and reach groundwater is a drawback in the evaluation of VF performances. Soil amended with readily labile carbon sources, such as woodchips, enhances microbial activity and sorption processes, which could improve pharmaceutical attenuation in VFs. The present study aims to assess if woodchip amendments to a VF's soil are able to abate concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in the infiltrating water by quantitatively describing the occurring processes through reactive transport modelling. Thus, a column experiment using soil collected from an operating VF and poplar woodchips was conducted, alongside a column containing only soil used as reference. The pharmaceuticals acetaminophen, naproxen, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, ketoprofen and sulfamethoxazole were applied daily to the column inlet, mimicking a real irrigation pattern and periodically measured in the effluent. Ketoprofen was the only injected pharmaceutical that reached the column outlet of both systems within the experimental timeframe. The absence of acetaminophen, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole in both column outlets indicates that they were attenuated even without woodchips. However, the presence of 10,11-epoxy carbamazepine and atenolol acid as transformation products (TPs) suggests that incomplete degradation also occurs and that the effect of the amendment on the infiltration of TPs is compound-specific. Modelling allowed us to generate breakthrough curves of ketoprofen in both columns and to obtain transport parameters during infiltration. Woodchip-amended columns exhibited Kd and μw values from one to two orders of magnitude higher compared to soil column. This augmentation of sorption and biodegradation processes significantly enhanced the removal of ketoprofen to over 96%.

Optimization and characterization of silver nanoparticle-modified luffa for the adsorption of ketoprofen and reactive yellow 15 from aqueous solutions

In the current work, luffa was modified with silver nanoparticles to prepare LF/AgNPs adsorbent for the elimination of ketoprofen and reactive yellow 15 (RY15) from aqueous media. Various characterization techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, BET, and SEM–EDS analysis, were employed to confirm the successful modification of LF/AgNPs. Several key parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, concentration, pH, and agitation technique were fine-tuned to optimize the adsorption process. Ketoprofen removal was found to be most effective in weakly acidic conditions (pH = 5), while reactive yellow 15 adsorption was enhanced in an acidic environment (pH = 2). At 298 K, the highest adsorption capacities reached 56.88 mg/g for ketoprofen and 97.76 mg/g for reactive yellow 15. In both scenarios involving the elimination of ketoprofen and RY15, the Temkin isotherm exhibits higher R2 values, specifically 0.997 for ketoprofen and 0.963 for RY15, demonstrating a strong correlation with the observed adsorption data. Additionally, the kinetics of ketoprofen adsorption were best described by the Pseudo-first order model (R2 = 0.989), whereas the Pseudo-second order model provided the most accurate fit for reactive yellow 15 adsorption (R2 = 0.997). Importantly, the LF/AgNPs adsorbent displayed consistent performance over five consecutive reuse cycles, affirming its stability and efficacy in removing both contaminants. These findings underscore the exceptional potential of LF/AgNPs as a reliable adsorbent for the removal of reactive yellow 15 and ketoprofen from aqueous solutions.

Application of a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor with ultrafiltration membrane for ketoprofen removal during long term process: Impact of feed matrix

The research was focused on the evaluation of a long-term performance of a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing ultrafiltration (SPMR-UF) operated in a continuous mode for removal of ketoprofen from various synthetic aqueous feeds (brackish, surface, seawater and secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant). The highest initial rate of ketoprofen degradation was found for brackish water. Nonetheless, after 24 h of the SPMR-UF operation the removal rate of the drug was similar for all feed types (93–96 %). The selected process parameters (suction pressure of −0.01 MPa and backflush frequency of 1 min: 30 min) allowed to realize the process without any permeate flux decline when brackish and seawater were applied. However, fouling was observed in the case of surface water and secondary effluent, mainly due to the presence of humic acids or peptone and meat extract in the feed. Autopsy of the membrane revealed CaSO4 and CaCO3 crystals on the TiO2 layer covering the membrane surface after treatment of brackish water, seawater and secondary effluent, indicating the important role of the photocatalyst in UF membrane scaling. It was concluded that since the main process determining the efficiency of SPMR-UF is photocatalysis, its optimization is of high importance.

Effective synthesis and application of artichoke and orange peels-based bio-sorbents for Ketoprofen removal from wastewater: Process optimization using Factorial methodology

Two new bio-adsorbents were successfully synthesized by doping method with zinc chloride salt (ZnCl2) of raw artichoke leaves (RAL) and raw orange peels waste (ROP). Different analysis techniques (i.e. BET, SEM, XRD, FTIR) were used for characterizing the synthesized materials. Ketoprofen (KTF) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug was effectively removed from water using the synthesized bio-adsorbents, under different operating conditions. The specific surface areas increased from 1009.960 and 997.816 m2/g for ROP and RAL natural materials, respectively, to 1511.278 and 3415.951 m2/g for ROP- and RAL-doped materials. More interestingly, maximum Ketoprofen removals of 90% and 96% were obtained using ROP- and RAL-doped bio-adsorbents, against null removal for natural ROP and RAL materials. The kinetic study shows that the pseudo-second order model simulated adequately the obtained Ketoprofen removal data with R2 superior to 99%. A DOE based on (23) full factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of pH, bio-adsorbent dosage and initial KTF concentration on Ketoprofen removal efficiency. The optimum conditions for KTF removal with both the activated wastes were pH= 2, bio-adsorbent dose of 0.1 g/L and C0,KTF= 5 mg/L with removal efficiency of 98.14% for ROP-ZnCl2, and pH= 2, bio-adsorbent dose of 0.3 g/L and C0,KTF = 20 mg/L with a removal efficiency of 99.84% for RAL-ZnCl2 bio-sorbent.

Enhanced solar light photocatalytic activity of TiO2 modified with ammonium carbamate for the removal of ketoprofen from water

This study was focused on the investigation on the influence of modification of TiO2 with ammonium carbamate on its physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity under simulated solar light. A simple mechanochemical approach based on ball-milling combined with calcination was adapted to obtain novel C,N,S-modified TiO2-based materials. Ammonium carbamate was used as C and N source, while a crude TiO2 acquired from sulfate technology was applied as TiO2 and S precursor. The photoactivity of the prepared photocatalysts was examined towards ketoprofen decomposition under simulated solar light. Additionally, the most efficient photocatalysts were examined under the visible and UV light. The influence of the preparation conditions (rotation speed, ball-milling time, calcination temperature and ammonium carbamate dose) on the photoactivity of the photocatalysts was investigated for the first time. All novel photocatalysts revealed improved ketoprofen photodecomposition efficiency (67–72 %) compared to the TiO2 P25 (60 %), the crude TiO2 (29 %) and a synthesized referential photocatalyst (60 %). The highest photoactivity was achieved for the photocatalysts prepared through 1 h of ball-milling with the speed of 600 rpm and calcined at 600 °C. The ketoprofen decomposition efficiency was rising with the increasing TiO2:N weight ratio from 9:1 to 5:5 for all the investigated types of radiation.

Optimization of a combined system of vertical flow constructed wetland and solar photo-Fenton for ketoprofen removal in sewage and landfill leachate

Emerging contaminants in the environment are a matter of concern due to their widespread use and continuous disposal without proper treatment. Conventional treatments in sewage treatment plants (STPs) are not able to completely eliminate them, resulting in the presence of these compounds in several environmental matrices. Therefore, exploring and adding technologies to reduce or avoid the disposal of these compounds in the environment is necessary. This study aimed to use the solar photo-Fenton process combined with a partially saturated bottom vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) to remove ketoprofen (KET) from anaerobic effluent (sewage + landfill leachate) post-treated by a real-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The combined constructed wetland + solar photo-Fenton in pH 3.0 (CW + SPF3) and constructed wetland + solar photo-Fenton in pH 6.0 (CW + SPF6) systems showed high efficiency in degrading KET, achieving removal rates of 97% and 95%, respectively. The systems also showed efficiency in removing conventional parameters such as COD, BOD5,20, and turbidity. In addition to having a lower cost, only the combined CW + SPF6 system was able to eliminate toxicity for Artemia sp. and Lactuca sativa (TU < 0.4). The solar photo-Fenton process and constructed wetlands have proven to be compatible technologies. This combination resulted in an innovative and effective method for wastewater treatment systems containing emerging contaminants. The use of new technological arrangements for the treatment of sewage and effluents, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), which are nature-based solutions, and environmentally sustainable advanced solar oxidation processes, establish a NEXUS concept, promoting the circular economy.

Functionalization of β-cyclodextrin onto NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the removal of ketoprofen and diclofenac from the aqueous solutions

Functionalization of β-cyclodextrin onto NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the removal of ketoprofen and diclofenac from the aqueous solutions

Removal of ketoprofen from surface water in a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing membrane distillation: effect of process parameters and evaluation of long‐term performance

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe increasing presence of contaminants of emerging concern, including pharmaceuticals, in the environment creates an urgent need for development of efficient technologies of water treatment. A promising solution could be the application of hybrid systems combining advanced oxidation processes and membrane technology. The presented investigations were focused on the treatment of simulated surface water contaminated with ketoprofen in a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing direct contact membrane distillation (SPMR‐DCMD). The influence of operational parameters such as TiO2 photocatalyst concentration, feed temperature and aeration rate was examined. Moreover, the long‐term performance of the polypropylene membrane in the SPMR‐DCMD was evaluated.RESULTSIt was proved that the increase in feed temperature not only improved the permeate flux but also enhanced the degradation efficiency, despite a simultaneous decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration. Aeration of feed did not improve the photodegradation rate, but enhanced the product quality, especially with reference to removal of CO2, thus reducing the aggressive properties of water. The presence of TiO2 was proved to enhance the permeate flux. During 200 h of SPMR‐DCMD operation the conductivity of the distillate did not exceed 3 μS cm−1 (vs. 0.1–0.5 mS cm−1 in feed), showing a high quality of the product.CONCLUSIONThe obtained results revealed a significant advantage of SPMR‐DCMD over the systems utilizing pressure‐driven membrane processes. Permeate quality was very high and no negative effect of the fouling layer on system performance was found. Moreover, the applied membrane exhibited very good stability during long‐term operation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

The regulation of electron distribution on Fe Lewis acidic sites within silicon skeleton and its contribution to Ketoprofen ozonation

Lewis acid site was vital center for activating O3 during catalytic ozonation process. Herein, we proposed a strategy to enhance the Lewis acid strength of Fe-MCM-48 (FeM) by fluorination. Fluorinated Fe-MCM-48 (FFeM) exhibited the better catalytic ozonation efficiency towards Ketoprofen (KET), a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. 87.4 % TOC removal was obtained by F2.5Fe0.8M/O3 process, but only 27.5 % and 52.7 % were found by sole ozonation and Fe0.8M/O3 processes, respectively. Comparative characterizations, experiments and DFT calculations showed that fluorinated FFeM was regular sphere with three dimensional duct channel and large SBET. Doping of F reduced particle size, implanted electron withdrawing Si-F group and formed the electron poor center around Fe atom, which enhanced Lewis acid strength of FFeM. Protonated hydroxyl groups on Lewis acid sites were the main active sites for O3 activation. Greater amount of O3 were absorbed on the surface of FFeM and the greater O3 utilization rate, •OH and •O2– generation rates were obtained by FFeM/O3 process. Common anions such as Cl−, SO42− and NO3– and Humic acids (HA) had little effect on KET removal but inhibited TOC removal in FFeM/O3 process. •OH, •O2– and Fe(IV) = O oxidation were accounted for KET degradation. 16 kinds of intermediates generated from KET degradation and 4 pathways were deduced.

Submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing ultrafiltration for ketoprofen removal from surface water

The investigations on the removal of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug – ketoprofen from a synthetic surface water containing humic acid (HA) in a new submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor (SPMR) coupling photocatalysis and ultrafiltration are presented. The treated water circulated between a feed tank equipped with an ultrafiltration membrane and a labyrinth flow photoreactor irradiated with UVA radiation. TiO2 suspended in the feed (0.5–1.5 g L−1) was used as a photocatalyst. A positive influence of aeration on ketoprofen decomposition was observed. The investigations revealed a 75% degradation of the drug (initial concentration of 10 mg L−1) after 5 h of the SPMR operation at 1 g TiO2 L−1 and 14 NL min−1 of air flow rate. The concentration of dissolved oxygen during aeration remained on a constant level, while in the absence of bubbling decreased by almost 40% during 5 h of the process. No improvement of mineralization in the presence of aeration was observed, which was attributed to a slow degradation of complex HA molecules and their desorption from the photocatalyst under the action of air bubbles. A positive effect of the bubbling on membrane fouling mitigation was proved. The permeate flux in the absence of aeration decreased by 35%, while in the case of air flow rate of 7 and 14 NL min−1 - by 20% only. The efficiency of membrane cleaning using NaOCl solution was dependent on operational parameters of the membrane in SPMR. In 5 subsequent cycles a complete flux recovery after the cleaning was obtained for the membrane operated at -0.05 bar.

Efficient Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes/Iron Oxide Nanocomposite for the Removal of the Drug Ketoprofen for Wastewater Treatment Applications

AbstractCurrent environmental restrictions, such as the zero liquid discharge policy, require developing new methods to completely remove micropollutants from wastewater. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are major component of such pollutants. The adsorptive removal of ketoprofen (KP), a widely prescribed NSAID, was studied using a newly synthesized magnetic adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be 39.2 mg/g with almost 98 % removal for 50 mg/L KP at neutral pH. The adsorption of KP was found to be pH dependent and more efficient in acidic media. The isothermal behavior of the adsorbent followed a sigmoidal behavior and was best fitted to the corresponding‐states equation (CSE). The adsorption was found to follow second‐order kinetics with a half‐life of 4.4 min. The adsorption was also found to be exothermic and therefore it is favorable at low temperatures. The study also showed that the adsorbent can be regenerated for several adsorption‐desorption cycles. The adsorption mechanism was also explored by state‐of‐the‐art periodic quantum theoretical calculations.

Cotton fiber-anchored binary PANI and LDH composite for removal of ketoprofen in environmental water samples

The efficient removal of ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has attracted more and more attention. In this study, cotton fiber-anchored binary PANI and LDH composite (CF@PANI@LDH) was developed by in-situ growth of Ni/Al layered double hydroxide plates onto polyaniline-wrapped cotton gauze that effectively made full use of the synergistic effect of the two components, and used to remove ketoprofen from aqueous media by adsorption with the advantage of being directly taken out from solution. Various adsorption capacity influence factors, e.g., concentration, pH value, adsorption time and background ions, were studied systematically. In addition, the adsorption mechanism was explored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, there existed ion exchange, hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions between the absorbent and ketoprofen. Besides, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were supported by the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. Furthermore, after 6 regeneration cycles, the fabricated CF@PANI@LDH composite still remained high adsorption capacity. More importantly, the ketoprofen removal efficiency reached higher than 82% in real environmental water samples with 0.5 g L-1 adsorbent. All the experimental data suggest that the fabricated CF@PANI@LDH composite exhibits high potential application value for the removal of ketoprofen in environmental water samples.

Fabrication and adsorption mechanism of chitosan/Zr-MOF (UiO-66) composite foams for efficient removal of ketoprofen from aqueous solution

• The ultralight porous chitosan/(UiO-66) foams (CSF@UiO-66) were synthesized. • CSF@UiO-66 foam testified lightweight, good flexibility and high stability. • CSF@UiO-66 foam could efficiently remove ketoprofen (KTP) from water. • DFT calculations were applied to reveal the adsorption mechanism. Porous chitosan/Zr-MOF (UiO-66) composite foams (CSF@UiO-66) were facilely prepared by grafting UiO-66 into polymerized chitosan using epichlorohydrin as the linking agent. The flexible foams with high loadings of UiO-66 exhibited low density (15.0 ∼ 23.4 mg/cm 3 ) and superior liquid–solid separation performance. The hierarchical pores and abundant functional groups contributed to the effective removal of ketoprofen (KPF) from water by the composite foams, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 209.7 mg/g at pH 4, outperforming most reported adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the adsorption of KPF could be described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Importantly, the composite foams showed excellent performance even in the presence of some ions and good reusability for engineering applications. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption mechanism between the composite foams and KPF could be attributed to hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. In essence, this work provides an innovative strategy for the fabrication of a blocky composite foam with high loadings of MOF for efficient adsorptive removal of KPF in liquids, which can overcome the disadvantages of agglomeration due to small particle size and poor stability of MOFs.

A new submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor based on membrane distillation for ketoprofen removal from various aqueous matrices

The removal of ketoprofen from simulated sea, brackish and surface water as well as secondary effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor (SPMR) coupling photocatalysis and direct contact membrane distillation was investigated. TiO2 photocatalyst was suspended in a feed. The investigations revealed almost complete photooxidation of ketoprofen (initial concentration of 10 mg·L−1) after 5 h, regardless of the matrix, and mineralization ranging from 19 to 56%. For comparison, ketoprofen mineralization in deionized water reached about 86%. No ketoprofen was found in distillate, however, the type of the feed affected the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC). The highest TOC content in distillate was observed for the secondary effluent. The type of the aqueous matrix affected the concentration of dissolved oxygen in feed, which decreased to the highest extent in the case of surface water (61% after 5 h). The analysis of toxicity towards Aliivibrio fischeri revealed that regardless of the feed type the distillate was non-toxic. A slight increase of permeate flux was observed during the process compared to pure water flux which was explained in terms of thermal conductivity of the TiO2 layer on a membrane surface.

Zeotype porous coordination networks as potential adsorbents for removing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from water

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are emerging organic pollutants in aquatic systems. Although their removal is essential, it remains challenging. In the present study, mesoporous PCN-777(Zr), PCN-333(Cr), and PCN-333(Fe) were constructed and then applied for exploring their adsorption performances for indomethacin sodium (IDM), diclofenac sodium (DCF), and ketoprofen (KTF). In comparison to PCN-333(Fe), PCN-777(Zr) and PCN-333(Cr) exhibited much higher adsorption capacities of IDM, DCF, and KTF, thus they were selected as adsorbents for the subsequent investigations. Then we evaluated their adsorption kinetic and isotherm features, which could be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Especially for IDM molecules, PCN-777(Zr) and PCN-333(Cr) displayed adsorption capacities of 793.6 and 806.5 mg·g–1, ranking first among various previously reported adsorbents. Furthermore, the thermodynamics parameters confirmed the endothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes. Effects of pH on the adsorbent surface charges and the NSAIDs adsorption capacities were examined in order to uncover the possible mechanisms behind the present adsorption process. The synergy effects of electrostatic interactions, H-bond interactions, and π-π stackings may contribute to the decontamination of IDM, DCF, and KTF. The coexisting salt ions and organic impurities were insensitive to IDM, DCF, and KTF removal. Both adsorbents also exhibited satisfactory reproducibilities after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorbents reported herein could be exploited as a promising protocol for the treatment of NSAIDs-contaminated effluents.

Impact of Artificial Infiltration on the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs during Treatment of Surface Water

The content of pharmaceuticals in natural waters is steadily increasing. Especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often detected in natural waters due to their widespread use. This group of compounds includes commonly used representatives, such as paracetamol and ketoprofen. The quality of natural waters determines the processes applied for the treatment of drinking water. The methods used in order to remove pharmaceuticals from treated water include adsorption and biologically active filtration. Both processes also occur during artificial infiltration (forced flow of intake surface water through the ground to the collecting wells) at surface water intakes. The processes, which occur in the soil, change the water quality characteristics to a great extent. The goal of the study was to evaluate the removal efficiency of paracetamol and ketoprofen in the process of artificial infiltration used as a pre-treatment of surface water. The studies were conducted at a field experimental installation located at the technical artificial infiltration intake. The experimental installation consisted of three metering wells (piezometers) which were located on the way between the bank of the infiltration pond and the collecting well. The collected water samples allowed to evaluate the change of selected NSAIDs concentrations during the passage of water through the ground. The analysis procedure included solid phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Removal of the studied NSAIDs in the infiltration process occurred with variable effectiveness throughout the year. Paracetamol was removed with annual efficiency equal to 42%, although no significant removal of ketoprofen was observed.

Synthesis of ultralight chitosan/activated biochar composite aerogel globules for ketoprofen removal from aqueous solution

• The ultralight chitosan/biochar composite aerogel globules were synthesized. • The sorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanism of KTP onto globules were studied. • Factors affecting sorption performance and property of globules were discussed. A novel non-template method was used to prepare ultralight composite aerogel globules that were exploited for the removal of anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen (KTP) from aqueous solution. The composite aerogel globules were synthesized by freeze-drying and characterized with FESEM, BET, FTIR, XRD and Zeta potential. Swelling behavior of these aerogel globules was strongly affected by the solution pH. The results showed that the presence of 10% activated biochar (ABC) in chitosan (CS), which was named CS-ABC2, was the most desirable aerogel globules as it had high mechanical property and remarkable sorption performance. The sorption kinetics and isotherms of KTP onto composite aerogel globules were studied in detail. In addition, the effects of ion strength and regeneration on sorption performance were investigated, indicating decent environment tolerance, complete recovery rate and excellent reusability of the composite aerogel globules. The composite aerogel globules also exhibited other outstanding advantages such as biodegradability, economy and ease of separation.

Development of activated carbon from Schizolobium parahyba (guapuruvu) residues employed for the removal of ketoprofen

Schizolobium parahyba species can be found in all of South America, producing several residues that can be a major opportunity to develop activated carbon. This work presents the investigation regarding the development of a high specific surface activated carbon (981.55 m2g-1) and its application in the adsorption of ketoprofen from the aqueous media. The ketoprofen molecules were better adhered to the adsorbent surface under acidic conditions (pH = 2), being the ideal adsorbent dosage determined as 0.7g L-1, resulting in satisfactory values. It was found that the system reached equilibrium in 200 to 250min depending on the initial concentration studied, achieving an adsorption capacity of 229mgg-1. The general order was the most suitable model for describing the experimental data, with an R2 ≥ 0.9985 and MSR ≤ 63.40 (mg g-1)2. The equilibrium adsorption found that the temperature increases the adsorption capacity, achieving 447.35mgg-1 at 328K. Besides that, the Tóth model was the most suitable for describing the isotherms R2 ≥ 0.9990 and MSR ≤ 25.67 (mg g-1)2, indicating a heterogeneous adsorbent. The thermodynamic values found that the adsorption of ketoprofen is spontaneous (average ΔG0 of - 32.79kJmol-1) and endothermic (ΔH0 10.44kJmol-1). The treatment of simulated effluent with the developed adsorbent was efficient, removing 90% of ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and salts. It was found that the adsorbent is reaming its adsorption capacity up to the 5th cycle, progressively decreasing the adsorption capacity until the adsorption does not occur past the 12th cycle. Overall, the results demonstrated that the activated carbon from residual biomass of the Schizolobium parahyba species could be an excellent alternative in obtaining an effective adsorbent to treat wastewater-containing drugs.

Batch adsorption studies for ketoprofen removal via Dillenia Indica peel activated carbon

Removal of ketoprofen using Dillenia Indica peel activated carbon was investigated using batch adsorption at a laboratory scale. Chemical activation method with the aid of phosphoric acid was utilised in preparing the activated carbon. The adsorption experiments were evaluated using various factors which, are initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH of ketoprofen. The optimum condition was determined to be at pH 6 and adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g with a most KTP uptake of 8.354 mg/g. The experimental findings showed that adsorption is favorable at lower pH. Isotherm studies were conducted and the data indicated that Langmuir isotherm was well fitted to the adsorption process and the pseudo-second-order model was more preferable in simulating the kinetic process. In essence, Dillenia Indica peel activated carbon was proven as being a favourable adsorbent for the uptake of ketoprofen in batch mode.