Ketones In Solution Research Articles

Maternal ketone supplementation throughout gestation improves neonatal cardiac dysfunction caused by perinatal iron deficiency.

Iron deficiency (ID) is common during gestation and in early infancy and has been shown to adversely affect cardiac development and function, which could lead to lasting cardiovascular consequences. Ketone supplementation has been shown to confer cardioprotective effects in numerous disease models. Here, we tested the hypothesis that maternal ketone supplementation during gestation would mitigate cardiac dysfunction in ID neonates. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an iron-restricted or iron-replete diet before and throughout pregnancy. Throughout gestation, iron-restricted dams were given either a daily subcutaneous injection of ketone solution (containing β-hydroxybutyrate [βOHB]) or saline (vehicle). Neonatal offspring cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography at postnatal days (PD)3 and 13. Hearts and livers were collected post-mortem for assessments of mitochondrial function and gene expression profiles of markers oxidative stress and inflammation. Maternal iron restriction caused neonatal anemia and asymmetric growth restriction at all time points assessed, and maternal βOHB treatment had no effect on these outcomes. Echocardiography revealed reduced ejection fraction despite enlarged hearts (relative to body weight) in ID offspring, resulting in impaired oxygen delivery, which was attenuated by maternal βOHB supplementation. Further, maternal ketone supplementation affected biochemical markers of mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and inflammation in hearts of neonates, implicating these pathways in the protective effects conferred by βOHB. In summary, βOHB supplementation confers protection against cardiac dysfunction in ID neonates and could have implications for the treatment of anemic babies.

Adhesive Strength in the Structure of Composite Materials Based on Organic Raw Materials

This article discusses issues related to correcting the adhesive properties of composite materials based on organic waste and expanded polystyrene. The theoretical prerequisites for the formation of the structure of materials based on organic raw materials are determined. An average series of binders has been established as the adhesive strength with vegetable filler increases. The results of determining the adhesive strength of polystyrene foam in the structure of the composite material are presented. In order to increase the hydrophilicity of polystyrene foam, such binders as polyvinyl acetate emulsion, liquid glass, and acrylic latex were used in research. Analysis of the results obtained allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of the binder and determine the optimal type of filler in the composition of the composite material, based on the values of the shear strength. As a result, it was found that the introduction of expanded polystyrene into the composition of a composite material based on organic raw materials makes it possible to reduce the consumption of the binder by 82–87% due to its treatment with an aqueous solution of dimethyl ketone and providing it with adhesive ability. Thus, it is possible to significantly increase the share of organic waste used in the production of building materials, increasing the efficiency of their processing and disposal.

Sonochemical and Mechanochemical Synthesis of Alcohols from Aldehydes and Ketones

A green, convenient, and scalable synthesis of alcohols through the reduction of aldehydes and ketones has been developed. The green reduction was conducted using two different methods, namely sonochemistry and mechanochemistry. In the former method, the solution of aldehydes or ketones and sodium borohydride was irradiated under ultrasound irradiation. In the latter technique, the reaction mixture was ground under solvent-free conditions. The reduction reaction was performed at room temperature and completed in only 10 min using both protocols. The results showed that aldehydes and ketones with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic motifs were tolerated under the reaction conditions, allowing the formation of the corresponding alcohols with the synthetic yields of 75–98% and 77–95% for grinding and sonication methods, respectively. In addition, the reaction can be carried out on a multigram scale.

Activation of Viscous Flows of Water–Acetone–Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solutions with High Contents of Water, Compared to Water–Alcohol–Acetone Solutions

Activation of Viscous Flows of Water–Acetone–Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solutions with High Contents of Water, Compared to Water–Alcohol–Acetone Solutions

Activation of Viscous Flows of Water–Acetone–Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solutions with High Contents of Water, Compared to Water–Alcohol–Acetone Solutions

Values of kinematic viscosity and density are determined for water–acetone–methyl ethyl ketone solutions for the first time in the region of high contents of water and the 20–40°C range of temperatures. Results are used to calculate the molar kinematic viscosity (νm), the Gibbs energy of viscous flow activation (ΔG≠νΔ), and the entropy of viscous flow activation. The viscometric characteristics of this system are compared to those of water–ethanol–acetone, water–2-propanol–acetone, and water–2-butanol–acetone systems studied earlier. Dependences on the concentration of one organic component at a fixed content of a second are presented for different properties. The viscometric parameters of ternary solutions with methyl ethyl ketone, calculated based on size/molecular weight of the components (νm and ΔG≠νΔ), are close to those obtained for solutions with ethanol but notably higher for solutions with 2-propanol and 2-butanol. It is concluded that molecules participating in the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds as proton donors (alcohols) raises viscosity more than an increase in size/mass (methyl ethyl ketone). Different ways of calculating the entropy of viscous flow activation (ΔS≠νΔ) are compared on the basis of literature data. It is found that ΔS≠νΔ is higher than that of water in the studied range of concentrations of the ternary water–acetone–methyl ethyl ketone system, which is also typical of other aqueous solutions.

NMR-monitoring of H/D exchange reaction of ketones in solutions of imidazolium ionic liquids

NMR spectroscopy was used to study hydrogen–deuterium exchange in CH3, CH2 and CH moieties of ketones dissolved in mixtures of solvents containing exchangeable deuteriums and imidazolium ionic liquids (IL) acting as catalysts. Factors affecting the efficiency of the exchange, as well as the role of the deuterated solvent, temperature and concentration, were investigated. Depending on the sample composition and temperature, the degree of deuteration can reach different values at equilibrium state, and the exchange rate can vary from several minutes to several months. ILs with OAc anions and with ethyl chain cations exhibit significant catalytic properties and high degrees of deuteration (up to 98%), which can be achieved by consecutive deuteration cycles. A convenient practical protocol for monitoring the exchange process by NMR spectroscopy and calculating the degree of deuteration was developed and can be used for various molecular systems.

The new approach to assessing the qualitative composition of soil organic matter

There is an opinion [1] that both humic substances (HSs) and non-humic ones pass into alkaline extract from soil organic matter (SOM). Therefore, it became necessary to develop new approaches for isolation of HSs. In this publication, the motivation for new approaches for isolation of HSs, including melanins, from soil organic matter was provided based on a review of the scientific literature. These approaches include: (i) isolation of individual organic compounds, which are soluble in 90% dimethyl ketone (acetone) solution (specifically chlorins and carotenoids); (ii) isolation of HSs plus melanins and glomalins in 90% dimethyl ketone solution with HCl; (iii) sorption of HSs plus melanins and glomalins by a sorbent (in particular based on capronic acid); (iv) desorption of glomalins by phosphate buffer solutions with pH = 7; (v) desorption of HSs including melanins by phosphate buffer solutions with pH = 9, and 11, and 0.1 M NaOH solution with pH = 13. According to the existing classification, isolated HSs including melanins can be categorized as humic acids, but no fulvic acids have been found.

Wettability control and oil/water separation performance of3D‐printed porous materials

AbstractIn this paper, polylactic acid porous materials were prepared by a fused deposition modeling 3D printing method. Then, a combination of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution etching containing hydrophobic nano‐silica (HN‐SiO2) and low surface energy fluorosilane modification was used to obtain the samples with different wettability. The effect of immersion time in MEK solution and HN‐SiO2content on the wettability of porous samples was investigated. Finally, the sample with the highest contact angle and extremely low sliding angle was selected for the oil/water separation test. The separation efficiency of oil/water separators with hole side lengths of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 for five different oil/water mixtures was investigated. The results show that the oil/water separator with a hole side length of 1.0 mm has a better primary separation effect. With the increase of the hole size of the oil–water separator, the effect of multiple separations is unfavorable. The oil/water separator with hole side length of 0.8 mm has repeatable oil/water separation performance many times. This research provides a new idea for the application of the oil/water separator with a hole side length greater than 0.6 mm printed by an ordinary, inexpensive, low‐precision fusion 3D printer.

Water\ufeff vapor induced self-assembly of islands/honeycomb structure by secondary phase separation in polystyrene solution with bimodal molecular weight distribution

The formation of complex structures in thin films is of interest in many fields. Segregation of polymer chains of different molecular weights is a well-known process. However, here, polystyrene with bimodal molecular weight distribution, but no additional chemical modification was used. It was proven that at certain conditions, the phase separation occurred between two fractions of bimodal polystyrene/methyl ethyl ketone solution. The films were prepared by spin-coating, and the segregation between polystyrene phases was investigated by force spectroscopy. Next, water vapour induced secondary phase separation was investigated. The introduction of moist airflow induced the self-assembly of the lower molecular weight into islands and the heavier fraction into a honeycomb. As a result, an easy, fast, and effective method of obtaining island/honeycomb morphologies was demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of the formation of such structures were discussed.

Investigation on the convection flow effect on the surface and depth of the evaporative polymeric solutions via PIV method

Convection is the main reason for surface roughness in both polymeric and non-polymeric films obtained by the drying process (solvent evaporation). It is important to find the origin to control this phenomenon which leads to the creation of a variety of surface patterns that are formed on the polystyrene/methyl ethyl ketone solution in various thicknesses and concentrations. In this research, the convection flow was observed and analyzed at the surface and depth of the polymeric fluids using Particle Image Velocimetry method. Counter-rotational flow was observed in the cross section of each cell and the flow direction was found to be ascending in the cell center and descending around it. The non-dimensional Rayleigh number (based on buoyancy) and Marangoni number (based on surface tension) were calculated to determine the convection dominant mechanism. The critical value of each number is the threshold for starting instabilities. According to the calculations based on initial assumptions and solving the one-dimensional mass transfer equation in a layer of the solution as well as controlling the effective parameters such as concentration, thickness and viscosity. Rayleigh convection was observed in a certain thickness and concentration of the samples, while concentration Marangoni convection was only observed in some of them. However, both concentration and thermal Marangoni were found in most samples.

Light stabilities of a near-infrared-absorbing phosphate ester copper complex and doped resins

The light stabilities of a near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing 2-ethylhexyl phosphate copper complex (EHPC) and resin plates of polymethacrylates containing EHPC were investigated. Light stability was assessed using the ISO 4892 weathering test and a xenon weather meter. EHPC showed high light stability in methyl isobutyl ketone solution. The plate of poly (2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) containing EHPC maintained almost constant transmittance even after irradiation for 1000 h. A resin plate containing poly (dicyclopentanyl methacrylate) as the polymer matrix had a glass transition temperature exceeding 100 °C, which further improved the light stability of the NIR absorption of the copper complex in a resin plate. We developed NIR-absorbing resins with excellent light resistance that are attractive for use as window materials.

Change in the pH of NaI and methyl alkyl ketone solutions under gamma irradiation

The effects of dissolved chemicals such as NaOH, NaI, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) on solution pH after gamma irradiation were investigated. Upon irradiation with 1.6–24 kGy of gamma radiation (0.4–6 kGy h−1), the pH of the NaOH solutions decreased, while the OH− consumption increased with increasing initial solution pH. This was attributed to acid–base neutralization between the OH− in the solutions and the acidic species (HO2· and ·NO2) formed by irradiation. The pH of the acidic NaI solution increased after irradiation with 8 kGy dose (at 2 kGy h−1), which was attributed to I− oxidation by the products of water and air radiolysis. The pH values of the MIBK and MEK solutions decreased from 7 to 4.5 or lower upon irradiation with 40 kGy dose (at 10 kGy h−1), which indicates that the alkyl groups of the ketones do not significantly affect the rates of decomposition by irradiation. The pH of the mixed solution of ketone and NaI was in the range of 6.7–6.9 before irradiation but decreased to 4.5 after irradiation with 40 kGy dose. In the mixed solutions, CH3COR and I− competed with each other to contribute to pH change.

Efficient Large-Scale Removal of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Layers by Using a Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Solution

In this study, we proposed a fast and effective technique to remove residual poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) after its use as a supporting layer for transferring graphene films on a large scale with high productivity. We utilized a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) solution, which is commonly used to develop PMMA layers, for an e-beam lithography process. This was done because MIBK molecules tend to inflate the PMMA layer, weakening the link between PMMA and the graphene surface. Field-effect transistors were fabricated on the transferred graphene, with which we addressed the Dirac points and their carrier motilities. We observed that due to the reduced p-doping effects, the Dirac points were located closer to the zero-gate bias compared to those obtained using the acetone treatment. Finally, the average device mobility reached 5400 and 3900 cm2/Vs for holes and electrons, respectively. These values are more than five times the values obtained using the conventional acetone treatment.

Balanced Viscoelastic Properties of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Made with Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Blends.

Pressure sensitive adhesives made with blends of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs PSAs) with satisfactory tack, cohesion, and adhesion have been developed. A simple procedure consisting of the physical blending of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solutions of two thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with very different properties—TPU1 and TPU2—was used, and two different blending procedures have been employed. The TPUs were characterized by infra-red spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-IR spectroscopy), differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and plate-plate rheology (temperature and frequency sweeps). The TPUs PSAs were characterized by tack measurement, creep test, and the 180° peel test at 25 °C. The procedure for preparing the blends of the TPUs determined differently their viscoelastic properties, and the properties of the TPUs PSAs as well, the blending of separate MEK solutions of the two TPUs imparted higher tack and 180° peel strength than the blending of the two TPUs in MEK. TPU1 + TPU2 blends showed somewhat similar contributions of the free and hydrogen-bonded urethane groups and they had an almost similar degree of phase separation, irrespective of the composition of the blend. Two main thermal decompositions at 308–317 °C due to the urethane hard domains and another at 363–373 °C due to the soft domains could be distinguished in the TPU1 + TPU2 blends, the weight loss of the hard domains increased and the one of the soft domains decreased by increasing the amount of TPU2 in the blends. The storage moduli of the TPU1 + TPU2 blends were similar for temperatures lower than 20 °C and the moduli at the cross over of the moduli were lower than in the parent TPUs. The improved properties of the TPU1 + TPU2 blends derived from the creation of a higher number of hydrogen bonds upon removal of the MEK solvent, which lead to a lower degree of phase separation between the soft and the hard domains than in the parent TPUs. As a consequence, the properties of the TPU1 + TPU2 PSAs were improved because good tack, high 180° peel strength, and sufficient cohesion were obtained, particularly in 70 wt% TPU1 + 30 wt% TPU2 PSA.

Formation of CH3I in a NaI and methyl alkyl ketone solution under gamma irradiation conditions

We investigated the effects of concentrations of NaI and methyl alkyl ketone on the formation of methyl iodide under gamma irradiation conditions. Without irradiation, the formation of methyl iodide does not occur. For the formation of methyl iodide, the solution pH should be brought to lower than 6 by radiolytic decomposition of ketones and air. At a pH below 6, the iodide was oxidized into iodine, allowing for the formation of CH3I from the reaction of iodine and the CH3 radical. When the concentrations of NaI and methyl alkyl ketone were similar, the concentration of methyl iodide was generally at its highest, and as the gamma dose increased, the concentration of methyl iodide increased.

Electrochemical regeneration of oxygen­containing compounds in the extracts of used oils

Growth in the volumes of oils applied for various purposes, including motor oils, results in the formation of large quantities of toxic waste – used oils. At the same time, they are a valuable raw material for the production of fresh oils by their regeneration though existing techniques have a number of shortcomings, the main of which is the formation of new waste that is difficult to dispose of. It is shown that the extraction of used oils by an alkaline aqueous-alcohol solution enables an almost complete removal of oxygen-containing compounds, as evidenced by the reduced acid number, from 1.76 mg KOH/g of oil to 0 mg KOH/g of oil. This results in a significant decrease in corrosion aggressiveness of the medium. The results of research into electrochemical processes in model solutions of ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids revealed the possibility to transform their products on electrodes into non-toxic useful products – carbohydrate products. The results of research into electrochemical processes in model solutions of oxygen-containing compounds and extracts of used oils at anodic potentials of 2.4 V demonstrated the possibility of their transformation on electrodes into useful carbohydrate products. This would contribute to an increase in the output of regenerated oil, prevents the formation of toxic waste.

A Comparison between Continuous and Batch Processes to Capture Aldehydes and Ketones by Using a Scavenger Resin

A low-cost isoniazid-based scavenger resin was previously prepared and successfully used to capture aldehydes and ketones in solution by using a batch approach. The present work compares batch and continuous processes in relation to the preparation of the scavenger resin and the effectiveness of cyclohexanone scavenging. The batch preparation of the resin proved to be the better choice because the resin produced in the continuous flow suffered deformation on its surface that prevented access to the active sites in the internal porous polymer matrix. Conversely, the continuous-flow approach presented higher capturing yields than the batch. The optimized scavenging process was successfully used to remove formaldehyde present in a solution and the carbonyl compounds present in an ethanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus.

Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Studies of the Hydroxide-Mediated Cleavage of Carbon-Carbon Bonds in Ketones.

The hydroxide-mediated cleavage of ketones into alkanes and carboxylic acids has been reinvestigated and the substrate scope extended to benzyl carbonyl compounds. The transformation is performed with a 0.05 M ketone solution in refluxing xylene in the presence of 10 equiv of potassium hydroxide. The reaction constitutes a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of certain phenyl-substituted carboxylic acids from 2-phenylcycloalkanones. The mechanism was investigated by kinetic experiments which indicated a first order reaction in hydroxide and a full negative charge in the rate-determining step. The studies were complemented by a theoretical investigation where two possible pathways were characterized by DFT/M06-2X. The calculations showed that the scission takes place by nucleophilic attack of hydroxide on the ketone followed by fragmentation of the resulting oxyanion into the carboxylic acid and a benzyl anion.

Examination of a New Desorption Method for Solid Adsorption Method of Working Environment Measurement －Attempt to Improve Desorption Efficiency of Organic Solvents from a Coconut-Shell-Activated Carbon Using Surfactant Solutions－.

For a new desorption method development for working environment measurement, desorption efficiency of organic solvent vapors from an activated carbon was examined using desorption solutions that consisted of anionic and nonionic surfactants. Ten μl of an aqueous solution of isopropyl alcohol or methyl ethyl ketone diluted with distilled water was spiked into a 10 ml vial with a coconut-shell-activated carbon (100 mg). The vial was left for 24 h, and 5 ml a desorption solution was added. Afterwards, the vial was put into an incubator at 60°C and left for 24 h, then the desorption efficiency was determined by analyzing the headspace gas in the vial with a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector. By adding one or four kinds of nonionic surfactants to the aqueous solution containing two kinds of anionic surfactants, the effect adding nonionic surfactant to the desorption efficiency was investigated, but improvement of desorption efficiency was not observed. On the other hand, desorption efficiency varied depending on the production lot of the coconut-shell-activated carbon tube used as the adsorbent.

Formation Mechanism of Transparent Mo6 Metal Atom Cluster Film Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition

Among the solution deposition techniques, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a fairly rapid and low cost two-step process well-known for ceramic shaping and conductive surface coating. Recently we have reported the fabrication of transparent inorganic thin film composed of octahedral molybdenum clusters and shown that the stabilization of the cluster solutions during EPD is very important to obtain high quality films. In this study, we selected the Cs2Mo6Bri8Bra6 or ((n-C4H9)4N)2Mo6Bri8Bra6 clusters compound (i = inner ligands, a = apical ligands) as precursors in a Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) solution to fabricate the inorganic Mo6 cluster transparent film on a conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate. For the first time, the mechanism for the deposition process of metal clusters is proposed based on results obtained by the combination of complementary techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, X-ray analysis and electron microscopy. The Mo6 film on the ITO glass substrate exhibiting a Br-rich layer is quickly deposited during the first stage of the EPD followed by a multilayer structure consisting of two types of cluster compounds, [Mo6Bri8Bra4(H2O)a2] and (H3O)2[Mo6Bri8Bra4(OH)a2].