Ketone Compounds Research Articles

Synthetic Seed Production and Slow Growth Storage of In Vitro Cultured Plants of Iris pallida Lam.

Iris pallida Lam. is traditionally cultivated in Italy to sell its rhizomes to perfume-producing industries and is particularly sought-after because of its high content of irones, ketone compounds responsible for the violet smell of the orris essence. One of the critical aspects of its cultivation is the propagation method, performed by subdividing and replanting sections of the rhizome, which leads to the sacrifice of salable material. A solution is provided via in vitro propagation using the somatic embryogenesis technique, an effective method that allows the production of plants without the use of the rhizome. To facilitate the scale up of the activities of micropropagation companies, the method of slow growth storage (SGS) for orris plantlets and a somatic embryo encapsulation technique were developed for the first time. Orris plantlets were placed at 4 °C in the dark for 30, 60, 90 and 120 days and monitored 7 and 30 days after treatment. Synthetic seeds were obtained by encapsulating somatic orris embryos in sodium alginate beads, which were stored for 14 and 28 days at 4 °C and 24 °C. The results showed that it is possible to cold-preserve orris plantlets for up to 90 days without significant damages and that orris synthetic seeds can be produced and stored for a short-to-mid-term period. These conservation techniques can be useful for germplasm conservation and can also be integrated in the micropropagation cycle of orris, helping to solve issues related to the traditional propagation method.

Exploring the Effect of Milk Fat on Fermented Milk Flavor Based on Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) and Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

Milk fat is a premium nutritional health product, yet there is a lack of high-fat dairy products for daily consumption in the current market. This study investigated the influence of different milk fat contents on the physicochemical and textural properties of fermented milk. The research revealed that an increase in milkfat content significantly improved the water-holding capacity, syneresis, color, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of fermented milk, while showing minimal changes in pH and total titratable acidity. Response surface analysis indicated that fermented milk with 25% milk fat, 2.5% inoculum, a fermentation time of 16 h, and a fermentation temperature of 30 °C exhibited the highest overall acceptability. Using GC-IMS technology, 36 volatile compounds were identified, with an increase in milk fat content leading to elevated levels of ketone compounds, and 14 compounds were defined as key aroma compounds (ROAV > 1). Electronic nose distinguished samples with different milk fat contents. The results demonstrate that an increase in milk fat content enhances the physicochemical and flavor attributes of fermented milk. This work provides theoretical references for the production and development of high-fat fermented milk.

New Copper Complexes with N,O-Donor Ligands Based on Pyrazole Moieties Supported by 3-Substituted Acetylacetone Scaffolds

The new 3-monosubstituted acetylacetone ligands, 3-(phenyl(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)pentane-2,4-dione (HLacPz) and 3-((3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl)methyl)pentane-2,4-dione (HLacPzMe), were synthesized and used as supporting ligands for new copper(II) and copper(I) phosphane complexes of the general formulae [Cu(HLacX)2(LacX)2] and [Cu(PPh3)2(HLacX)]PF6 (X = Pz (pyrazole) or PzMe (3,5-dimethylpyrazole)), respectively. In the syntheses of the Cu(I) complexes, the triphenylphosphine coligand (PPh3) was used to stabilize copper in the +1 oxidation state, avoiding oxidation to Cu(II). All compounds were characterized by CHN analysis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The ligands HLacPz (1) and HLacPzMe (2) and the copper complex [Cu(PPh3)2(HLacPz)]PF6 (3) were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The reactivity of these new compounds was investigated and the new compounds 4-phenyl-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)butan-2-one (7) and 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-phenylbutan-2-one (8) were obtained in basic conditions via the retro-Claisen reaction of related 3-monosubstituted acetylacetone, providing efficient access to synthetically useful ketone compounds. Compound 8 was also characterized by X-ray crystallography.

Pistacia lentiscus L. revealed in vitro anti-proliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and in vivo anti-mammary cancer effect on C57BL/6 mice through necrosis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enhancements.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are two interconnected processes that play a role in cancer development and progression. In the present research, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of Pistacia lentiscus L. (PL) essential oil (EO) in vitro against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and in vivo in DMBA-mammary cancer induction on female C57BL/6 mice model as well as to investigate its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential as implicated mechanism. Our results revealed a new chemotypes-profile of 39 bio-compounds of PL EO. The main chemotypes were terpenoid and ketone compounds. In vitro, PL EO had a potent anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells. In vivo, PL reduced the tumor number, volume, weight and burden values as compared to the DMBA-positive control group (p<0.05). Histopathology data confirmed the protective effect of PL traduced by the presence of necrosis area. PL EO revealed improvement on inflammatory perturbation in the C-RP levels and the complete blood cell count. Finally, PL improved oxidative disorders of lipid peroxidation, thiol groups, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant enzymes depletion in plasma and mammary tissues. Also, a potent plasma scavenging capacity has been detected. Our data suggested that PL chemotypes inhibited cell proliferation, exerting a potential protective effect against DMBA-mammary cancer through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enhancements. Targeting inflammation and oxidative stress may represent a promising strategy for breast cancer prevention and treatment.

Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone using Sonochemistry and Its Antibacterial Activity Against Escherichia coli

The synthesis of dibenzalacetone, a ketone compound with potential antibacterial properties, especially against &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt;, has typically involved time-consuming methods. This study adopts sonochemistry, an increasingly popular technique recognized for its efficiency and quick yield. The aim is to synthesize dibenzalacetone using the sonochemical method and evaluate its antibacterial efficacy against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;. The synthesis process includes a cross-aldol condensation reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde, catalyzed by NaOH, conducted in an ultrasonic bath at 35 °C for 1-5 minutes. The optimal synthesis condition, achieved in 4 minutes, resulted in a 76.56% yield of dibenzalacetone, characterized as a bright yellow solid with a melting point of 111-114°C. Techniques such as FT-IR, GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrometry were employed for structural characterization. The FTIR analysis revealed various functional groups, including C=O ketone, C=C aromatic, and C-H aromatic. GC-MS data confirmed the molecular weight of dibenzalacetone at m/z 234.1. Furthermore, &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H-NMR and &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C-NMR analyses provided detailed insights into the compound's chemical shifts and structural groups, affirming the successful synthesis of dibenzalacetone. The antibacterial activity of dibenzalacetone against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; was tested at concentrations ranging from 5% to 20%. Notably, at a 15% concentration, dibenzalacetone exhibited antibacterial activity comparable to amoxicillin. These findings suggest that dibenzalacetone, efficiently synthesized via sonochemistry, not only achieves a high yield but also has potential as an antibacterial agent against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;. This research highlights the efficacy of sonochemistry for the rapid and effective synthesis of compounds with significant medical applications.

Co-treatment of swine manure and lignocellulosic biomass by liquefaction: Parameter optimization, product characterization, reaction mechanism

In this study, co-treatment of swine manure (SM) and rice stalk (RS) or camphor tree woodchip (CTW) by liquefaction was explored for the synthesis of bio-oil and biochar products. Isochoric ethanol-water mixed solvent showed the best synergistic effect during the co-treatment of SM-RS/CTW. The effects of temperature, time, and feedstock/solvent mass ratio on the co-treatment of SM-RS/CTW obeyed a vulcano-type behavior, with recommended values of 230 ℃, 30 min, and 0.1 g/mL, respectively. The use of NaOH/Na2CO3 (5 wt% of feedstock) as the catalyst improved the production of bio-oil and the devolatilization performance of biochar. Compared with that of pure SM liquefaction, co-treatment of SM-RS/CTW enhanced the production of bio-oil and the energy recovery rate. Further, co-liquefaction bio-oil contained more ketone and phenolic compounds, while co-liquefaction biochar possessed a higher content of organic matter and more macropores. Overall, the co-treatment of SM-RS/CTW by liquefaction has considerable application prospects.

Electrochemical Synthesis of α-Thiocyanated/Methoxylated Ketones Using Enol Acetates.

We have developed the synthesis of α-substituted ketone compounds with enol acetates in an electrochemical way. By using cheap NH4SCN and MeOH as the radical sources, a series of valuable α-thiocyanates/methoxy ketones were synthesized under mild electrolysis conditions in acceptable yields with diverse functional group compatibility. Additionally, the scale-up experiment and synthetic transformations reveal potential applications in organic synthesis.

4‐OH‐TEMPO radical grafted onto a novel polyaromatic ether sulfone containing carboxyl side chains as solid catalyst for alcohol oxidation

Abstract2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidinium‐nitroxide (TEMPO) is a mild and efficient catalyst, which is important in the industrial production of selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone compounds. However, it is a challenge to recover the expensive TEMPO catalyst in homogeneous catalytic systems. In this study, a novel polymer‐supported catalyst was prepared using 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxy (4‐OH‐TEMPO) and polyaromatic ether sulfone (PAES). The successful grafting of 4‐OH‐TEMPO in PAES‐C was demonstrated by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), load capacity can be calculated by elemental analysis (EA). BET and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to depict the structure‐performance relationship. Herein, SEM images revealed the existence of porous structure. This structure can effectively adsorb NO molecules to form a PAES‐TEMPO/NOx catalytic system to selectively oxidize benzyl alcohol. The experimental results indicated the high activity, the subsequent benzyl alcohol oxidation cycle can reach more than 93% conversion without showing a large loss of selectivity. More importantly, the as‐prepared catalyst exhibited the attractive recyclability (recovery rate is 98%). After 10 consecutive runs, no significant loss of conversion and selectivity was observed (the conversion rate of benzyl alcohol was more than 93% and the selectivity was more than 95%). This study might provide some recommendation on the development of highly efficient catalysts for alcohol oxidation.

The Potential of Platanus orientalis L. Bark for High-Grade Resource Utilization

Forest wood biomass can be used as a renewable resource for the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. In this study, the methanol, methanol/ethanol, and ethanol/benzene solvent extracts of Platanus orientalis L. bark were analyzed using FTIR, IH NMR, 13C NMR, 2D-HSQC NMR, GC-MS, and TOF-LC-MS. The results revealed that the bark of Planus orientalis contained a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as 30-triacontanol, 1-Hexanol, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-ethyl-, γ-Sitosterol, and 3,4,5-tri methoxy-Phenol. In addition, the fast pyrolysis of P. orientalis L. bark (POL-B) with nano-catalysts (Co3O4, Fe2O3, and Co3O4/Fe2O3) was investigated using pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with an FTIR spectrophotometer (TG-FTIR). The TG results revealed that the nano-catalysts significantly affected the pyrolysis of P. orientalis bark. The nano-Fe2O3 catalyst was shown to increase acid and ketone compound production during the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose. According to the Py-GC-MS results, the pyrolytic products contained several value-added chemicals and high-quality bio-oil. The nano-catalysts promoted the production of aromatics, phenols, ketones, olefins, furans and alkane compounds. These natural-product active molecules and bio-oil, as high-grade raw materials, could be used in many industrial and agricultural fields for the production of wetting agents, stabilizers, plasticizers and resins. In addition, a number of active molecules could be used as drugs and biomedical active ingredients for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory purposes.

Molecular composition of low-temperature oxidation products of the heavy oil

Low-temperature oxidation (LTO) is the main reaction that affects fuel formation in the in-situ combustion process, which has important significance for the subsequent combustion propulsion and the successful extraction of crude oil. In this study, heavy oil was subjected to LTO reactions at different temperatures. Three types of reaction products with varying oxidation depths were characterized in terms of the number of oxygen atoms and the polarity of the molecule to reveal the low-temperature oxidation process of the heavy oil. Ketone compounds and acid polyoxides in the oil phase and deep oxidation products with a higher number of oxygen atoms in the coke were identified with increasing oxidation depth. The experimental results showed that the oxidation reaction of the heavy oil changed from kinetic-controlled to diffusion-controlled in the open oxidation system of the heavy oil as the oxidation depth increased. The oxidation reaction of the oil phase reached a maximum and stable value in oxygen content. The molecular compositions of the ketone compound and acid polyoxide did not change significantly with further increase in reaction temperature. The molecular compositions of the deep oxidation products with a higher number of oxygen atoms in the coke phase changed significantly. The coke precursor molecules with a lower oxygen content and condensation degree participated in the coke formation, and the oxidation reaction pathway and the complexity of the oxidation product component also increased.

A new approach for the synthesis of α‐ketothioamides from methyl ketone, pyrrolidine/piperidine and elemental sulfur using recyclable magnetic catalyst

AbstractBACKGROUNDα‐Ketothioamides play a vital role in the fields of medicine and biology. There are many α‐ketothioamide synthesis pathways, but in general, most current methods involve either conventional heating in solvent conditions or using non‐recyclable catalysts. Thus, our work investigated the preparation of α‐ketothioamides under solvent‐free sonication using magnetic nanoparticle‐immobilized chlorozincate ionic liquid as a catalyst. The desired products were purified by chromatography columns and characterized using 1H NMR and 13C NMR.RESULTSIn this study, Lewis acidic ionic liquid grafted onto magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@IL‐ZnCl2) was used as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the generation of a variety of α‐ketothioamide derivatives. The optimized conditions were methyl ketone (1.0 mmol), amine (1.2 mmol), S8 (1.2 mmol) and Fe3O4@IL‐ZnCl2 (15 mg) under solvent‐free sonication at 80 °C for 5 h, and the crude products were obtained in a 34–94% isolated yield. Then, this procedure was successfully applied to a wide range of aryl and alkyl ketone compounds. Besides, there was only a slight loss in catalytic activity in three consecutive cycles, indicating the reusability and stability of the catalytic system.CONCLUSIONSWe have successfully designed a novel protocol for the generation of α‐ketothioamide derivatives from aryl/alkyl methyl ketones, amines, and elemental sulfur catalyzed by chlorozincate ionic liquid‐coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The reaction proceeded via a mild, efficient, solvent‐free sonication accompanied by a well‐reactive catalyst, which is easily separated and reusable. Besides, a feasible mechanism is presented. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biofluid Metabolic Profiling for Lung Cancer Screening via Reactive Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

Lung cancer (LC) has the highest mortality rate among various cancer diseases. Developing an early screening method for LC with high classification accuracy is essential. Herein, 2-hydrazinoquinoline (2-HQ) is utilized as a dual-mode reactive matrix for metabolic fingerprint analysis and LC screening via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Metabolites in both positive mode and negative mode can be detected using 2-HQ as the matrix, and derivative analysis of aldehyde and ketone compounds can be achieved simultaneously. Hundreds of serum and urine samples from LC patients and healthy volunteers were analyzed. Combined with machine learning, LC patients and healthy volunteers were successfully distinguished with a high area under the curve value (0.996 for blind serum samples and 0.938 for urine). The MS signal was identified for metabolic profiling, and dysregulated metabolites of the LC group were analyzed. The above results showed that this method has great potential for rapid screening of LC.

Enhancing deoxygenation of waste cooking palm oil over CaO-MgO catalyst modified by K2O for green bio-fuel

There are challenges to replacing traditional fossil fuels completely, so producing efficient green biofuels is crucial. In this work, waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) was used as raw material to produce biofuel through pyrolytic catalysis cracking (PCC) over alkaline catalysts as CaO-MgO with various dopants at 0, 3, 6 and 9 wt% K2O contents. The WCPO reacted under atmospheric pressure without purging gases at 500, 525 and 550 °C, respectively. Catalysts were characterized by various techniques in terms of physical and chemical properties. The pyrolytic oil (PO) was separated from the crude oil product. Then, PO was characterized by TGA/DTG, CHNO, FTIR and GC–MS. The PO was distilled following an ASTM D86 method. The properties of biofuels, such as density, kinematic viscosity and acidity, were measured. The basicity of the catalyst increased with increasing K2O contents. K2O not only enhanced the pyrolytic-liquid product yield but also significantly reduced the oxygenated compounds in biofuel through the deoxygenation process to improve biofuel quality. The different reaction temperatures were observed in which low-temperature reaction provided incompletely cracking heavy molecules, and more gas product occurred at the high reaction temperature. Surprisingly, the fatty acid compounds of WCPO were transferred to hydrocarbon compounds by deoxygenation reactions confirmed by GC–MS and FTIR results. The highest pyrolytic oil yield was approximately 92 vol% compared with crude oil product, obtained from 3 wt% K2O-MgO/CaO and 525 °C. The paraffinic and olefinic compounds were the main hydrocarbon products with K2O doping catalysts, while ketone compounds were found in all catalysts via the ketonic decarboxylation mechanism. In this condition, pyrolytic oil was completely distilled to get gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The kinematic viscosity and density were under ASTM standards except for acidity. Remarkably, the acidity of biofuel with K2O doping was reduced about 2–3 times compared to MgO/CaO alone.

Biomolecules from Chaetomium globosum Possessing Antimicrobial Compounds Potentially Inhibits Fusarium Wilt of Tomato.

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani, a soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus, is a serious disease in tomato causing economic losses. In the present study, among the nine isolates of Chaetomium globosum Kunze (Chg1-Chg9), screened against F. solani No. Fs-1, Chg2 exhibited the maximum inhibition (49.2 %), followed by the isolates Chg6 (47.4%) and Chg1 (46.3%) in dual culture. Further, the crude secondary metabolites from these three isolates showed maximum reduction of the mycelial growth of Fs-1 compared to control. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the metabolites from Chg2 revealed the presence of major compounds, viz., benzothiazole, 2-(2-hydroxyethylthio) (7.51%); 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] propyl ester (3.13%); and hexadecanoic acid, 1- (hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester (2.69%). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of alcohol, secondary amine, aliphatic primary amine, carboxylic acid, allene, conjugated ketone, imine/oxime, sulphate, and halo compound groups with a weak to strong range of intensity. Pure compound of benzothiazole @ 5000 ppm exhibited higher antagonistic activity of Fs-1which decreased at lower concentration. In pot culture experiment, dipping tomato seedlings cv. PKM1 in 2% ethyl acetate-fractionated biomolecules of Chg2 recorded a minimum disease incidence of 20.0%, whereas seedlings dipped in the culture filtrate of Chg2 showed a disease incidence of 26.6% compared to control (86.6%). Besides, these seedlings treated with the culture filtrate showed the highest plant height of 37.68 cm and the maximum number of leaves and flowers (39.6 and 5.48, respectively), followed by those treated with the biomolecules of Chg2 (C. globosum) and the culture filtrate of T. asperellum. The results revealed that the antifungal efficacy of C. globosum Chg2 is due to the presence of antimicrobial metabolites including benzothiazole. Exploring the use of this novel antifungal compound in the management of plant diseases is highly warranted.

Pyrolysis of cellulose in Fe‐[Bmim]OTf catalyst for selective production of 4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one

Abstract4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one is a valuable ketone compound, which is an important (±)‐cuparene and filicinic acid intermediate, but the synthetic method of 4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one is rarely mentioned in the marketplace. This article, a new method is proposed for the preparation of 4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one in high yield by selective catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with FeCl3‐doped [Bmim]OTf magnetic ionic liquids. By studying the effect of temperature on the yield of pyrolysis products in [Bmim]OTf, the results showed that the optimal pyrolysis temperature of cellulose in [Bmim]OTf was 330°C and the maximum relative content of 4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one was 86.81%. In addition, different FeCl3/[Bmim]OTf mass ratios were found at 330°C. The relative yield of the target product reached a maximum (91.31%) when iron ions with excellent catalytic activity were introduced, at which the FeCl3/[Bmim]OTf mass ratio was 10%. At last, based on the basic model of cellulose monomer, the evolution pathway of ketones products was proposed, which provides ideas for the production of sustainable chemical products from cellulose.

Medicinal Biospecificity of Ginger and Its Efficacious Bioactive Compounds in the Context of Its Biological Activities Against Predominant Health Issues: Current Study and New Avenues

There is a multitude of life-threatening and widespread health issues worldwide, regarding weak immunity, severe inflammation, viral infections, bacterial infections as well as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), high free radicals generation, and cancer. Ginger, a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family with several authentic nutritional and medicinal values used in many countries as traditional medicine. That is why, the study was designed to highlight recent studies about medicinally most efficacious bio-active compounds of ginger along their biological significance related to immuno-stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. Our study also recognized future gaps in research. The study included professional research data under duration from 2001-2022 appearing in books and scholarly journals, collected from scientific database platforms via PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Springer Nature, Science Direct and Scopus. The present study includes the medicinal effects of almost 44 most influential ginger compounds like phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, and vinyllyl ketonic compounds etc. Our results revealed the strong alleviating effects of gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and polyphenols. Moreover, the ginger essential oil has proven to be very effective both for antiviral and antibacterial activity. However, no data is available in previous literature for components of ginger involved in immuno-stimulatory, effects. There is also a need to explore components for antibacterial activity. However, research has been conducted on ginger for only a few viruses despite its strong alleviating effects. Besides this, more study is needed to comprehend the comprehensive mechanism of action (especially at the molecular level) regarding the anti-bacterial and anti-viral activity of ginger and its constituents.

Hydrothermal transformation behavior and degradation pathway analysis of waste surgical masks in supercritical water

The massive use of surgical masks around the world has exacerbated plastic pollution. Efficient treatment of these surgical masks is urgently needed. Supercritical water degradation has been considered as a promising method for treating surgical masks. In this study, analysis of the products revealed that the production rate of H2 and olefins from surgical masks with nose clips treated by supercritical water were significantly higher than that without nose clips. Therefore, it was concluded that Fe in the nose clip could catalyze the dehydrogenation of alkanes and inhibit the aromatization of cycloalkanes and alkenes compounds in the supercritical water treatment process of waste surgical masks. However, the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) hot melt adhesive in the surgical masks degraded at a low temperature, producing ketone compounds that negatively impacted the quality of liquid oil. This study could provide a basic understanding and effective guidance for surgical masks degradation in supercritical water.

Pyrolysis of Chilean Southern Lignocellulosic Biomasses: Isoconversional Kinetics Analysis and Pyrolytic Products Distribution.

Biomass provides potential benefits for obtaining value-added compounds instead of straight burning; as Chile has forestry potential that supports such benefits, it is crucial to understand the biomasses' properties and their thermochemical behaviour. This research presents a kinetic analysis of thermogravimetry, and pyrolysis of representative species in the biomass of southern Chile, heating biomasses at 5 to 40 °C·min-1 rates before being subjected to thermal volatilisation. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated from conversion using model-free methods (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Friedman (FR)), as well as the Kissinger method based on the maximum reaction rate. The average Ea varied between KAS 117 and 171 kJ·mol-1, FWO 120-170 kJ·mol-1, and FR 115-194 kJ·mol-1 for the five biomasses used. Pinus radiata (PR) was identified as the most suited wood for producing value-added goods based on the Ea profile for the conversion (α), along with Eucalyptus nitens (EN) for its high value of reaction constant (k). Each biomass demonstrated accelerated decomposition (an increase in k relative to α). The highest concentration of bio-oil containing phenolic, ketonic, and furanic compounds was produced by the forestry exploitation biomasses PR and EN, demonstrating the viability of these materials for thermoconversion processes.

Comparison of Raspberry Ketone Production via Submerged Fermentation in Different Bioreactors

Raspberry ketone (RK) has high commercial value in the food and healthcare industries. A biological route to this flavour compound is an attractive prospect, considering the need to meet consumer demands and sustainable goals; however, it is yet to become an industrial reality. In this work, fungal production of raspberry ketone (RK) and raspberry compounds (RC) via submerged fermentation of Nidula niveo-tomentosa was characterized in flask, stirred-tank reactor (STR), panel bioreactor (PBR), and fluidized bed reactor (FBR) configurations. The results indicate that the panel bioreactor resulted in larger, floccose pellets accompanied by maximum titres of 20.6 mg/L RK and 50.9 mg/L RC. The stirred-tank bioreactor with impeller mixing yielded compact elliptical pellets, induced the highest volumetric productivity of 2.0 mg L−1 day−1, and showed RK selectivity of 0.45. While differing mixing strategies had clear effects on pellet morphology, RK production presented a more direct positive relationship with cultivation conditions, and showed appropriate mixing and aeration favour RK to raspberry alcohol (RA). Overall, this paper highlights the importance of bioreactor design to fungal fermentation, and gives insight into green and industrial bioproduction of value-added natural compounds.

Ketones in Low-Temperature Oxidation Products of Crude Oil

Ketone compounds are oxidation products of crude oil in the in-situ combustion (ISC) process. Revealing the molecular composition of ketones can provide theoretical guidance for understanding the oxidation process of crude oil and valuable clues for studying the combustion state of crude oil in the reservoir. In this study, low-temperature oxidation (LTO) processes were simulated in thermal oxidation experiments to obtain thermally oxidized oil at different temperatures (170 °C, 220 °C, 270 °C, and 320 °C). A combination of chemical derivatization and positive-ion electrospray (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used to analyze the molecular composition of different kinds of ketones (fatty ketones, naphthenic ketones, and aromatic ketones) in the oxidized oils at different temperatures. The results showed that the concentration of aliphatic ketones and aliphatic cyclic ketones in the product oils decreased with the increase in temperature, while aromatic ketones increased with the increase in temperature. At the same oxidation temperature, the content of ketones follows this order: fatty ketones &lt; cycloalkanes &lt; aromatic ketones. The concentrations of ketones reached their maximum value at 170 °C and decreased at high temperatures due to over-oxidation. It was also found that nitrogen-containing compounds are more easily oxidized to ketone compounds than their hydrocarbon counterparts in the LTO process.