Ketamine-xylazine Combination Research Articles

The efficient method to get better raw brain signal on rat anesthetics experiment

This paper introduces an efficient methodology for conducting rat anesthesia experiments, aimed at enhancing the quality of raw brain signals obtained. The proposed approach enables the acquisition of animal brain signals during experiments without the confounding influence of muscle noise. Initially, the use of alpha-chloralose (a-c) in conjunction with Isoflurane is introduced to induce anesthesia in rats. Subsequently, Dexdomitor is administered to prevent muscular movements during the collection of brain signals, further refining the signal quality. Experimental outcomes conclusively demonstrate that our anesthesia method produces cleaner raw signals and exhibits improved robustness during data acquisition, outperforming existing methods that rely solely on Isoflurane or the Ketamine-Xylazine combination. Notably, this improved performance is achieved with minimal alterations to vital physiological parameters, including body temperature, respiration, and heart rates. Moreover, the efficacy of a-c in maintaining anesthesia for up to 7 h stands in contrast to the shorter durations achievable with continuous Isoflurane administration or the 30-min window offered by Ketamine-Xylazine, highlighting the practical advantages of our proposed method. Finally, post-experiment observations confirmed that the animals gradually returned to normal behavior without any signs of distress or adverse effects, indicating that our method was both effective and safe.

Gambaran Hematologi dari Pemberian Anestesi Kombinasi Ketamin-Xilazin dan Ketamin-Diazepam pada Pelaksanaan Kastrasi Anjing

Carrying out castration on dogs requires anesthesia to prevent movement and relieve pain during the operation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of administering two combinations of general anesthesia, ketamine - xylazine and ketamine-diazepam on the blood features of dogs undergoing castration procedures. The dogs used in this study were 6 dogs, domestic breed, male and aged between six months and one year. Blood sampling from the cephalic antebrachii vein of 1 ml was carried out twice, thirty minutes before surgery and sixty minutes after surgery. The average results of post-operative complete blood tests in dogs given ketamine (10 mg/kg body weight, iv) – xylazine (1 mg/kg body weight, iv) anesthesia, include: total erythrocyte count 5.84 x 106/µL, haemoglobin 12.27 g/dL, haematocrit 36.7%, and leukocytes 15.4 x 103/µL. The average results of post-operative complete blood tests in dogs given ketamine (10 mg/kg body weight, iv)–diazepam (0.2 mg/kg body wight, iv) anesthesia, include: total erythrocyte count 5.98 x 106/µL, haemoglobin 11.77 g/dL, haematocrit 36.23%, and leukocytes 16.4 x 103/µL. Based on the results of statistical analysis using the independent t-test, the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit and post-operative leukocytes between the two groups was not significantly different (P>0.05). The use of the combination of ketamine-xylazine and ketamine - diazepam during castration did not cause changes in the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit and leukocytes.

Comparative Investigation of Tongue and Esophagus Morphometry in Swiss Albino and Balb-c Mice

This study was carried out to obtain morphometric measurement values of tongue and esophagus in Swiss Albino and Balb-c mice, to examine the biometric differences of these measurements between sexes and groups. Thirty-two mice, 16 Swiss Albino (8 males, 8 females) and 16 Balb-c (8 males, 8 females), were used for this study. Mice anesthetized with the ketamine-xylazine combination were fixed by the technique. The tongue and esophagus of the mice were carefully dissected and removed. Then, morphometric measurements of the dissected organs were taken, and statistical analysis was performed. When the morphometric measurement values were examined, it was seen that all of the measurement values obtained from both Swiss Albino and Balb-c mice were higher in males than in females. Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in all morphometric measurement values of tongue and esophagus in both mouse races (p<0.05). Additionally, positive and significant correlations were found between morphometric measurement values of tongue and esophagus in both groups according to gender. Differences in morphometric measurement values of the tongue and esophagus were determined between genders and groups in Swiss Albino and Balb-c mice. Furthermore, this study provided basic morphometric data that will benefit various scientific fields related to the tongue and esophagus in these animals, especially anatomical studies.

Electrocardiographic, clinical and haematological evaluation of propofol and xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in Goat

Limited information is available to ascertain the quality of intravenous anaesthetic regime predominantly practised in goats for short term surgical interventions. Clinical, electrocardiographic and haematological studies were conducted on twelve female Barbari crossbred goats, aged 2–4 years to assess the anaesthetic quality of propofol and xylazine-ketamine combination. Onset, duration and recovery from anaesthesia, clinical parameters (rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates), electrocardiography (ECG) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) saturation were assessed at 0, 10, 60, 120 min and haematological parameters at 0, 60, 180 min after propofol (4 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.05 mg/kg)-ketamine (4 mg/kg) were administered intravenously. Clinical and haematological parameters except lymphocyte count decreased. With stable plane of propofol anaesthesia, ECG amplitudes and heart rate increased while ECG intervals decreased. After ketamine induction, P wave amplitude, ECG intervals increased whereas R wave amplitude, heart rate decreased. Rectal temperature and pulse rate were better maintained in goats receiving propofol anaesthesia. Xylazine-ketamine exerted subtle deviation from pre-anaesthetic cardiovascular, respiratory, haematological parameters

Evaluation of anaesthetic and analgesic effects of ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-xylazine for chemical restraint in grower pigs undergoing surgical castration.

Pain response during pig handling is aggravated due to difficulty in restraining them for surgical procedure and thus gives rise to more welfare concerns. This study evaluated the comparative advantage of either combination of ketamine/xylazine (KX) or Ketamine/diazepam (KD) for surgical castration in pigs. Ten client-owned grower pigs, scheduled for orchidectomy were randomly assigned to two treatment groups containing five pigs were used for the study. Group 1 were anaesthetized with simultaneous intramuscular injection of 0.3 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine while group 2 were simultaneously injected with 2mg/kg Xylazine and 10 mg/kg ketamine, intramuscularly. Orchidectomy was thereafter performed on each pig using standard procedures. Cardiopulmonary parameters and anaesthetic indices were measured before and after anaesthetic induction. Castration was successfully done in all the grower pigs and the recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. There was no significant change in all the cardiopulmonary parameters measured throughout the procedure. Also there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature between the two groups. There was faster but insignificant(p=0.15) loss of righting reflex in pigs in group KX compared to KD group. Also, the induction time, time of standing and duration of surgery was faster in KX group than KD group although not statistically significant. Following skin incision, all the pigs in the KD and non in KX group were found to require subcutaneous lidocaine inflitration. Ketamine-Xylazine combination provided better anaesthesia and analgesia sufficient for a 30 minutes surgical procedure like castration in grower pigs.

The link between seizures and prolactin: A study on the effects of anticonvulsant medications on hyperprolactinemia in rats

Seizures are a common neurological disorder that affects people of all ages. These sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain can cause a variety of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and abnormal sensations. While seizures have long been recognized as a potential cause of hormonal imbalances, recent research has shed new light on the link between seizures and prolactin. The study involved 30 adult female Wistar rats, which were divided into a control group (treated with normal saline) and four treatment groups: chronic group (treated with 30 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol intraperitoneally three days a week for 10 weeks), chronic + Levetiracetam (50 mg/kg, gavage), chronic + Cabergoline (0.05 mg/kg, gavage), and chronic + Levetiracetam (25 mg/kg) + cabergoline (0.025). The drugs were administered three days a week for 10 weeks. Field action potentials were recorded from the CA1 area of the hippocampus using eLab after anesthetizing the animals with a ketamine-xylazine combination (70 +7 mg/kg). The prolactin levels were measured using the ELISA method after serum preparation. The findings indicate that the use of levetiracetam as an anticonvulsant drug resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of prolactin and spike number of convulsive activities compared to the chronic group. However, the amplitudes of convulsive activities did not show a significant difference between the control and other treatment groups. In conclusion, investigating the possibility of subclinical seizures and utilizing anticonvulsant medications in hyperprolactinemia that is resistant to treatment are crucial in treating infertility.

Optimizing xylazine-ketamine combination dose to reach surgical anesthesia in medium duration surgeries of Wistar Rats

Optimizing xylazine-ketamine combination dose to reach surgical anesthesia in medium duration surgeries of Wistar Rats

TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOR SURGERY AND CHEMOTHERAPY IN A FEMALE LOCAL DOG WITH A HISTORY OF MACROCYTIC-HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA

Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a malignant tumor of the genital organs that is transmitted to dogs through implantation of tumor cells in the mucous membranes during mating, licking, biting, fighting, or various forms of direct contact. The case animal is a 1.5 years old female local dog with a body weight of 10.45 kg with a complaint of a lump in the vaginal area for the last 2 months and blood dripping from her vagina. Based on anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations including hematological examination, it was found that the case dog had hypochromic macrocytic anemia, on cytology examination found the presence of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic CTVT vacuoles, and histopathological examination revealed homogeneous lymphoblasts and lymphocytes, mitotic cells, and connective tissue stroma, so the case dog was diagnosed with Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor. Treatment for CTVT is done through surgery and chemotherapy. Preoperatively given atropine sulfate premedication at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg BW subcutaneously, and anesthetized using a combination of ketamine-xylazine at a dose of 2 mg/kg BW and 12 mg/kg BW intravenously, respectively. Surgery is performed by excision of the tumor mass in the vaginal area. Postoperatively, cefotaxime at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW was administered intravenously twice a day and the analgesic tolfenamic acid at a dose of 4 mg/kg BW was administered intramuscularly once a day. Followed on the second day by administering the drug orally, namely the antibiotic cefixime at a dose of 5 mg/kg BW given twice a day for five days, meloxicam at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg BW given once a day for five days. Sangobion capsules are given once a day for five days. Dogs were given chemotherapy drug vincristin sulfate at a dose of 0.025 mg/kg BW intravenously on the 4th and 11th postoperative days. On the fourth postoperative day, the vulva did not experience swelling, the dog was actively playing, normal urination, eating and drinking well, no disturbances occurred, so the case dog was declared to have developed well after surgery.

Optimisation of ketamine-xylazine anaesthetic dose and its association with changes in the dendritic spine of CA1 hippocampus in the young and old male and female Wistar rats.

A combination of ketamine-xylazine (K-X) is frequently used for anaesthesia in rats. Sex and age affect this cocktail dosage. Ketamine causes a hypnotic effect by blocking NMDA receptors located on the dendritic spine of the CA1 region. The present study aimed to find the optimal dosage of K-X and its association with the changes in dendritic spine number of the CA1 region for aged and young rats of both sexes. We injected 150-4 mg/kg of K-X in young and 100-2 mg/kg in aged Wistar rats intraperitoneally and recorded the onset time and duration of anaesthesia and death percentage. Then, animals were sacrificed, brains removed, cut and after Golgi-Cox staining, the total number of dendritic spines on CA1 was estimated. The findings showed that the onset time of anaesthesia lasted longer and its duration lasted shorter, and the number of mature spines decreased with aging, but sex caused no significant effect. The death percentages in young groups comprise 20% and in the aged groups were lower: 5% in males and 0.0% in females. It seems 100-2 mg/kg of K-X is an optimal dose in aged rats and retains an association with reduction of the mature dendritic spine of CA1.

Ethanol Extract of Rosa damascena Effects the Kidney Crystal Deposit in Wistar Rats

This research aims to show that the elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena on the solubility of urine calcium oxalate crystal in Wistar rats. The experimental rats were divided into six groups: the control group (K0); ethylene glycol 0.75% and ammonium chloride 2% as an inducer (K-); inducer and Batugin elixir (K+); inducer and the elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena 250 mg/kg body weight (P1); 500 mg/kg body weight (P2) and 1000 mg/kg body weight (P3). The treatment was carried out for 28 days by examining urine crystals; urine pH was carried out on days 14 and 28, rat body weight measurements were carried out on days 14 and 28. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were necropsied using a combination of ketamine xylazine, and their kidneys were taken. Results showed that the elixir of ethanol extract of Rosa damascena was able to dissolve calcium oxalate crystals with the best dose of 500 mg/kg BW based on the weight gain, decreased kidney weight ratio, decreased concentration of creatinine and urea, and decreased number of kidney crystal deposits.

Electroencephalographic manifestations during propofol and xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in goats

The use of intravenous anaesthesia for short term surgical procedures in animal husbandry practices is increasing. However, information on the quality of an anaesthetic regime in goats has remained inadequate. Therefore, electroencephalographic studies were conducted on twelve apparently healthy adult female Barbari crossbred goats, aged 2 to 4 years, to assess the anaesthetic quality of a propofol and xylazine-ketamine combination. Quantitative analysis of EEG parameters [Total power, Median Frequency, Spectral Edge Frequency 90 (SEF-90) and Relative Power (RP) of different frequency bands delta (δ), theta (θ), alpha (α) and beta (β)] were assessed pre-experimentally (control), and at one, five, 10, 30 min, one hr, and two hr after intravenous propofol (4 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.05 mg/kg)-ketamine (4 mg/kg) administration. After propofol and xylazine-ketamine administration total power, RP-δ and θ increased significantly (P<0.05) while SEF 90, MF, RP-α and RP-β decreased. Most of the EEG changes were adequately depicted in vertex and parietal channels. Spectral analysis of EEG tracings suggested that propofol produced minimum anaesthetic stress and is a safer and better choice for short term anaesthesia in goats.

The Effect of Elixir of the Ethanol Extract of Rosa damascena on the Solubility of Urine Struvite Crystal in Wistar Rats

Kidney stones are hard and solid masses formed by crystals in the urinary tract. Hence it should be treated appropriately. The use of Rosa damascena might be an option to help the recovery of the kidney and urinary tract. This study aims to show the potential of the elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena on the solubility of urine struvite crystal in Wistar rats. The experimental rats were divided into six groups: the control group (K0); magnesium oxide as an inducer (K-); inducer and Batugin elixir (K+); inducer and the elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena 250 mg/kg body weight (P1); 500 mg/kg body weight (P2) and 1000 mg/kg body weight (P3). The treatment was carried out for 28 days by examining urine crystals; urine pH was carried out on days 14 and 28, rat body weight measurements were carried out on days 14 and 28. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were necropsied using a combination of ketamine xylazine, and their kidneys were taken. Observations were made on the ratio of kidney of rats (w/w) and measurements of blood serum creatinine and urea levels using a spectrophotometer. The elixir of Rosa Damascena’s ethanolic extract demonstrated the potential of extract administration by raising weight gain, diminishing kidney weight ratio, reducing creatinine and blood urea concentrations, and lowering the number of kidney crystal deposits. The elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena has shown its potential to dissolve struvite crystals with the best dose of 250 mg/kg BW based on the number of urine crystals.

Efficacy and safety of xylazine-ketamine combination for immobilisation of captive African rock pythons (Python sebae)

The African rock python is a cosmopolitan snake in Nigeria widely kept as a zoo animal and also in recreational facilities. There is need for chemical immobilisation of this animal species for managemental, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. A mixture of xylazine and ketamine (XK) was compared with the administration of a mixture of xylazine and normal saline solution (XS) in six captive African rock pythons in 2 trials with reference to onset and duration of anaesthesia. Changes in the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) as well as selected biochemical parameters were recorded. Although there were no statistically significant (P>0.05) differences in HR and RR values between XK and XS treatments, significant (P<0.05) differences were recorded for RT. Nonetheless, the significant differences were of no clinical importance. It was therefore recommended to safely immobilise an African rock python using XK for a procedure lasting over 1 hour with minimal cardiopulmonary and plasma enzymatic effect. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study assessing the anaesthetic efficacy and safety in African Rock pythons.

Combinación de ketamina y xilacina para reducir el dolor durante la electroeyaculación en perros

The present study evaluated the efficiency of a ketamine-xylazine combination to attenuate the pain associated to electroejaculation (EEJ) in dogs. To that end, 10 dogs of undetermined breed were anesthetized (i.m.) with a mixture of 8mg.kg-1 ketamine hydrochloride (Cetamin®, Syntec, Brazil) and 1mg.kg-1 IM xylazine hydrochloride (Xilazin®, Syntec, Brazil) and subjected to EEJ procedures. Painful stimuli were detected by cardiorespiratory rate, measured every 5 min, and body temperature, taken before and after EEJ. Mean values for the parameters evaluated decreased, suggesting that the anesthesia protocol used is safe for semen collection by EEJ and can relieve the pain associated to this procedure.Semen, collection, mammals

Three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometric analysis of the mandible in Van cats: A computed tomography (CT) study.

This study was carried out to determine the morphometric and volumetric features of the mandible in Van cats by using computed tomography (CT) and a three-dimensional (3D) software program. The study also aimed at presenting the biometrical differences of these mea- surements between genders. A total of 16 adult Van cats (8 males, 8 females) were used in the study. The cats were anesthetized using a ketamine-xylazine combination. They were then scanned using CT under anesthesia and their images were obtained. The scanned images of the mandible in each cat were used for the reconstruction of a 3D model by using the MIMICS 20.1 (The Materialise Group, Leuven, Belgium) software program. Later, morphometric (17 parame- ters), volumetric, and surface area measurements were conducted and statistical analyses were carried out. In our morphometric measurements, it was found that TLM (total length of the mandible), PCD (pogonion to coronoid process distance), CAP (length from the indenta- tion between the condyle process and angular process to pogonion), CAC (length from the inden- tation between the condyle process and the angular process to back of alveole C1), CML (length between C1 - M1), RAH (ramus height), MDM (mandible depth at M1), MHP (height of the mandible in front of P3), and ABC (angular process to back of alveole C1 distance) were greater in male cats; while MWM (mandible width at M1 level) was greater in female cats and was statistically significant (p⟨0.05). The length and height of the mandible were 6.36±2.42 cm and 3.01±1.81 cm in male cats, respectively. On the other hand, in female cats, the length and height of the mandible were 5.89±2.57 cm and 2.71±1.26 cm, respectively. The volume of the mandible was measured to be 7.39±0.93 cm3 in male cats and 5.40±0.49 cm3 in female cats. The surface areas were 63.50±5.27 cm2 in male cats and 52.73±3.89 cm2 in female cats. In con- clusion, in this study, basic morphometric parameters of the mandible in adult Van cats were found by using CT and a 3D modeling program. The differences between male and female cats were also determined in the study.

A comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of intravenous ketamine–xylazine with alfaxalone in mute swans (Cygnus olor) presenting at a wildlife veterinary hospital

ObjectiveTo compare effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone with ketamine–xylazine combination on anaesthetic induction, recovery and cardiopulmonary variables in mute swans. Study designRandomized, controlled, clinical study. AnimalsA group of 58 mute swans. MethodsSwans were given either alfaxalone (10 mg kg–1; group A) or a combination of ketamine (12.5 mg kg–1) and xylazine (0.28 mg kg–1) (group KX) IV. Heart and respiratory rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide and peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded at 5 minute intervals during anaesthesia. Time from anaesthetic induction to intubation, from cessation of isoflurane to extubation, to lifting head, sternal recumbency and absence of head/neck ataxia were recorded. Anaesthetic and recovery quality were scored (1 = very poor; 5 = excellent). Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Significance was set at p < 0.05. ResultsIn group A, 44% (12/27) of swans required mechanical ventilation for 2–14 minutes versus 3.2% (1/31) of swans in group KX (p = 0.0002). Heart rate was higher in group A than in group KX [146 (127–168) versus 65.5 (56–78) beats minute–1, respectively; p < 0.0001]. The isoflurane concentration required to maintain anaesthesia was higher in group A than in group KX [2.5% (2.0–3.0%) versus 1.5% (1.0–2.0%), respectively; p = 0.0001]. Time from cessation of isoflurane administration to lifting head was significantly longer in group A than in group KX [12 (9–17) versus 6 (4–7.75) minutes, respectively; p < 0.0001]. Anaesthesia quality scores were significantly better in group KX than in group A [4 (4–5) versus 4 (3–4), respectively; p = 0.0011], as were recovery scores [4 (3–5) versus 2 (2–3), respectively; p = 0.0005]. Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone is a suitable anaesthetic induction agent for use in mute swans. There is a greater incidence of postinduction apnoea and a higher incidence of agitation on recovery with alfaxalone than with ketamine–xylazine.

Protective roles of ketamine and xylazine against lightinduced retinal degeneration in rats

Purpose: To study the protective effects of ketamine and xylazine against light exposure-induced retinal degeneration (RD) in rats.&#x0D; Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups viz: light damage before anesthesia (LAE), light damage only (LDO), and control (CON) group which was kept in the dark for 12 - 18 h to habituate before light exposure. LDO group was exposed to light before anesthesia, while LAE group was maintained under anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine. The groups were kept for 120 min in darkness after anesthesia prior to light exposure and they were awakened prior to light damage. Functional assessment was carried out using electroretinography while morphological analysis was carried out using histology and immunochemistry techniques.&#x0D; Results: Ketamine-xylazine combination preserved the function of the retina and protected against light-induced RD based on retinal imaging studies and immunochemistry analysis. Xylazine and ketamine anesthesia provided protection against light-induced retinal damage, and thus reduced photoreceptor cell death.&#x0D; Conclusion: These results indicate that xylazine and ketamine anesthesia offer protection against lightinduced damage and photoreceptor cell death in rats, and therefore, can potentially be developed for use in humans.

Morphometric analysis and three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction of the long bones of femoral and crural regions in Van cats.

This study was conducted to determine the morphometric features and to make the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the images obtained by computed tomography (CT) of the main long bones (femur, tibia, fibula) in Van cats, and to reveal the biometric differences between these measurement values of both sexual dimorphism and homotypic variations. A total of 16 adult Van cats, 8 male and 8 female, were used in the study. The pelvic limb long bones of the cats, which were anesthetized with the ketamine-xylazine combination, were scanned with a CT device and their images were obtained. These images were converted to a 3D structure by means of MIMICS 20.1 (The Materialise Group, Leuven, Belgium) software programme. Then, morphometric, volumetric, surface arae measurements of these bones were calculated and statistical analyses were performed. In the analysis, it was observed that right greatest length (GL), left GL, right greatest length from caput ossis femoris (GLc), left greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd), right volume (V), and left V measurement values of the femur; left GL1, right greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp), right Bd, left Bd, right smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD), right V, left V, and right surface area (SA) measurement values of the tibia; right V, left V, right SA, and left SA measurement values of the fibula were statistically significantly higher in male cats than in female cats (p < 0.05). The volume and surface area measurement values of the femur, tibia and fibula of male and female cats were determined as 8.57 ± 1.33 cm3 and 7.00 ± 0.49 cm3, 64.28 ± 6.72 cm2 and 59.42 ± 4.72 cm2; 7.56 ± 1.28 cm3 and 6.15 ± 0.52 cm3, 56.89 ± 6.47 cm2 and 52.72 ± 3.15 cm2; 1.10 ± 0.17 cm3 and 0.83 ± 0.05 cm3, 14.18 ± 1.61 cm2 and 11.95 ± 0.48 cm2, respectively. The statistical differences between the sexes in terms of the measurement parameters of the femur, tibia and fibula in adult Van cats were determined. We believe that these differences can be used in determining morphological variations of Van cats. In addition, it is thought that the data obtained from the present study would be beneficial to veterinary physicians in the clinical application areas in order to evaluate the pathological conditions related to these bones and to the studies in the field of zooarchaeology.

Van kedilerinde skeleton manus’un bilgisayarlı tomografi ile üç boyutlu olarak incelenmesi

Bu çalışma, Van kedilerinde skeleton manus (ossa carpi, ossa metacarpalia I-V ve ossa digitorum manus)’un bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ile üç boyutlu (3B) rekonstrüksiyonunu yapmak, osteometrik ölçümlerini belirlemek ve bu ölçüm değerlerinin erkek ve dişi kediler arasındaki biyometrik farklılıklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada 16 adet (8 dişi, 8 erkek) yetişkin Van kedisi kullanıldı. Xylazin-ketamin kombinasyonu ile anesteziye alınan kedilerin BT ile taranarak görüntüleri elde edildi. Daha sonra bu axial imajlar DICOM formatında işlenmek üzere iş istasyonuna aktarıldı ve 3B modelleme programı olan Syngo CT kullanılarak rekonstrüksiyon işlemi yapıldı. Üç boyutlu hale getirilen rekonstrüksiyon görüntülerindeki kemikler anatomik özellikleri bakımından incelendi. Bu görüntülerden volümetrik ve morfometrik ölçüm değerleri elde edilerek, istatistiki olarak analizi yapıldı. Morfometrik analiz sonuçlarına bakıldığında, ossa carpi, ossa metacarpalia I-V ve ossa digitorum manus’un ölçüm değerleri bakımından erkek ve dişi Van kedilerinde istatistiksel farklılıklar olduğu görüldü (P<0.05). Ossa carpi, ossa metacarpalia I-V ve ossa digitorum manus’un volümetrik ölçüm değerlerinin ise erkek kedilerde dişi kedilere göre istatistiki olarak önemli seviyede daha fazla olduğu gözlendi (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak, Van kedilerinde skeleton manus volümetrik, morfometrik ve morfolojik olarak değerlendirildi. Bu kemiklerin osteometrik ölçüm değerlerinin istatistiksel olarak cinsiyetler arasındaki biyometrik farklılıkları belirlendi.

Comparison of Ellagic Acid and NSAI Agents in the Treatment of Achilles Tendon Lacerations: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

Objective Although Achilles tendon ruptures can have many causes, they are known to develop most commonly with trauma. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and low doses of corticosteroids are used in the medical treatment of tendon ruptures. Ellagic acid (EA), which also has an anti-inflammatory effect, has been reported to show its effect via cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibition as well. The effects of EA and diclofenac sodium on tendon healing were compared in this study. Methods We used a total of 18 male New Zealand rabbits in 3 groups with 6 in each. The study was performed under general anesthesia with a xylazine-ketamine combination. After a defect was created in the right Achilles tendon of all the rabbits, group I was administered diclofenac sodium and group II was administered EA for 1 week, whereas the control group (group III) was not administered anything. Postoperative follow-up was provided for all groups. Results Euthanasia was performed in all subjects at the end of the eighth week, and the tendons were compared in terms of macroscopic and histopathologic features and tensile resistance. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the tensile resistance Newton values of group I and group II, these values were higher than in the control group, and the NSAI group values were statistically significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusions We concluded that EA and NSAIs could be effective in the recovery of tendon integrity and tensile strength and increasing the movement capacity in pathology caused by tendon damage because of their anti-inflammatory features.