Use Of Kerosene Research Articles

CM/C Ratio Analysis of Virginian Tobbaco Ovening Business on Various Types of Fuel Use in East Lombok – Indonesia

The commonly used feasibility analysis formulas are R/C ratio, Gross B/C ratio and Net B/C ratio. In this analysis, we try to use the CM/C ratio analysis formula as an alternative to assess the feasibility of implementing a new technology. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic feasibility of using kerosene substitute fuel in the virgina tobacco oven process. To achieve the research objectives, data was collected using survey techniques on 44 tobacco farmers who have ovens in three sub-districts, namely Terara sub-district, Sakra sub-district and East Sakra sub-district. In each sub-district, one village was designated as the research location. The location of the research was determined by purposive sampling, which is the center of tobacco plants. Respondents in this study are farmers who have a Temakau Virginia oven in the research location selected by proportional accidental sampling technique as much as 20% of the population. The results showed that the use of kerosene, diesel, coal and liquefied gas fuels has been abandoned by farmers who work on oven ovens for viriginian tobacco, farmers have turned to palm shells, candlenut shells, and firewood. Almost half of the farmers who do tobacco ovens use firewood. The use of palm kernel shells, candlenut shells and firewood fulfills the requirements of economic feasibility with a CM/C ratio ranging from 24 percent to 65 percent higher than the bank interest rate of 4.5 percent per six months

Experimental study of aviation kerosene engine with PJI system

The spark-ignition (SI) piston engine has become the main power source for unmanned aerial vehicles owing to its small size and large power/weight ratio. While gasoline is the commonly used fuel in SI engines, it affords poor safety and stability. Aviation kerosene is highly suitable as an alternative to gasoline; however, its high kinematic viscosity and low saturated vapour pressure afford poor evaporation and atomisation in SI engine. Moreover, aviation kerosene has a low octane number, and easy to cause knock, particularly in four-stroke engines. Those issue limits the wide use of kerosene in SI engines. In this study, the pre-chamber jet ignition (PJI) technology is used to suppress the knock of kerosene engine. The combustion characteristics of gasoline-SI, kerosene-SI and kerosene-PJI were compared and analysed. The variation law of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) at different speeds is obtained. It is found that PJI system can accelerate the flame propagation speed and shorten the combustion duration, and IMEP can be increased by 10%–27%. The experimental results show that PJI can optimise kerosene combustion to a certain extent and broaden its knock limit in SI engine. It is one of the effective ways to suppress knock in kerosene engine.

Parental background and the use of dirty fuels at home: An exploratory study of Bangladesh

The use of dirty fuels at home is still widespread in developing countries, and it is often associated with various undesirable consequences especially for human health and the environment. Using data from the 2013 Bangladeshi section of the School-to-Work Transition Survey, we investigate whether and how the use of kerosene for lighting in young households is associated with parental education. Adopting a mediation analysis technique, we disentangle the total effect of parental education into the direct effect and the effect mediated by the role of household financial conditions. We find that having both parents not educated is associated to an increase in the probability of using kerosene for lighting (+10.3%). The greater part of the impact takes place directly, while just the 15% works through the mediating role of poor financial conditions. Finally, we find the role of mother's education is predominant over father's one, highlighting the importance of accounting for gender norms and roles.

Are Sustainable Aviation Fuels a Viable Option for Decarbonizing Air Transport in Europe? An Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment

The use of drop-in capable alternative fuels in aircraft can support the European aviation sector to achieve its goals for sustainable development. They can be a transitional solution in the short and medium term, as their use does not require any structural changes to the aircraft powertrain. However, the production of alternative fuels is often energy-intensive, and some feedstocks are associated with harmful effects on the environment. In addition, alternative fuels are often more expensive to produce than fossil kerosene, which can make their use unattractive. Therefore, this paper analyzes the environmental and economic impacts of four types of alternative fuels compared to fossil kerosene in a well-to-wake perspective. The fuels investigated are sustainable aviation fuels produced by power-to-liquid and biomass-to-liquid pathways. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are used as environmental and economic assessment methods. The results of this well-to-wake analysis reveal that the use of sustainable aviation fuels can reduce the environmental impacts of aircraft operations. However, an electricity mix based on renewable energies is needed to achieve significant reductions. In addition, from an economic perspective, the use of fossil kerosene ranks best among the alternatives. A scenario analysis confirms this result and shows that the production of sustainable aviation fuels using an electricity mix based solely on renewable energy can lead to significant reductions in environmental impact, but economic competitiveness remains problematic.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS FOR VEHICLES

Modern mobile vehicles, cars and tractors, include a diesel or gasoline piston engine, a manual or automatic gearbox, driving and driven axles with a differential mechanism. This kinematic scheme is time-tested and proved itself well. Diesel engines and low-speed generators working together represent a single power plant, a large-mass unit with low specific mass-to-power ratio. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a new kinematic scheme of a mobile vehicle with an electric drive for agricultural purposes with higher reliability, long service life and reduced weight and size characteristics of the power plant. (Materials and methods) Gas turbine agricultural machinery has never been produced in Russia, and the individual experimental studies conducted were not systemic. (Results and discussion) The mass-energy characteristics of gas turbine units are better than diesel ones, the vibration level is lower, the torque of the power plant is higher at low speeds, simpler tractor control, which opens up a wide prospect for their use on mobile agricultural vehicles. In the course of experimental studies on the processing of one hectare, they showed the advantage of a laboratory tractor with a gas turbine engine, relative to a tractor with a diesel engine, expressed, despite greater fuel consumption, in the use of cheap kerosene. (Conclusions) The developed kinematic scheme of the power unit and transmission allows to reduce the weight and size parameters, use cheaper fuel, improve the working conditions of the operator and increase the efficiency of technological operations.

Household Energy Demand in Typical Nigerian Rural Communities

This research investigates factors influencing domestic energy demand among rural households. Data were collected from 260 randomly sampled household heads in the study area. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tobit regression were used for the analysis. Tobit regression results revealed that gender, household size, income, occupation, farm size, and per capita expenditure were significant in influencing the use of fuelwood; age, gender, household size, occupation, education, and per capita expenditure for charcoal, while age, marital status, income, education and per capita expenditure were significant determinants in the use of kerosene. Also, income, occupation, and per capita expenditure were the factors influencing the use of electricity among rural households in the study area. The study concluded that apart from income, other household variables were significant in determining energy usage. The study, therefore, recommended that government and stakeholders should develop policies that will promote the use of safe, reliable, and clean energy sources in order to reduce the negative environmental consequences while also enhancing human life quality.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM MAPPING OF KEROSENE BUSINESSES IN JAYAPURA

The role of BBM is very important in people's lives. Fuel is a basic need for rural and urban communities, both as household needs and as business needs. The existence of kerosene in Jayapura is quite evenly distributed. From the results of survey conducted by the OFFICE OF INDUSTRY, COOPERATIVE TRADE AND SMEs that every year the use of LPG as fuel for cooking is still very low, while the use of kerosene from year to year is widely used by local community, it causes more kerosene bussiness but people have difficulty getting information about the location to get the kerosene, therefore we need a system that can help find the location, namely geographic information system that can provide information about fuel oil base points. This system is in symbols form for making the system using QGIS with the PIECES analysis method, the design using Unified Modeling Language (UML) method and the development method using waterfall method. This research produces a system that can be expected to make it easier for the public to know the distribution of kerosene in Jayapura

Epidemiology and Outcomes of Cooking- and Cookstove-Related Burn Injuries: A World Health Organization Global Burn Registry Report.

Cooking- and cookstove-related burns (CSBs) comprise a large proportion of burn injuries globally, but there are limited data on cooking behavior patterns to inform prevention and advocacy. Therefore, we aimed to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of these injuries and highlight the potential of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry (GBR). Patients with cooking-related burns were identified in the WHO GBR. Patient demographics, cooking arrangement, injury characteristics, and outcomes were described and compared. Bivariate regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with CSBs. Analysis demonstrated that 25% of patients in the GBR sustained cooking-related burns (n = 1723). The cooking environment and cooking fuels used varied significantly by country income level ([electricity use: LIC 1.6 vs MIC 5.9 vs HIC 49.6%; P < .001] [kerosene use: LIC 5.7 vs MIC 10.4 vs HIC 0.0%; P < .001]). Of cooking-related burns, 22% were cookstove-related burns (CSBs; 311 burns). Patients with CSBs were more often female (65% vs 53%; P < .001). CSBs were significantly larger in TBSA size (30%, IQR 15-45 vs 15%, IQR 10-25; P < .001), had higher revised Baux scores (70, IQR 46-95 vs 28, IQR 10-25; P < .001) and more often resulted in death (41 vs 11%; P < .001) than other cooking burns. Patients with CSBs were more likely to be burned by fires (OR 4.74; 95% CI 2.99-7.54) and explosions (OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.03-4.18) than other cooking injuries. Kerosene had the highest odds of CSB compared to other cooking fuels (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.52-3.69). In conclusion, CSBs specifically have different epidemiology than cooking-related burns. CSBs were more likely caused by structural factors (eg, explosion, fire) than behavioral factors (eg, accidental movements) when compared to other cooking burns. These differences suggest prevention interventions for CSBs may require distinctive efforts than typically deployed for cooking-related injuries, and necessarily involve cookstove design and safety regulations to prevent fires and explosions.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMAND FOR KEROSENE IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN INDONESIA

The government has been converting kerosene to gas since 2007. However, households that use kerosene for cooking purposes are still found in urban areas in Indonesia, even though access to gas is already very easy. This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the demand for kerosene in urban households in Indonesia. Based on the March 2018 Susenas data from BPS, it was found that 15,143 urban households still use kerosene, 80.20 percent of them use kerosene as the main fuel for cooking. Using multiple linear regression, it was found that the price of kerosene and the gender of the head of the household had a negative effect on the intensity of kerosene use in urban households. Meanwhile, income per capita, age of the head of the household, number of household members, and education level of the head of household have a positive effect on the intensity of kerosene use in urban households.

Pengembangan Desain Kompor Gasifikasi Top Lith Up Draft (TLUD)

The use of environmentally friendly stoves in the household sector can be an alternative to overcome the limited use of kerosene and the constrained supply of LPG. The purpose of the study was to develop a gasification stove design with the concept of Top Lith Up Draft on several variations of the column, namely without columns, column 2 holes and column 4 holes using cashew shell fuel which produces optimal gas fuel. The research method is the Top Lith Up Draft method, which is a gasification process semi-gasifier technology method that can produce fewer emissions that can harm human health. The results obtained indicate that the development of the TLUD gasification stove design from several variations of the column functions well. The gasification testing process carried out for the three variations of the column used resulted in good temperature values, namely for variations without a temperature column of 829 , column 2 holes of 935 , and column 4 holes of 934 . The best column variation is the 2 hole column with the highest temperature value of 935. Kata kunci: Gasification, TLUD, cashew shell, efficiency.

Maternal exposure to biomass fuel and birthweight in Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria: Results from the Child Electronic Growth Monitoring System (CEGROMS)

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite the high burden of household air pollution from solid biomass fuel in sub-Saharan Africa, the association of prenatal biomass fuel exposure and birth weight as a continuous variable and independent of preterm birth has not been extensively studied. In this study, we aimed to determine the association of prenatal exposure to biomass fuel with birthweight analyzed as a continuous variable among term births in a Nigerian population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Child Welfare Clinic of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna (Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria), an urban metropolis with the country's fourth-largest population. We obtained data from the Child Electronic Growth Monitoring System (CEGROMS), a database of all women who brought their newborns to the study site for BCG vaccination and growth monitoring around the time of birth. A total of 1348 women with term births and information on birthweight, cooking fuel type, and other risk factors met the inclusion criteria. We used linear regression to estimate the adjusted associations (β and 95% confidence interval (CI)) between birthweight and biomass fuel exposure. RESULTS:Thirteen percent of mothers used biomass fuel relative to 78.5% using liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and 8.5% using kerosene. On average, infants of mothers exposed to biomass fuel were 111g lighter (95% CI −205,−18), compared with those of mothers using LPG adjusted for maternal age, education, and parity. Kerosene use resulted in a 10 g (95% CI -107; 86) reduction in mean birth weight compared to mothers using LPG. CONCLUSIONS:Maternal exposure to biomass fuel was associated with shifting of the birth weight distribution among term newborns. KEYWORDS: Biomass fuel, House air pollution, birthweight, Nigeria

Cooking Fuel Usage in Sub-Saharan Urban Households

This study models the frequency use of wood, charcoal, liquid gas, electricity, and kerosene in urban households in Ghana and supplements the literature on cooking fuel choices. The modeling is based on survey data collected in several major Ghanaian cities. Survey results indicate that charcoal and liquid gas are frequently used in meal preparation, while the frequency use of firewood, kerosene, and electricity is limited. Frequency use is estimated using the ordered probit technique. Five cooking fuel use equations identify income, socio-demographic characteristics, and location of urban residents as influencing the frequency use. Statistically significant effects measure probability changes in each of the four fuel categories. Income and education increase the probability of often or very often of using liquid gas or electricity to cook. The effect of being employed by the government is similar but less consistent. Age, household size, and marital status are linked to frequency use, but differently affect specific fuels. As the number of children or adults increases in a household, so does the probability of using firewood or charcoal, but this also increases the probability that such households never use liquid gas or electricity for cooking. Regional differences indicate Tamale residents heavily rely on wood and charcoal, and infrequently use liquid gas or electricity. Multiple cooking fuel use behavior may reflect risk aversion to fuel shortages. Increasing incomes and improving education will drive the probability of an increased use of cleaner cooking fuels and decreased use of fuel mixes, benefiting meal preparers’ health and the environment.

Experimental Investigation of Emission Characteristics on Can-Combustor Using Jatropha Based Bio-derived Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

ABSTRACT Emissions emanating from gas turbine are important and critical in terms of environmental impact. In general, oxides of nitrogen, total unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and soot particles are the most significant emissions from gas-turbine combustion systems. In order to reduce these emissions, fuels derived from bio-origin are being increasingly used for gas-turbine combustion. Since aviation accounts for more than 5% of anthropogenic emissions, and also due to increasing pressure from governments across the globe for emission reduction, it is important to investigate pathways to reduce aviation-generated emissions. We, therefore, propose the use of Jatropha-based bio-derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) blended with aviation turbine fuel (ATF)-Jet A1, and experimentally investigate the emission characteristics within a laboratory-scale gas-turbine combustor from proposed fuel blends. The investigation is done for two different operating conditions: operating condition 1 (OC1) and operating condition 2 (OC2). The influence of emission characteristics of the two biofuel blends, namely BF-II and BF-IV, are analyzed and compared with that of neat ATF-Jet A1. A substantial reduction of 33.5% in THC, 20% in CO, 42% in soot and increase of 40% in NO x and 28.7% in CO2 emissions are evident for BF-II fuel in comparison to ATF with OC1. However, at OC2, these emission reductions are less with increased NO x emissions of 50.2% in comparison to that of ATF. In addition, for the fuel BF-IV, there have been reductions of 57.2% THC, 33.3% CO, 67.1% soot and increase of 49.4% NO x and 43.9% CO2 emissions as compared with ATF at OC1. Also THC, CO, soot, and CO2 emissions are reduced considerably with increased NO x emissions for BF-IV fuel at OC2.

Household Energy Utilization Trends in Kenya: Effects of Peri Urbanization

Household energy utilization trends have been argued to be affected by the rate of urbanization. Therefore, due to lack of information there is need to understand the effects of peri urbanization. The main objective of this research was to investigate household energy utilization trends and the effects of peri urbanization on household energy utilization and changing behaviour. The research was carried out in the counties of Bungoma and Uasin-Gishu of Kenya. Random sampling technique was used to select 560 households from a target household of 663,739 and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that firewood is still the most common energy resource used for cooking in both rural and peri urban areas as evidenced by responses of 87.5% and 72.4%, respectively. The use of LPG (26 to 42%), charcoal (39.4% to 53.8%) and kerosene (14.3% to 17.3%) for cooking were found to increase as one move from rural to peri-urban and vice versa for agricultural residues (12.3% to 5.3%). Biogas uptake still represents a small fraction (11.4 to 14.6%) of the energy mix at local level. The use of solar for lighting showed reduction as one move from rural to peri urban (44.8% to 39.6%) and vice versa for kerosene (68.4% to 72%) and electricity (55.5% to 58.2%). In conclusion, this study showed that household energy utilization and changing behaviour in Kenya are affected by peri urbanization among others. This study offers understandings in enhancing household energy policy making in Kenya.

Study of Socio- Demographic Profile of Deaths due to Burns in Autopsies Conducted at Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal

In India, incidence of burn injuries is quite high due to widespread illiteracy, old customs like dowry and useof kerosene for lighting and cooking; poverty, overcrowding and unemployment, other social &amp; emotionalfactors, lack of safety measures at industrial setup &amp; lack of adequate healthcare services. Although, mortalityin cases of burns has been reduced considerably by modern advance healthcare services, yet death due toburns is not an uncommon event.The study was carried out with the aim to study the various demographic parameters related to deaths due toburns such as age, sex, occupation, socio-economic status, marital status, locality and source of fire.It was a 1.6 years prospective study of cases of burns autopsied at the mortuary of Gandhi medical college,Bhopal. The relevant information was obtained from inquest papers, history provided by relatives of thedeceased and postmortem examination.On data analysis, it was found that incidence of burns was found to be higher higher in females (55.0%) ascompared to males (45.0%). young adults between the age group of 21-30 years have been the major victimsof burns (41.00%). In both sexes, majority of the burn cases were married (74%). Most of the burn casesbelonged to middle class, were housewives (51 %). and from rural areas (75 %). Hence, steps need be takenby Govt., NGOs and medical professionals to reduce the mortality due to burns

TOXICITY AND REPELLENCY OF SCENT LEAVE (OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM), KEROSENE AND NAPHTHALENE IN SINGLE AND MIXED FORMS ON TERMITES (MACROTERMES BELLICOSUS)

ABSTRACT Termites (Macrotermes) are destructive pests in nature and their activities cause economic loss to field crops, wooden and building structures. Plant protectants have been widely used but information on the use of Ocimum gratissimum, kerosene and naphthalene in their single and mixed forms at various concentrations in the control of Macrotermes is lacking.Hence this study determined the toxicity and repellency of O. gratissimum, kerosene and naphthalene in their single and mixed forms on Macrotermes. Termites were sourced using axe and shovel, and exposed to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5g of O. gratissimum, naphthalene and kerosene in single forms respectively. Mixed forms were in 50%:50% of 0.5-1.5g of O.gratissimum and naphthalene, 0.5 -1.5g/mL of kerosene and O. gratissimum, and naphthalene and kerosene respectively. The set up was in triplicate and exposed for 24 hours. Results revealed that all concentrations of O. gratissimum, naphthalene, kerosene in single and mixed forms showed anti-termite activities. The differences were not significant(p&gt; 0.05). Complete mortality was recorded in all treatment concentrations except 0.5 and 1.0g of O. gratissimum, 0.5g of naphthalene and O. gratissimum. All concentrations of kerosene, 0.5 and 1.5g/mL of naphthalene and kerosene, 1.0g/mL of kerosene and O. gratissimum caused complete mortality after 6 hours of treatment. The difference between the time mortality was significant p&lt; 0.05. Repellency and their distances being remarkably high across all concentrations and the differences were significant (p&lt;0.05). Lethal concentrations at 50% and 95% of all treatment were 0.347 and 0.471, respectively except for O. gratissimum which was 0.086 and 0.071g respectively. The results of this research indicated that higher concentrations of O. gratissimum and the other two treatments in their single forms as well as the mixed forms could limit the destructive activities and economic losses caused by termites.

The impact of off-grid solar home systems in Kenya on energy consumption and expenditures

This paper assesses the impact of solar home systems (SHS) on energy consumption and energy-related expenditures among Kenyan households. Based on a pipeline comparison approach of more than a thousand households, we find that access to a SHS leads to a net increase of 24 to 36 min in daily lighting use due to a 3 h increase in the use of LED lamps, accompanied by a reduction in the use of “dirty” lamps. We also find a one litre reduction in the monthly use of kerosene for lighting. These changes in energy use along with a decline in the cost of charging mobile phones leads to a reduction in overall monthly expenditure of KSh 193 (about EUR 1.60). For the most popular SHS, these economic effects translate into a payback period of about six years. In addition to the economic benefits, we find small positive environmental effects, increased satisfaction from better quality lighting and an increase in time spent watching TV. Setting the costs against the combined benefits of SHS suggests a positive payoff for this particular off-grid electricity option and a viable way forward in providing off-grid energy solutions with a wide range of functionalities in developing countries.

Assessment of emissions from residential combustion in Southeast Asia and implications for climate forcing potential

Residential combustion in Southeast Asia (SEA) releases large amounts of pollutants, including fine particles (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and greenhouse gases (GHGs). This study quantified the annual emissions from lighting and cooking by the residential sector in SEA during 2010–2018 to create a new regional emissions inventory (EI). Available survey data of urban/rural fuel consumption and carefully scrutinized emission factors relevant for SEA typical fuel-cookstoves were used. The period average SEA emissions from the sector in Gg yr−1 were 734 ± 6 (PM2.5); 70 ± 3 (BC); 327 ± 3 (OC); 312,436 ± 5154 (CO2); 943 ± 11 (CH4) and 35.7 ± 0.5 (N2O). Lighting contributed from 0.1% of N2O to 16.5% of BC of the total sectoral emissions. Biomass fuels and biomass derived fuels, mainly charcoal, accounted for more than 85% of BC and nearly 100% of OC emissions from cooking alone. Over the period, SEA annual emissions of BC reduced by 11% owning to the declining use of kerosene (14.2%) while emissions of all other species increased. Charcoal consumption was also reduced (−3.7%) while consumption of other fuels increased, maximum for LPG by 6.8%. Average SEA emissions per capita (kg cap−1 yr−1) of PM2.5; BC; OC; CO2; CH4 and N2O from the sector were 1.19; 0.11; 0.53; 507; 1.46 and 0.06, respectively. Spatial distributions showed the highest BC emission intensities over Java island of Indonesia and over several populated areas in SEA. BC was the key contributor to the total global warming potential (GWP) of the emissions, i.e. sharing 86%, 57% and 30% of the total GWP over 20-, 100- and 500-yr time horizons if biomass fuels burning CO2 emissions were assumed to be climate neutral. Interventions to eliminate kerosene use would effectively reduce BC emissions and bring about greater co-benefits.

First Naphthometers to Determine the Flash Point of Liquids: II. Semiсlosed Testers

The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, one of which were “semiclosed” testers. The first naphthometers (by Smith–Jones, Parrish, Biel, Granier, Tagliabue, Elliott, Wisconsin, Foster, Luchaire, Millspaugh, Skalweit, Parrish-Engler, Engler, Heumann Leybold, Braun, Mann, Saybolt and Ehrenberg) are considered in the article. Many of these devices have not survived to our days and are undeservedly forgotten.

First Naphthometers to Determine the Flash Point of Liquids: I. Open Cup Devices

The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, one of which were “open cup” testers. The first naphthometers (by Abel, Tag, Pease, Shaw, Saybolt, Pinkney, Squier, Indiana state, Millochau, Ettele, Cleveland, Courtois, Kissling, Brenken, Treumann, Marcusson, Schluter and “Sommer and Runge” company) are considered in the article. Many of these devices have not survived to our days and are undeservedly forgotten.