Kerosene Lamps Research Articles

Design and implementation of AEM10941 based solar energy system harvester for domestic lighting as a sustainable lighting solution for rural areas

Lack of access to reliable and affordable electricity in Mbo’o community and the reliance on kerosene lamps for lighting has impacted various aspects of daily life in the area such as education, health, safety and economic productivity. Yields rural exodus and poverty. The aim of this research is to address the challenge of inadequate lighting in the Mbo’o community by developing a sustainable and affordable solution using the AEM10941 solar lamp and thus improving the quality of life for community members and reducing environmental impacts. The methodology involved utilizing the AEM10941 and connecting it with an ATMEGA328pu, switch and LED to construct the lamp. This included configuring the AEM10941, designing the printed circuit board for the lighting and control circuits, and then crafting the lamp casing. The lamp was designed to operate in two modes including indoor and outdoor/security modes. Performance evaluation tests revealed that the AEM10941 effectively charges the battery to full capacity within three hours. Additionally, in indoor mode, a single charge can sustain up to 10 h of lighting, demonstrating the lamp’s efficiency and reliability in providing prolonged illumination. At full brightness, the lamp produced an illuminance of 1436 lx. the AEM10941 based solar lamps performance characteristics including illumination intensity, runtime and charging time are in accordance with the standards values and even above. This sustainable way of lighting is the convenient solution to improve the general living standard of the Mbo’o community. The key contribution of this work is the development of a sustainable, affordable and versatile solar lamp tailored to the specific needs of the Mbo’o community. This work provides an innovative solution to address the community’s reliance on kerosene lamps, thereby potentially reducing emissions while improving safety and quality of life.

Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from secondary lighting sources: Emission factors and optical properties

India is shifting towards cleaner residential fuels, but this transition does not fully address household lighting challenges. Power disruptions, especially in rural areas, lead to the use of secondary lighting sources such as kerosene lamps, edible oil lamps, and candles. Our previous work identified kerosene wick and hurricane lamps as major secondary lighting sources in Indian households. This study presents the emission factors (EF) and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols from five major secondary lighting devices in India, measured using a laboratory extractor hood system. Dominant secondary lighting devices, such as simple wick lamps (61.4 ± 9.8 g kg⁻1) and hurricane lamps (17.2 ± 4.8 g kg⁻1), exhibit higher elemental carbon (EC) EFs than typical residential biomass burning. Sesame oil lamps, primarily used in India during the Diwali festival, also have significant EC emission potential, with an EC EF of 71.6 ± 16.9 g kg⁻1. The low absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) of ∼1 at near-UV wavelengths indicates a dominance of black carbon (BC) and negligible brown carbon absorption, corroborated by very low organic carbon concentrations. India-wide EC emissions (12.5 Gg year⁻1) from residential kerosene lighting show a higher (∼50%) contribution from eastern India. Additionally, the use of oil lamps during the Diwali festival could emit ∼3 Gg of EC in two days, with a potential reduction of ∼90% if wax-based lamps replace oil lamps. These measured EFs, aerosol optical properties, and estimated emissions will help future studies derive more accurate climate and health impacts from these otherwise overlooked lighting devices.

Energy needs within the rural community in Makueni County, Kenya

AbstractLiterature shows that only 56% of Kenyan households had access to electricity, with rural areas having the lowest access rate at percent. The high cost of extending the power grid to remote areas and power losses on distribution are significant challenges facing rural electrification. In addressing power accessibility problems, especially in rural areas, there is a need for tapping hydropower generation through the invention and implementation of in‐duct turbines to maximize the utilization of already existing pressurized water ducts that supply water in various parts of Kenya for hydropower generation. Makueni County is endowed with gravity‐fed water ducts with high potential for hydropower which can innovatively be produced by application of in‐duct turbines. This paper focuses on the assessment of energy needs and applications in rural areas. The research design was exploratory and experimental in nature. It was exploratory because, through an assessment, it sought to explore and identify the potential areas within the water supply lines for the production of hydropower to supply hydropower in Makueni County. It was experimental because the researcher developed (designed and fabricated) a hydro turbine for use in the production of hydropower from gravity water ducts of a diameter raging 100 mm. The research revealed that 62% (98) used solar power for lighting their homes, while 17% (28), 12% (20), and 8% (12) used lanterns, electricity, and kerosene lamps, respectively. Among the fuels assessed was firewood which was identified as the most used fuel at 89% (140). This was followed at a distance far by paraffin at 6% (9) of respondents. The households at 100% (158) identified electricity as a potential source of lighting for their household. The study recommends harnessing hydropower to enhance reach to 100% of the rural communities. The energy availability will provide opportunities for communities and institutions in rural areas to open their minds to business development and engage in income‐generating activities like the rearing of poultry and the development of light industries like the gridding of maize and other cereals.

Azerbaijan—The Land of Unquenchable Fire

_ For millennia, Zoroastrian fire worshippers traveled on pilgrimage to pray at temples built where methane seeping from deep underground caused flames to burst from the earth on the Absheron Peninsula near Baku, the capital of today’s Azerbaijan. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo observed such mysterious fires and puddles of oil that bubbled or even gushed as fountains to the surface as he trekked along the Silk Road through the Caucasus Mountains in the 13th century. In a travelogue written in 1298, The Travels of Marco Polo, he is said to have described: “Near the Georgian border there is a spring from which gushes a stream of oil in such abundance that a hundred ships may load here at once. This oil is not good to eat, but it is good for burning and as a salve for men and camels affected with itch or scab.” He was referring to the Khanates of Azerbaijan, a part of the Persian Empire in Marco Polo’s time but absorbed in 1806 into the Russian Empire whose czars took an interest in financing early oil production—hand dug and exported on camel back. Its high paraffin content was valued for producing kerosene lamp oil and lubricants including cannon grease. World’s First Mechanically Drilled Oil Well As the Industrial Revolution swept from West to East in the mid-19th century, many of the innovations and business systems around which the modern oil and gas industry were soon to coalesce were tested in the ancient “Land of Fire.” Czar Nicholas I (1825–1855) financed the world’s first mechanically drilled oil well in 1846 using a cable-tool percussion drilling method. A 21-m-deep (69 ft) exploration well was the result. This happened a decade before Edwin Drake added steam-engine power to a mechanical drill to put Titusville, Pennsylvania, on the map in 1859, as described in the Branobel History archives. By 1871, with Nicholas’ son, the reformer Alexander II now on the Russian throne, boreholes had replaced buckets across the Bibi-Heybat and Balakhani oil fields. The arrival from Sweden in the 1870s of Alfred Nobel’s brothers, Ludvig and Robert, brought a step change to Azerbaijan in terms of industrial innovation, construction, and logistics such that by 1900 Azerbaijan was producing 50% of the world’s oil, historical sources agree. Alexander II had abolished the state monopoly on oil production in 1869, opening the door to foreign industrialists and their capital. Robert Nobel obliged and opened the joint stock Branobel Co. in 1878 with a partner from a weapons plant in the Russian town of Izhevsk. He put down share capital of 3 million rubles ($30,000 in today’s money) to register Tovarishestvo Neftyanogo Proizvodstva Bratyev Nobel—in English, The Brothers Nobel Paraffin Production Company (aka Branobel). The transformation of Baku’s oil fields into a capitalist production sector had begun in 1872 with the auction of 15 blocks in the Balakhani oil field and two blocks in Bibi-Heybat, according to a history prepared by Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Energy in 2020. This drove a 340% growth in oil production between 1876 and 1882, from 24,000 to 816,000 tons, respectively, between those years. By 1894 Azerbaijan’s production equaled that of the US (5.55 million tons per year) though Baku’s fields were 20 times less productive, according to Branobel archivists.

Social and economic impact analysis of solar mini-grids in rural Africa: a cohort study from Kenya and Nigeria

This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the social and economic effects of solar mini-grids in rural African settings, specifically in Kenya and Nigeria. A group of 2658 household heads and business owners connected to mini-grids over the last five years were interviewed both before and one year after their connection. These interviews focused on changes in gender equality, productivity, health, safety, and economic activity. The results show notable improvements in all areas. Economic activities and productivity increased significantly among the connected households and businesses. The median income of rural Kenyan community members quadrupled. Gender equality also improved, with women gaining more opportunities in decision making and business. Health and safety enhancements were linked to reduced use of hazardous energy sources like kerosene lamps. The introduction of solar mini-grids not only transformed the energy landscape but also led to broad socioeconomic benefits in these rural areas. The research highlights the substantial impact of decentralized renewable energy on the social and economic development of rural African communities. Its findings are crucial for policymakers, development agencies, and stakeholders focused on promoting sustainable energy and development in Africa.

Energy transitions across household distributions in northern India

This paper investigates sustainable household energy transitions including a reduction in kerosene lamp use and increases in solar home systems and solar lanterns. We use a large and detailed survey of around 9,000 households in northern India in 2015 and 2018. Our key analytical insights focus on inequality across economic and wealth distributions, including the lack of major distributional changes between the two survey waves. We find that a positive relationship between economic resources and solar home system use is driven by the upper end of economic distributions. Kerosene use is also substantially lower for the top of the economic distribution, especially in the 2018 survey. In contrast, economic resources have a weak relationship with solar lantern use. Future policies can be devised with reference to our results showing a more robust relationship between assets, rather than income, and household energy transitions. The stronger influence of assets is evident for a range of asset variables and for a composite wealth index which we construct. Detailed analysis of socio-economic distributions has value for informing policy attempts to target support to constrained households.

Indoor Air Pollution in Kenya

AbstractIndoor air pollution is an environmental health challenge in Kenya, particularly in rural households, and low-income urban areas. This review aims to provide an overview of the sources, health effects and mitigation strategies for indoor air pollutants in Kenya. The main goal of our study was to review existing literature on indoor air pollution in Kenya with the aim of identifying research gaps for future research. Our methodology involved a critical examination of the existing literature review. This is because traditional fuel burning for cooking and heating, and kerosene lamps are major sources of indoor air pollution. Exposure to air pollutants can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular disease among women and children who are more vulnerable. Despite efforts to improve indoor air quality, significant challenges remain including access to clean fuels and technologies, inadequate infrastructure, and low awareness of health impact of indoor air pollution. Mitigation strategies include the transition to cleaner cooking sources, solar lamps for lighting and education campaigns on health impacts. The review concludes that a multifaceted approach involving various stakeholders is necessary to effectively address indoor air pollution in Kenya and improve public health.

Conversion of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Mixed Low-Density Polyethylene with Polyethylene Terepthalate (LDPE and PET) into Hybrid Fuel

This research aims to provide the recycling techniques of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and mixture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) waste. As a means of converting abundant waste to wealth, pyrolysis of LDPE and mixed LDPE - PET was carried out in a batch reactor made of stainless steel at temperatures between 450 – 460OC. The vapor produced from melting the waste was condensed to form the liquid hydrocarbon (fuel oil) product. The effect of reaction time and product yield were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the pyrolysis oil measured include density, specific gravity, flash point, color, fire point, flammability and viscosity. For the LDPE the flash point, fire point, density, specific gravity, and viscosity was found to be 39.5 oC, 48 oC, 8.1872, 0.793g/cm, 0.775g/cm3, and 1.566 cSt respectively while for the Mixture of LDPE with PET the flash point, fire point, density, specific gravity, viscosity and Sulphur content was found to be 44 oC, 48 oC, 8.1872, 0.7837g/cm, 0.7916 g/cm3, 1.1660 cSt and 8.1872 respectively. These values were found to be within the range of kerosene values. The fuel was tested in both kerosene lamp and petrol generator.

City Life of Kamianets-Podilskyi Inhabitants in the Autumn of 1919 under Russian-Ukrainian War (based on the sources of local newspapers)

The article offers an analysis of the city life of Kamianets-Podilskyi inhabitants during the active phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the autumn of 1919 based on the local periodicals. The identical situation of today’s Ukrainian society led to an active research search for historical truth. The goal of our paper is to highlight the everyday and public life of the residents of Kamianets-Podilskyi in the fall of 1919 through the prism and analysis of local newspaper publications. It has been established that the increase in the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) population in Kamianets-Podilskyi, a state center of UNR, led to the exhaustion of the Municipal Economy, in particular, there were problems with power, water supply, and lightning of city dwellings. The inability of local structures to quickly solve public utility problems prompted the townspeople to make frequent use of an additional source of light i. e. kerosene lamps and candles. The quality of nutrition and healthcare has worsened. Food products were not available for many residents either, black-market practices and high prices for staples spread in the city. Cheap food establishments could not provide everyone with a hot lunch, and bakeries that went into operation after the threshing of grain sold their products for funds that were not available to all Kamianets residents. A typhus epidemic spread, which was difficult to stop due to the lack of sanitary conditions. With the cold weather approaching fuel crisis of economic origin became more acute. It has been found that some factors were positive for city dwellers. First, the work of the railway was restored and served the passengers in several directions. Second, the city educational network was extended (primary, secondary, and higher educational institutions, as well as courses for advanced training). Third, the wide cultural leisure for the inhabitants (attending theatre plays, concerts, libraries, etc.) was organized. To some extent, this experience became popular in other cities of the region.

Characterising sources of PM2·5 exposure for school children with asthma: a personal exposure study across six cities in sub-Saharan Africa

Air pollution is the second largest risk to health in Africa, and children with asthma are particularly susceptible to its effects. Yet, there is a scarcity of air pollution exposure data from cities in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to identify potential exposure reduction strategies for school children with asthma living in urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. This personal exposure study was part of the Achieving Control of Asthma in Children in Africa (ACACIA) project. Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) was monitored in school children in six cities in sub-Saharan Africa (Blantyre, Malawi; Durban, South Africa; Harare, Zimbabwe; Kumasi, Ghana; Lagos, Nigeria; and Moshi, Tanzania). Participants were selected if they were aged 12-16 years and had symptoms of asthma. Monitoring was conducted between June 21, and Nov 26, 2021, from Monday morning (approximately 1000 h) to Friday morning (approximately 1000 h), by use of a bespoke backpack with a small air pollution monitoring unit with an inbuilt Global Positioning System (GPS) data logger. Children filled in a questionnaire detailing potential sources of air pollution during monitoring and exposures were tagged into three different microenvironments (school, commute, and home) with GPS coordinates. Mixed-effects models were used to identify the most important determinants of children's PM2·5 (PM <2·5 μm in diameter) exposure. 330 children were recruited across 43 schools; of these, 297 had valid monitoring data, and 1109 days of valid data were analysed. Only 227 (20%) of 1109 days monitored were lower than the current WHO 24 h PM2·5 exposure health guideline of 15 μg/m3. Children in Blantyre had the highest PM2·5 exposure (median 41·8 μg/m3), whereas children in Durban (16·0 μg/m3) and Kumasi (17·9 μg/m3) recorded the lowest exposures. Children had significantly higher PM2·5 exposures at school than at home in Kumasi (median 19·6 μg/m3vs 14·2 μg/m3), Lagos (32·0 μg/m3vs 18·0 μg/m3), and Moshi (33·1 μg/m3vs 23·6 μg/m3), while children in the other three cities monitored had significantly higher PM2·5 exposures at home and while commuting than at school (median 48·0 μg/m3 and 43·2 μg/m3vs 32·3 μg/m3 in Blantyre, 20·9 μg/m3 and 16·3 μg/m3vs 11·9 μg/m3 in Durban, and 22·7 μg/m3 and 25·4 μg/m3vs 16·4 μg/m3 in Harare). The mixed-effects model highlighted the following determinants for higher PM2·5 exposure: presence of smokers at home (23·0% higher exposure, 95% CI 10·8-36·4), use of coal or wood for cooking (27·1%, 3·9-56·3), and kerosene lamps for lighting (30·2%, 9·1-55·2). By contrast, 37·2% (95% CI 22·9-48·2) lower PM2·5 exposures were found for children who went to schools with paved grounds compared with those whose school grounds were covered with loose dirt. Our study suggests that the most effective changes to reduce PM2·5 exposures in these cities would be to provide paving in school grounds, increase the use of clean fuel for cooking and light in homes, and discourage smoking within homes. The most efficient way to improve air quality in these cities would require tailored interventions to prioritise different exposure-reduction policies in different cities. UK National Institute for Health and Care Research.

Bioethanol Production from Two Varieties (Saccharum Officinarum and Saccharum Barberi) Of Sugarcane Peels

Provision of an alternative clean source of fuel with less cost, will reduce fossil fuel demand. Pollution is the major environmental problem. Air pollution is among the three types of pollution where harmful substances such as CO2 and CO are introduced to the environment and cause harm to humans and animals. Fossil fuel combustion from automobiles and industries causes this type of pollution. There is need to replace another source of fuel with renewable feedstock such as the peels of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi which are lignocellulose materials to produce bioethanol that has a lower impact on air pollution and the Ozone layer which causes Green-House effect than fossil fuels. Dilute H2SO4 at different concentrations of 1M,2M,3M,4M and 5M were replicated into three different parts respectively as hydrolysing solution. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as fermentation enzymes. Different pH values of 5, 6 and 7 was used for fermentation periods of 5, 6 and 7 days, respectively. The Bioethanol was distilled by the use of fractional distillation. Hydrolysed samples of 3M for 6th day of both Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi produced the best yields of bioethanol at the pH of 5 and 5M hydrolysed samples of both Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi produced the least bioethanol for all pH values and fermentation days. The Bioethanol produced was blended with kerosene fuel to create EK10 and EK20 kerosene-bioethanol blends for use as a fuel source in a kerosene lamp. EK10 blend took 126 hours to burn in a rotary kerosene lamp, while EK20 blend took 167 hours to burn-off in the same kerosene lamp. Hydrolysed H2SO4 of 3M, pH 5 and fermentation period of 6 days for both Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi shows the best sample to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol kerosene blend EK10 and E20 was concluded to show long period of burning with clean soot in a rotary kerosene lamp, therefore the bioethanol kerosene blends can be used as substitutes for kerosene fuel.

Iwnetim Iwnetu Abate

Growing up in a small town in Ethiopia, Iwnetim Iwnetu Abate didn’t have reliable access to power. For several nights a week, he completed his homework by the light of candles or a kerosene lamp. Abate’s experience eventually set him on a path to improve battery technologies. “I had this personal attachment to the problem of energy,” he says. Abate—who goes by Tim in casual conversation—is now a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His goal is to design high-performance materials that facilitate electrochemical reactions in batteries or offer improvements in catalysis, sensors, or computing. Throughout his research career, he has been driven to understand how atomic-level phenomena govern macroscopic behavior in layered materials. “He’s very interested in seeing translation of his research to solve societal problems,” says Mark Asta , a computational materials scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, and former coadviser of Abate, who completed postdoctoral

Assessment of the proportion of households with burn victims, associated risk factors and knowledge of burn injury prevention strategies in South Western Uganda. A population based cross sectional survey

BackgroundBurn injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality within Low- and Middle-income countries (LMICs). Most of these burn injuries occur at home with children most at risk. The majority of burn related deaths and disability in LMICs have been described as preventable. Burns prevention requires adequate knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics and associated risk factors. The aim of this study was to assess the proportion of households with burn victims, the associated risk factors and knowledge of prevention strategies of burn injuries in Kakoba division, Mbarara city. MethodsWe did a population based cross sectional survey of households in Kakoba division. This is the most populous division in Mbarara city. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed to establish prevalence and knowledge of preventive strategies for household burns. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to establish the factors influencing burn injuries at household level. ResultsOf the households in Kakoba Division, 41.2% had individuals who had previously sustained burn injuries within the household. Children were the most affected population with scald burns the most common type. The highest risk of burn injuries was associated with overcrowding in the households. Electricity as a light source was found to be protective. Candles and Kerosene lamps were the commonest alternative light sources. Majority 98% of the individuals in the households knew at least one burns prevention strategy with 93% practicing at least one. ConclusionBurns within the household are still high despite knowledge of risk factors with children being the most affected. Overcrowding still plays a significant role in household burn injuries. We therefore recommend closer supervision of children within the households. Cooking areas need to be properly designated and secured to limit access. Safer alternative light sources need to be explored such as solar lamps. Political leaders need to be involved in setting up and monitoring community-based fire safety practices to ensure compliance.

Hatchability and hatching time of Arab Chicken eggs With Different Heat Sources

This study was conducted to determine the hatchability and hatching time of Arab chicken eggs in incubators with different heat sources. The research was carried out at the Poultry Laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Science, University of Mataram. A total of three hundred fertile eggs were placed into two different types of incubators which were an electric incubator (EI) and an oil lamp heating incubator (OLHI). Each treatment was repeated three times (150 eggs/treatment). The data were analysed using the t-student test. The results showed that the fertility of Arab chicken eggs incubated using the electric incubator (EI) was 85.2% and OLHI incubator was 90.7%. Embryo viability at EI was 85.6% and OLHI was 90.5%. The hatchability of EI was 70.9% and OLHI was 83.8%, and the hatching weight of EI was 29.6 g, while the OLHI hatching machine was 28.9 g, and the hatching time of eggs on the EI incubator was 21.3 days and OLHI was 21.7 days. Different types of incubators had no significant effect (P&gt;0,05) on the fertility of eggs, embryo viability, hatching time, and hatching weight but it had an effect (p=0.043) on the hatchability. In conclusion, the heat source of the kerosene lamp was better than that of an electric heating incubator

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN LAMPU PELITA BERBAHAN MINYAK JELANTAH DI DESA ASAAN SULTENG

Asaan Village is one of the villages in the Pagimana District, Luwuk Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, which is located 11 km to the south of the Pagimana District. The geographical conditions of the mountains and forest areas with an altitude of 200-500 meters above sea level and an uncertain climate such as changes in temperature, wind, result in frequent disturbances of lighting or blackouts so that people often have difficulty doing activities at night. Meanwhile, to deal with blackouts, people using kerosene lamps only have drawbacks, such as the high price of kerosene and steps in the market. This problem is the basis for carrying out community service activities, and by utilizing used materials such as coconut oil which has been used in the frying or used cooking process, this material is easy to obtain and is not purchased because it is only a waste material. Even though used cooking oil can be made as a lamp to replace electricity when there is a blackout. The service method used is a motivational approach and creative innovation through skills training for the Asaan village community. The results of this activity are 1) The community is assisted by training in making cheap and environmentally friendly lamp lamps, 2) There is alternative community lighting to overcome frequent blackouts, 3) Community creativity increases in processing used cooking oil as an efficient fuel.Keywords: community skills, lamps, used cooking oil.

Opportunities beyond CO2 for climate mitigation

Opportunities beyond CO2 for climate mitigation

Manure Waste Management to Produce and Utilize Biogas Efficiently and Effectively in a Smart Eco-Social Village in Bandung

The river is one of the primary sources of fresh water. It serves purposes for irrigation systems in agriculture, fulfilling domestic needs (water drinking, washing), transportation medium, energy production, and leisure. In West Bandung, the Cikapundung River becomes the source of life to sustain the population. More than 50% of the population upstream Cikapundung lives as agriculture and dairy farmers. Unfortunately, due to those activities, the river condition is considered unhealthy. Agriculture and dairy farmers discharge their wastes into the river instead of employing them for biogas, despite biogas's role in ensuring farming sustainability. Thus, Chemical Engineering Department and Student Society (HMPSTK) of Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR) constructed a system involving biodigester to produce biogas from agricultural waste (cow manure and organic waste) as a prototype solution for this issue. The community service program was divided into seven stages: a) Problem identification, b) Location survey and advocacy, c) Sample collection, d) Research, e) Construction of a biogas digester, f) Socialization with the local community, and g) Follow-up of the outcomes. In fact, a 5,000 Liter of fiberglass bio-digester was successfully installed in Cibodas Village, Maribaya, Lembang, with the help of PRIMARY (Program Biogas Rumah), a local biogas contractor. The mixture of livestock manures and organic waste of a 3:1 ratio produced the largest biogas volume. Biogas generated from biodigester was applied for cooking and lighting kerosene lamps. The result showed that no leakage was observed until 3-years of installation of the biodigester. However, it is suggested that a continuous and solid system involving multiple ways of manure processing such as the biogas and vermicompost production as well as the biogas utilization should be designed to encourage not only a eco-friendly solution but also to initiate a circular economy model in the community. Thus, it will be a sustainable solution not only for overcoming the largest issue of Cikapundung Rivers's organic waste disposal but also for the other agriculture and farming in Indonesia.

Diseminasi Teknologi Lampu Darurat Berbahan Air Garam di Desa Ekoharjo Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

Electrical energy is needed and continues to increase in line with the population and economic growth, including in Lampung Province. Problems may occur once happen the rotating power outages, in this case the community uses candle or kerosene lamps. The use of candle or kerosene lamps may cause danger due to the combustion gas produced and a potential of fire. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to produce alternative energy sources in energy renewal, one of which is to build a salt water electrical energy source using the sea cell method, to build an energy independent village. Electricity through electrochemistry is one of the alternative electrical energy that can be generated by utilizing an oxidation-reduction process in which an electrochemical cell with a pair of Cu(Ag)-Zn electrodes is used. The electrodes are made of Cu fibers with a length of 2 m per strand as many as 25 strands and a Zn plate with dimensions of 10 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. Cu is coated with Ag metal using the electroplating method, while Zn metal is protected with Mg metal as a sacrificial anode. The electrical energy produced from this lamp is expected to be applied as renewable energy in a sustainable manner. The University of Lampung has a very good relationship with Ekoharjo village in Central Lampung district of Lampung Province.

In a New Light: Histories of Women and Energy

In a New Light: Histories of Women and Energy

A biomass hybrid hydrogel with hierarchical porous structure for efficient solar steam generation

Solar steam generation is a promising method for clean water production. However, existing evaporation systems are limited by either expensive and complex equipment, or inadequate solar evaporation performance. In this paper, we prepared a biomass hybrid hydrogel (BHH) with hierarchical porous structure for efficient solar evaporation, in which starch and chitosan were used as hydrophilic substrates and PDA-Fe NPs was used as absorber. This specific microstructure plays an important role in improving light absorption, photothermal conversion and water transportation. The kerosene lamp structure evaporator endows centralized heat management and less heat loss. Therefore, our BHH evaporator performs high evaporation rate (3.9 kg m-2 h-1) and solar evaporation efficiency (103.2%). In addition, the evaporator shows favorable salt-resistant, durability and self-cleaning capacity, ensuring long-term and stable seawater evaporation. This study paves a new way for the development of low-cost, sustainable, efficient and salt-resistant evaporators for solar evaporation and desalination.