Kerbala City Research Articles

Effect of Smoking on Corneal Endothelium

Purpose: To determine if smoking has an effect on corneal endothelium. Study Design: Descriptive observational. Place and Duration of Study: Lamar eye center in Kerbala city in Iraq during December, 2023 and January, 2024. Methods: A total of 108 eyes were selected, 54 eyes of smokers and 54 eyes of non-smokers. The smokers included in this study had history of smoking for more than twenty years and they smoke more than 40 cigarettes per day. All the participants were male. Specular microscopy was used to determine four corneal parameters; cell density, hexagonality, coefficient of variation and central corneal thickness. Results: Patients age ranged from 50 to 60 years. Central Corneal Thickness was 515.29±40.62 and 522.37±36.68in smokers and non-smokers respectively with p= 0.32. Coefficient of variation and, Cell Densityand Hexagonal shape parameters were also not statistically different between the two groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Smoking does not have a statistically significant effect on the corneal endothelium in terms of cell density, hexagonality, coefficient of variation, and central corneal thickness. However, more studies are needed to provide further evidence.

Prevalence Study of the Intestinal Protozoal Parasitic Infections Rates at Babylon and Kerbala Cities

Intestinal protozoa are parasites transmitted by the consumption of contaminated water and food and mainly affect children and older people and cause considerable health problems. They are leading to causes of outpatient morbidity in developing countries due to diarrhea. The aim of this study was invetigation the prévalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia parasites at Kerbala and Babylon cities in 2022. The research was conducted during the period starting from 1/1/2021 until 31/12/2021 in the provinces of Babylon and Kerbala. The Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital in Babylon and the AlHusseini Hospital in Karbala were taken. Data were collected in both hospitals to detect the spread of the disease (E.histolytica) and they were taken. Considering the percentage of injuries for age groups and gender of the injured during the months of the year. Results of this study showed that rates of intestinal parasitic infections at the Hospitals of Babylon City at Imam Sadiq Hospital, while the total infection rates was 6.58% While the total infection rate with the same parasite at Al-Hashimiya Hospital was 29%. At Hospitals of Kerbala city, the total infection rate at Al-Hussein Hospital was 21.37% While the rate of infected people at Al-Husseiniya Hospital was 26.4% The results of infection rates with Giardia lamblia in the current study showed the following:- At hospitals of Babylon city the total infection rate was 14.3% When it reached Imam Sadiq Hospital, the infection rate was 1.72% While the rate of infection in Al-Hashimiya Hospital was: 1.69% At hospitals of Kerbala city the infection rate was in Al-Hussein Hospital 1.83% While the rate of infected people was at Al-Husseiniya Hospital 2.21% The total infection rate was .4..% as the infection rate was in Al-Hussein Hospital 1.83%, while the infection rate in Al-Husseiniyah Hospital was 2.21%.

Mothers’ Practices in Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Holy Kerbala City

Mothers’ Practices in Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Holy Kerbala City

Effect of Population Growth on The Water Duty of The Irrigated Lands within A Part of The Central District of Kerbala City: Alihneidiyah River As Study Case

Effect of Population Growth on The Water Duty of The Irrigated Lands within A Part of The Central District of Kerbala City: Alihneidiyah River As Study Case

The study iron, zinc, copper and magnesium in hydatid cyst Fluid in Kerbala City

The Echinococcus granulosus parasites cause hydatidasis, this is one important disease-related on-ship to humans (zoonotic) widespread all over the world. some of the cysts are called (infertile cysts) because unable to produce protoscoleces but another one can be called (fertile cysts) which can produce protoscoleces. The hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) is very important to the fertility of the cysts, this cystic fluid plays an important role in the unicellular hydatid cyst.
 In the collection 10 HCF samples were from the liver and lung to sheep then examination all the cysts, all the cysts were centrifuged at 10000xg for 15 min in 4c, and then all biochemical components were examined in the automatic analyzer. In the results, each calcium and potassium were different in cysts collected by (P<0.001).

Empirical Relationship between Three Geotechnical Properties Obtained in Three Sites in Kerbala City, Iraq

The material index (Im), concentration index (Ic ), and Coefficient of Lateral earth pressure at res (Ko ) are important geotechnical properties, which are determined in seismic cross holes depending on wave velocities. These three geotechnical properties were determined in three sites in Kerbala City, Iraq. These geotechnical properties are determined depending on the cross-hole survey achieved at Al-Abbas holy shrine, the pure water p, project and the Al-Khiam hotel sites. From a comparison of of the values of these properties in the three sites, three empirical relations were found between them, these are Im = - Ko, Ic = 4 – Ko, and Ic = 4 + Im. the author believed that these relations are usfule in determine these properties. In this research, it was reached to find new equations or relationships through which these three properties can be calculated by calculating one of them, and then finding the values of the other properties ia n short time, and with high accuracy. These new equations or relations I called Al-Kafeel equaions. Im , ,Ic and Ko have been calculated for more than 2034 samples from the surface of tearthths to up 15 m. These parameters have been calculated for more than 2034 samples from the earth's surface and up to 15 m, which used seismic velocity values in calculating these properties by the international old equations. This paper used new equations which are called Al-Kafeel geotechnical equations. The results were compared using the two equations, and it was very successful, and the error rate was between 1%–2%. These simple equations or relations, Al-Kafeel Equations, have been reached and used for the first time since 2017 and have given excellent results in terms of time, and accuracy.

Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test

Abstract The subgrade soil layer is the most essential part of the pavement system. Many pavement failures can be associated with subgrade weak strength and stiffness qualities. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen this layer before building the other pavement layers. One of the essential methods utilized to enhance the engineering characteristics of this layer is soil stabilization. Stabilization methods are many and varied, but chemical and mechanical stabilization are the most common. This research aims to evaluate the strength of stabilized soils by using a dynamic cone penetration (DCP) test. To achieve this aim, subgrade soil was provided from a roadway project in Kerbala city and stabilized with 2.5 and 5% of Portland cement by weight of the dry soil. Then, the cemented subgrade soil was reinforced with 6 and 12 mm of polypropylene discrete fiber. The fiber was added to the soil with the following contents: 0.5, 1, and 2%. The characteristics of stabilized soils were evaluated by determining three parameters: dynamic cone penetration index (DCPI), in-situ California bearing ratio (CBR), and bearing capacity obtained from the DCP test. The results showed that when Portland cement was increased from 0 to 2.5% and then to 5% by weight of the dry soil, the DCPI value gradually decreased while increasing both CBR and bearing capacity. However, adding 6 and 12 mm fiber contents (0.5, 1, and 2) to the cement–sand mixture containing 2.5 and 5% cement led to increased DCPI and a gradual decrease in CBR and bearing capacity. Also, the results showed that the DCPI for a 12 mm fiber is lower than that for 6 mm fibers, while the CBR and bearing capacity for a 12 mm fiber are greater than those of 6 mm fibers for all ratios. Accordingly, the results of the DCP tests showed that the most significant support for the soil is obtained when the soil is stabilized using 5% cement with 12 mm of fiber by weight of dry soil.

AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE PREVALENCE OF E.GINGIVALIS IN ORAL OF DIABETIC MELLITUS PATIENTS IN CITY OF KERBALA

Background: Many people suffer from infection with Entamoeba gingivalis which mainly causes for periodontitis and other dental diseases specially in patient suffering from Diabetic mellitus. Aim of study: To determine the prevalence of the Entamoeba gingivalis among diabetes mellitus patients in Kerbala city. Methodology: oral swap samples were collected from 300 of respondents ( patients were diagnosed clinically by physician suffering from DM) attended to Imam Hassan Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes and some of outpatients clinics in Kerbala Province of Iraq from May to August 2023. Oral swap specimens were collected and immediately introduced for microscopic examination for diagnosis of Entamoeba gingivalis parasites.

Single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-18 gene and resistin gene in children infection with Entamoeba histolytica

Abstract Background: Human amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which is found in many tropical countries. E. histolytica infections are known to have a wide range of clinical consequences. Most infections are asymptomatic; some cause diarrhea and dysentery, and only a few cause extraintestinal consequences, including liver abscess. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most prevalent kind of sequence variation in genomes and are regarded as useful genetic markers for exposing the evolutionary history and common genetic variants that explain the heritable risk for common illnesses and effected in the progression of some infections. Objective: Investigation of gene polymorphism of the parameters (interleukin 18 [IL-18], resistin) most susceptible to parasitic infection. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were collected from patients who were attending the (Kerbala Teaching Hospital for children in the holy city of Kerbala), between February 2021 and January 2022. In total, 3748 samples of feces from children between the ages of 1 and 15 years from both gender were tested using both direct smear and acid-fast stain tests in addition to rapid test techniques. Five milliliters of blood were obtained from 25 patients infected with E. histolytica, as well as 5 mL of blood from 25 healthy youngsters (sample control). Results: The result showed the distribution of genotype of IL-18 SNPs in intestinal parasites patient in contrast to the control group; there is an increase in the level of IL-18 in some SNPs, resistin concentration was statistically significantly different between resistin gene polymorphisms. Conclusion: The IL-18 and resistin polymorphism can be considered one of the genetic factors responsible for the progression of E. histolytica infection.

Response of growth, yield and quality of maize to the fertilizer combi-nation of nitrogen and potassium and spraying with the potassium humate

The split-plot experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields- Al-Hussainiya district in the holy city of Kerbala for the fall season 2022, by planting the maize, Sumer cultivar was planted in a soil with clay loam texture. The experiment comprising two factors, and the first factor was the combinations of different levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1) were identified with symbols, N0, N1, and N2, respectively, Three levels of potassium (0, 80 and 160 kg K ha-1) were symbolized as K0, K1, and K2, respectively, the second factor was spraying with the organic nutrient potassium humate at two concentrations (1 and 2) g L-1, the concentrations of potassium humate were occupied the main plots, while the fertilizer combinations of nitrogen and potassium filled the sub plots with three replications according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD).The results showed a significant effect of adding fertilizer combinations of nitrogen and potassium and spraying with the organic nutrient potassium humate (2 g L-1) individually and overlapping in most growth, yield and quality traits, as the overlapping showed a significant superiority in increasing of leaf area (cm2 plant-1), stem diameter (mm), leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD unit), ear weight (g), plant yield (g plant-1) and protein yield (g plant-1), the interaction between the two study factors contributed to reducing the amount of mineral fertilizer to 50%, as there was no significant difference between the fertilizer combinations of nitrogen and potassium (150N + 80K) and (300N + 160K) Kg ha-1, with a concentration of 2 gmL-1 of potassium humate.

Response of Total Phenol and Chemical Qualities for Helianthus annus L. to Roselle Extract and Phenol Spraying

The purpose of this study is to explain the impact of phenol separation from Roselle extract on the volatile oil yield, as well as the roles of total phenol, zinc, and protean for Helianthus annus L. (Sunflower). The agricultural test was conducted in the spring. 2022 in the city of Kerbala in Arabia The factorial experiment examined the effects of spraying a source level of Roselle extract with phenol compound the separation from Roselle on various active compounds and chemical characteristics of sunflower plants using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, two factors, and phenol compoundthe first factor was Roselle extract (control, 10, 20 gm L-1) The second factor was phenol (control, 0.5, 8 gm L-1 ). The medicines were administered in two dosages, and after assessing all growth traits, the plants were harvested when fully mature. After the crop reached full maturity on July 18, 2022, the harvesting process was carried out. The results indicate phenol separation from Roselle extract Improved content (volatile oil yield, Zinc and protean and total phenol ).

Compressive uses and its role in the spatial expansion of the holy city of Kerbala

Compressive uses and its role in the spatial expansion of the holy city of Kerbala

Influence of Electronic Use Media on Sleep Disturbance Severity among Adolescents

Background: Adolescents' growth, cognitive development, learning, and general well-being are all affected by sleep, which is both a physiological phenomenon and a behavioral process. Adolescents' physiological and psychological development has a negative effect on their sleep, but it is also possible that access to electronic media and other outside variables like early school starts and the bedroom's surroundings also contribute to bad sleep. Methodology: A descriptive design was used to guide this study. Data were collected for the period of October 10th, 2022, to December 20th, 2023. The study was carried out through different secondary schools in Holy Kerbala city to assess the effect of excessive use of electronic media on sleep disturbances among adolescents. The samples were selected non-randomly (a convenience sample) from separate areas of the center of Kerbala Holy Governorate, where the samples were chosen from the population only because they were available to the researcher. A sample of 382 total students was chosen to obtain the data. The sample of the study includes 139 females and 243 males. Results : The study results reveal that the mean of hours students spend in internet is less than a half spend 2-5-hours in internet use (47.4%), followed by those who spend 6-10-hours in internet use (36.3%), those who spend 11-15-hours (9.2%), those who spend less than hour in internet use (5.8%), and those who spend 16-20 hours in electronic media use (1.3%). The study results reveal that the number of hours students spend on electronic media use every day and sleep hours positively predict excessive use of electronic media (p-value = .000, .024) respectively. The study results reveal that the sleep hours negatively predict sleep disturbance (p-value .004). On the other hand, excessive use of electronic media positively predict sleep disturbance (p-value = .000). Conclusion : The majority of participants in the current study believe that sleep disturbances are strongly correlated with excessive use of electronic media and that the more excessive use of electronic media, the higher the incidence of sleep disturbances.

Impact of Behavioural Integration of Senior Management in Effectiveness of Strategic Decision-Making: An Applied Study in Some Iraqi Private Faculties in Kerbala City

This study sheds light on role of behavioral integration of senior management in effectiveness of strategic decision-making processes at the level of Iraqi private educational institutions. The goal of research was to focus attention of administration of private colleges, research community, to importance of the integrative behavioral role of senior administration in effectiveness of process of making its strategic decisions. Private colleges scattered in Karbala governorate were chosen as a community for research, as questionnaire was distributed to an intentional sample of (61) respondents from members of councils, directors of branches and departments, and officials of people and units in private colleges. Some statistical indicators (descriptive and analytical) were used using statistical program (SPSS V.28). Most important finding of research is existence of a correlation relationship and a moral effect between research variables included in first and second main hypothesis in order to achieve effectiveness of strategic decision-making by adopting integrative behavioral role of senior management members in the private colleges operating in holy governorate of Karbala.

Histopathological study of ovarian masses with clinical correlation in Iraqi women from Kerbala City, Iraq

Objective: To study clinico-pathological correlation of various ovarian tumors. Methodology: This study included 103 cases of ovarian tumors seen at Kerbala Al-Hujja Private Hospitals from 2020 to 2021. Information about age, size, laterality, parity and histopathological diagnosis were recorded. Data were analyzed with SPSS 27. Results: Majority of ovarian tumors occurred before 40 years age (63.1%) and the majority of them were benign (94.2%), with corpus luteal cyst the most common. Significant correlation was found between tumor behavior (benign versus malignant) and both age and tumor size (p-value 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) while no correlation was found with parity. Conclusion: Majority of ovarian masses in Iraqi women were benign and occurred in reproductive age group. Malignancy in ovarian masses was correlated significantly with age and size of the mass.

Measurement the level of some immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA among women practicing aerobic exercises in fitness halls in the holy city of Kerbala

Measurement the level of some immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA among women practicing aerobic exercises in fitness halls in the holy city of Kerbala

Socio-Regional Variations in the Conversation of Al-Hussainyya Speech Community

This research deals with language variations in Al.Hussaiyya conversation in the city of Kerbala compared to Standard Arabic. This study deals with social variables depending on the geographical location of the region and the social factors affecting the use of these variables as age, gender, social class, educational and cultural background of the speakers. The study also deals with the situations, as well as the status of these variables among the people of the region. This paper aims at measuring the effect and checking the correlation of social variables (gender, age and education) and the regional one with linguistic variations.          This study aims at showing, as explicitly as possible, how the “network concept” developed by Milroy & Milroy (1978), can be used as tool for describing social relations. In our study, the researcher assumes that, in the city centre, women favour to use the high prestige. This is may be due to the fact that they have little contact with the people of the town. Therefore, they are more conservative than men who participate in more cohesive social networks. The present work focuses on investigating the language variation in Al.Hussaiyya. It focuses on two areas: urban and rural. It also focuses on high and low prestige. The number of informants is forty eight. It consists of twenty four for male and twenty four for female. Age consists of two group, each group consists of twenty four. First group is between 20- 40 and the second one is between 41- 60. As far as education consists of  two groups. It consists of educated and uneducated people. Each one consists of twenty four. Finally, regional variation consists of urban and rural. The investigation is only concerned with the four linguistics variables (i.e. /?a/, /al/, /q/ and /ġ/) and the social variables of gender, age, education and regional.

Quality of Life for anxiety Patients in Holy Kerbala City

Background: The quality of life concept has very important and remarkable today and its definition is surely complex. Quality of life is of great importance in disease outcomes and patient assessment. So quality of life has emerged as a crucial endpoint in lots of research of scientific and surgical interventions.Method: A quantitative descriptive study, the study was completed with 52 patients with anxiety disorder to find out the quality of life for the them.Result: The results showed unacceptable level of quality of life of anxiety patient was 44.04. with reverse impact of anxiety illness upon quality of life.Conclusion: There is unacceptable quality of life for anxiety patients, and the anxiety has a greater negative impact on quality of life.Recommendations: Attempting to find out an effective solutions to reduce anxiety in patients to improve the quality of life, such as activate the group therapy and activate the nurse role in the therapy.

Hydraulic studies of pressure pipes made of various materials

Introduction. To solve the problem of water shortage for irrigation in the city of Kerbala (Iraq), for the first time, a decision was made to use treated wastewater from urban wastewater treatment plants. Transportation of water from treatment facilities to irrigated lands is carried out through a pipeline in a pressure mode. The article compares the results of simulation modeling of WaterCAD V8i at various flow rates in a pressurized water supply system with the results of laboratory studies for three types of pipe materials (100 mm diameter steel pipe with polymer coating, 100 mm diameter polyethylene pipe and 100 mm diameter steel pipe with cement-sand coated (diameter 90 mm)). The purpose of the work is to verify the results obtained in the WaterCAD V8i program by conducting experiments for various types of pipes.
 
 Materials and methods. During the experiment, the characteristics of the flow were studied.
 
 Results. Comparison of the experimental results with the results obtained using the WaterCad V8i simulation model showed that the hydraulic parameters (pressure loss, friction coefficient) are close in values, but the WaterCad V8i program recorded higher values for pipes (steel pipe with a diameter of 100 mm with a polymer coating and a polyethylene pipe with a diameter of 100 mm). The high convergence of the results for a number of hydraulic parameters can be noted.
 
 Conclusions. The results of the work carried out by comparing the experimental data with the calculated ones obtained using the WaterCAD V8i program allow us to conclude that it can be widely used in practice to determine the hydraulic performance of pipelines.

Hydrocarbon degradation test among the microbial community in oil-contaminated soil of power generators in Kerbala city, Iraq

The present study was designed to isolate the microbial community from oil-contaminated sites and other non-oil-contaminated sites which served as control samples in Kerbala city. In addition to test the effect of hydrocarbons on the growth of some types of bacteria. Bacterial genera and species were identified based on their growth on nutrient agar and blood agar as well as biochemical tests. According to the high bacterial growth rate on crude oil, 5 bacterial isolates were selected for further study. Growth of some identified bacteria in Minimal salt medium amended with hydrocarbon as the sole carbon source was investigated. Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea sp., Pasteurella pneumonia / haemolytica, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Bordetella sp., and Enterobacter cloacae were the dominant phyla among all the soil samples. Although all tested bacteria were able to grow on mineral liquid media, P. aeruginosa had the most capacity for growth in this media. The present study showed that selected bacteria were able to grow and utilize MSM that contains different concentrations of gasoline. From this data, it can be concluded that oil-degrading bacteria are abundant in soils contaminated with spent oil. Consequently, these data suggest that these microbes could be useful for their application in the biodegradation of contaminated soils.