Keratin Formation Research Articles

Oral squamous cell carcinoma: A case report with scanning electron microscopy, Mallory’s, Masson’s trichrome, orcein, and Papanicolaou staining

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor with squamous differentiation. It is characterized by formation of keratin or presence of intercellular bridges. This neoplasm is also known as epidermoid carcinoma and is the second most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. This neoplasm is seen more frequently in the lower lip, tongue, floor of the mouth, upper lip, buccal mucosa, gingiva, and in some cases, in the hard palate and maxillary sinus. Multiple reports on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are found in the literature but very few report the various investigations done using special stains and scanning electron microscopy. There is a need for investigations using special stains as it is less expensive and may also help in identifying various characteristics of OSCC. Here, we present a case report of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in a 60-year-old male patient with complaints of pain and ulcers on both cheeks for 2–3 months.

Exploring natural ways to maintain keratin production in hair follicles

We are looking into natural ways to help hair grow better and stronger by studying keratin synthesis in human hair follicles. The reason for conducting this research was to have the ability to control hair growth through future innovations. We wanted to answer the question: How can we find natural ways to enhance hair growth by understanding the connection with natural resources, particularly keratin dynamics? The main focus of this experiment is understanding the promotion of keratin synthesis within human hair follicles, which is important for hair development and health. While keratin is essential for the growth and strength of body tissues, including skin and hair, our research hints at its specific synthesis within hair follicles. In our research utilizing castor oil, coconut oil, a turmeric and baking soda mixture, and a sugar, honey, and lemon mixture, we hypothesize that oils, specifically coconut oil and castor oil, will enhance keratin synthesis, whereas mixtures, such as the turmeric and baking soda mixture and the sugar, honey, and lemon mixture, will result in a decrease keratin synthesis. The methods used show how different natural substances influence keratin formation within the hair follicles. The experiment involved applying natural resources to hair strands and follicles, measuring their length under the microscope daily, and assessing their health and characteristics over seven days. In summary, our research helps us understand how hair grows better. We found that using natural items like essential oils effectively alters keratin growth within the hair follicles and hair strands.

Ethanol-Extracted Acorn Induces Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Human Keratinocyte and Production of Hyaluronic Acid in Human Fibroblasts.

Acorn (Quercus acutissima CARR.) has been used in traditional food and medicinal ethnopharmacology in Asia, and it has shown multifarious functions such as antidementia, antiobesity, and antiasthma functions. However, there is limited scientific evidence about the efficacy of acorn for ameliorating skin problems. Treatment with ethanol-extracted acorns (EeA's) ablated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin (IL)-8 stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human adult low calcium high temperature (HaCaT) cells under sublethal dosages. In addition, treatment with EeA dose dependently inhibited the ex vivo hyper keratin formation induced by TNF-α in HaCaT cells in conjunction with the blockade of cytokeratin-1 (CK-1) and cytokeratin-5 (CK-5) expression. Moreover, EeA treatment stimulated the expression of hyaluronic acid (HA) expression in human fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Linoleamide was identified as the functional component of EeA using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry analysis, and the anti-inflammatory features and enhanced HA expression were verified. Collectively, these results suggest the efficacy of EeA supplementation in improving skin problems via anti-inflammation and upregulating HA production.

P101: Feasibility Study of the Percutaneous Access Device for Long-Term LVAS Application

Background: Driveline infection (DLI) is a major chronic adverse event requiring re-hospitalization after durable left ventricular assist system (LVAS) implantation. The risk of DLI continues to rise over time and is associated with long-term mortality. Percutaneous access device (PAD) may be a potential technology to prevent DLI by the mechanical barrier interfaced with epidermal tissue. Methods: A prototype PAD was fabricated for the LVAS driveline and evaluated with two mini pigs for up to 69 days at the GLP facility. Test articles were implanted at the subcutaneous position on the left and right abdominal walls. After implant surgery, antibiotics were administered intravenously for three days for prophylactic purposes and discontinued unless there was any sign of infection. Skin and implanted PAD are showered weekly with warm water without any other disinfectant agent. Animals received humane care without restraints in the cage and were checked for general physical condition daily. The blood sample was collected at baseline, POD 7, 14, 28, and 69. Test Animals were euthanized, and articles and surrounding tissue samples were explanted en bloc for histopathology assessment. Results: Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and no remarkable organ dysfunction and no sign of infection were identified. A normal inflammatory response was observed on the skin a few days post-op but normalized within a week. Good tissue integrity was confirmed (no visible gap) around the interface between the test article and the skin without evidence of epidermal down growth and infection. Rich fibromatous tissue with keratin formation was confirmed. Conclusion: Initial feasibility of PAD for LVAS driveline was verified. Further design optimization will be required to finalize the clinical prototype before the pre-clinical GLP study.Figure 1. Upper left: Percutaneous access device tested (implanted to the test animal) Upper right: Close-up view of the skin interface Lower center: Histopathology of test article at subcutaneous tissue

Expression of S100A9 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and its association with wet keratin formation.

Wet keratin is a hallmark of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), which is frequently infiltrated by inflammatory cells. S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) has been confirmed to play a decisive role in the development of inflammation. However, the relationship between wet keratin (keratin nodules) and S100A9 in ACP is poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to explore the expression of S100A9 in ACP and its association with wet keratin formation. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of S100A9, β-catenin and Ki67 in 46 cases of ACP. A total of three online databases were used to analyze S100A9 gene expression and protein data. The results revealed that S100A9 was primarily expressed in wet keratin and some intratumoral and peritumoral cells, and its expression in wet keratin was upregulated in the high inflammation group (P=1.800x10-3). In addition, S100A9 was correlated with the degree of inflammation (r=0.6; P=7.412x10-3) and the percentage of Ki67-positive cells (r=0.37; P=1.000x10-2). In addition, a significant correlation was noted between the area of wet keratin and the degree of inflammation (r=0.51; P=2.500x10-4). In conclusion, the present study showed that S100A9 was upregulated in ACP and may be closely associated with wet keratin formation and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in ACP.

A Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as a Giant Cutaneous Horn over the Lower Lip in a Patient with Chronic Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus.

A Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as a Giant Cutaneous Horn over the Lower Lip in a Patient with Chronic Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus.

S2882 Uterine Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Rare Cause of Biliary Obstruction

Introduction: The incidence of biliary obstruction is 5 cases per 1000 people in the United States with reports of 21% caused by metastatic lesions to the pancreaticobiliary system. Metastatic lesion to the pancreas is rare, with few cases on uterine squamous cell cancer (SCC) metastasizing to the pancreas. We present a case report of a uterine cervical SCC with metastasis to the pancreas resulting in biliary obstruction. Case Description/Methods: A 51-year-old female with a history of stage 4b uterine cervical SCC previously treated with radiation and chemotherapy six years prior presented with elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels two times the upper limit of normal and jaundice. Prior to presentation she was in remission. However, CT on presentation demonstrated new thickening of the midthoracic esophagus, with subcarinal lymphadenopathy and a 1.9 x 2.2 cm mass in the uncinate process of the pancreas causing biliary dilation. Follow-up PET imaging showed evidence of a new intense uptake in the pre-carinal space and new pancreatic head involvement (Figure 1a). She simultaneously underwent an Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for stent placement (Figure 1b). EUS showed a 21 mm x 20 mm hypoechoic lesion at the pancreatic head/uncinate process (Figure c). A fine needle biopsy was performed. Pathologic evaluation was consistent with a metastatic lesion secondary to a keratinizing SCC subtype was identified. (Figure d). Discussion: Metastasis to the pancreas accounts for 2-5% of pancreatic malignancies. Majority of SCC are associated with cervical high risk-human papilloma virus (HPV) with HPV-16 and HPV-18 being responsible for the most common types of cervical cancers. To date there have been only two published reports in the literature on SCC of the uterine cervix metastasizing to the pancreas. This case report emphasizes the importance of differentiating primary pancreatic carcinomas from metastatic lesions to the pancreas from other primary sources. There are various imaging modalities for diagnosis such as PET, CT, MRI/MRCP, ultrasonography, and EUS. In our case we were able to identify a new mass in the pancreas with CT, MRI and PET imaging and diagnose it with EUS. The usage of EUS to achieve accurate histopathologic diagnosis is becoming more important to tailor specific management and treatment options for pancreatic tumorsFigure 1.: a: PET avid lesion; b: Stricture as seen on ERCP within the distal CBD; c: Pancreatic mass on EUS; d: pancreatic tissue involved by sheets of cells with round to oval and angulated nuclei, moderate amounts of dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, intercellular bridges, and focal keratin formation. Scattered mitoses, dyskeratotic keratinocytes and apoptotic debris

Zwitterionic keratin coating on silk-Laponite fibrous membranes for guided bone regeneration.

Implant-related infection is one of the main challenges in periodontal diseases. According to the zwitterionic properties of keratin, we aim to develop guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane with antibacterial and bioactivity properties using a keratin coating. In this study, electrospun silk fibroin (SF)-Laponite (LAP) fibrous membranes were developed as GBR membranes, and keratin extracted from sheep wool was electrosprayed on them. Here, the role of electrospraying time (2, 3, and 4h) on the properties of the GBR membranes was investigated. After physicochemical characterization of the keratin-modified membranes, in vitro bioactivity and degradation rate of the membranes were studied in simulated body fluid and phosphate buffer saline, respectively. Moreover, proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated in contact with the keratin-modified SF-LAP membrane. Finally, the antibacterial activity of membranes against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) was investigated. Results demonstrated the successful formation of homogeneous wool keratin coating on SF-LAP fibrous membranes using a simple electrospray process. While wool keratin coating significantly enhanced the elongation and hydrophilicity of the SF-LAP membrane, the mechanical strength was not changed. In addition, keratin coating significantly improved the bioactivity and degradation rate of SF-LAP membranes, owing to the carboxyl groups of amino acids in keratin coating. In addition, the synergic role of LAP nanoparticles and keratin coating drastically improved osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Finally, the zwitterionic property of wool keratin coating originating from their equal positive (NH3 + ) and negative (COO- ) charges considerably improved the antibacterial activity of the SF-LAP membrane. Overall, keratin-coated SF-LAP fibrous membranes with significant mechanical and biological properties could have the potential for GBR membranes.

VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA IN DORSAL REGION OF THE TONGUE: CASE REPORT

Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a clinical-histopathologic variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The objective of this work is to report a clinical case of a 39-year-old brown-skinned male patient with an injury 10 years ago who sought the stomatology service complaining of "white spot on the tongue." During the anamnesis, the patient reported being a smoker for 20 years. On intraoral examination, a white plaque was noted on the dorsal region of the tongue, with a white color, sharp edges, firm consistency, and warty surface, measuring 3.0 × 2.0 cm. The clinical hypothesis was verrucous leukoplakia. An incisional biopsy was performed, and histopathologic sections revealed areas of epithelial neoplasia with keratin formation that invaded the lamina propria with minimally invasive VC compatibility. The patient was referred to the oncologist. This case reinforces the importance of the stomatologist in the elucidation of cases with potential for malignancy and in the direction of treatment.

Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma: A Rare Presentation

Ameloblastoma is a slow growing, locally aggressive neoplasm of enamel organ type tissue with a high propensity for recurrence. They occur either in maxilla or mandible at nearly any age but most frequently are discovered as a painless expansion in the mandible of patients in their 20s – 40s with equal frequencies in male and female. Histopathologically the follicular and plexiform patterns are the most common. When extensive metaplasia associated with keratin formation occurs in central portions of the epithelial islands of follicular ameloblastoma, the term Acanthomatous is applied. Here we present a case of Acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a 40 years old female patient.

Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-lineage mesenchymal cells leads to congenital truncal alopecia

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) induce numerous genes regulating oxygen homeostasis. As oxygen sensors of the cells, the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs) regulate the stability of HIFs in an oxygen-dependent manner. During hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis and cycling, the location of dermal papilla (DP) alternates between the dermis and hypodermis and results in varying oxygen levels for the DP cells. These cells are known to express hypoxia-inducible genes, but the role of the hypoxia response pathway in HF development and homeostasis has not been studied. Using conditional gene targeting and analysis of hair morphogenesis, we show here that lack of Hif-p4h-2 in Forkhead box D1 (FoxD1)-lineage mesodermal cells interferes with the normal HF development in mice. FoxD1-lineage cells were found to be mainly mesenchymal cells located in the dermis of truncal skin, including those cells composing the DP of HFs. We found that upon Hif-p4h-2 inactivation, HF development was disturbed during the first catagen leading to formation of epithelial-lined HF cysts filled by unorganized keratins, which eventually manifested as truncal alopecia. Furthermore, the depletion of Hif-p4h-2 led to HIF stabilization and dysregulation of multiple genes involved in keratin formation, HF differentiation, and HIF, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and Notch signaling. We hypothesize that the failure of HF cycling is likely to be mechanistically caused by disruption of the interplay of the HIF, TGF-β, and Notch pathways. In summary, we show here for the first time that HIF-P4H-2 function in FoxD1-lineage cells is essential for the normal development and homeostasis of HFs.

321 Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-lineage mesenchymal cells leads to congenital truncal alopecia

We aimed to investigate how the depletion of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl-4 hydroxylase 2 (HIF- P4H-2) in Forkhead Box D1 (FoxD1) lineage cells affects hair follicle (HF) and skin development. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) induce hundreds of genes regulating oxygen homeostasis in tissues. The HIF-P4Hs regulate the stability and hence the activity of HIFs in an oxygen-dependent manner. The skin is a hypoxic organ with endogenous HIF expression but the role of hypoxia signalling in skin and HFs are poorly understood. We studied a mouse line where Hif-p4h-2 is conditionally inactivated in FoxD1-expressing (FoxD1+) cells. This mouseline was studied at different developmental stages during the HF morphogenesis and cycle. To be able to pinpoint the location of FoxD1+ cells we studied the skin of a mouse line where FoxD1+ cells could be seen due to the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein and the non-FoxD1-expressing cells due to the expression of tomato-red. Lack of Hif-p4h-2 in FoxD1-lineage mesodermal cells causes disturbed HF development during the first catagen leading to formation of large epithelial lined HF cysts filled with keratins, which eventually manifests as truncal alopecia. The cranial hair remains normal. We show that FoxD1+ cells are mesenchymal cells located in the dermis and dermal papilla of truncal skin. FoxD1+ cells are scarce in the cranial skin. The depletion of Hif-p4h-2 in FoxD1+ cells misregulates genes crucial for hypoxia response, keratin formation and differentiation, TGF-β and Notch signalling pathways, which are known to be essential for the HF development and cycling. We show here for the first time that HIF-P4H-2 function in FoxD1-lineage cells is essential for the normal development and homeostasis of HFs.

The effect of Curcuminvs. Curcumin combined Antibiotic Ointmentson the Healing of skin wound

Background:Turmeric is typically used as a spicy food preservative and colorant. It has been proved that curcumin has a wide range of biological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and curcumin activity that can improve antibiotic activity on the wounds. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of Curcumin with and without antibiotics on skin wound treatment. Materials and Methods: The protocol was approved by the animal house in medical college / Basra university. This study used nine male rabbits aged about 6 months and an average weight of (1.083 g). Each group consists of 3 rabbits: control group (normal saline) A, topical curcumin in group B, topical curcumin, and tetracycline ointment in group C. Regular treatments were given to rabbits in therapeutic groups. Result: The lowest Mean ± SDof swelling of suturing area was noted in both groups that treated by curcumin alone (9.07 ± 0.97 vs 15±1 mm, p value = 0.002) and that treated with curcumine and antibiotic (9.1±0.9vs 15±1 mm, p value = 0.002) versus the control group ( that treated by normal saline) and the lowest Mean ± SD of elevation of suture line was noted in both group that treated by curcumin alone (2.63 ± 0.06 vs 4.07±0.21 mm, p value >0.001) and that treated with curcumin and antibiotic (2.7 ± 0.2 vs 4.07±0.21 mm, p value =0.001) versus control group. There is no significant statistical difference between the Mean ± SD neither of swelling of suture area nor of elevation of suture lines of groups that treated by curcumin alone and group that treated with curcumin and antibiotic [(9.07 ± 0.97 vs 9.1 ±0.9, p value=0.97),(2.63±0.06 vs 2.7 ± 0.2, p value=0.61) respectively]. The histopathological evaluation is consistent with morphological changes as at day 3 of wound healing in both groups that treated by curcumine with and without antibiotic, there is formation a thin layer of keratin and absence of features that indicate delay wound healing such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltrate of (Neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes) and debris, which are detected in control group. Furthermore, at day 7 of control group, there is decrease of inflammation, presence of gap between the two edgesof the wound but no keratin formation. No clear histopathological difference in wound healing between tested groups that treated by curcumin with and without antibiotic. Conclusion: There issignificant clinical and histological evidences that the curcumin not only prevent delay of wound healing but it is also enhanced wound healing. No significant difference in using curcumin alone or combine it with local antibiotic.

The features of metabolism and structural organization of dental system under conditions of experimental insulin resistance

Peculiarities of calcium homeostasis, the activity of energy synthesis enzymes and structural organization of the dental system in rats under conditions of insulin resistance were analyzed. It was found that impaired glucose tolerance is manifested by a decreased mineralizing ability of hard tissues of alveolar processes and teeth, accompanied by a decrease in calcium content in erythrocyte mass and alveolar processes and an increase in acid phosphatase activity in blood serum. In rats with insulin resistance a decrease in the activity of lactate- and succinate dehydrogenase was detected. Degenerative changes were observed in the bone thickness of the dental area of insulin resistant rats, which were accompanied by the development of hypercellularity of the osteogenic layer of periosteum. Reactive changes in the tooth pulp were manifested by a decrease in the area of its loose connective tissue. Hyperplastic changes with the formation of unexpressed acanthotic bands developed in the oral mucosa of experimental animals, the thickness of the basal and granular layers increased against the background of a decrease in the prickle layer of epitheliocytes. In experimental group we observed a decrease in the nuclear cytoplasmic index and an increase in keratin formation in the epithelium. A narrowing of the lumen of capillaries and arterioles of the dental area, hyperplasia of endothelial cells and an increased accumulation of glycoproteins, especially in small arteries, were also detected in experimental group. Thus, altered carbohydrate metabolism leads to the metabolic changes of teeth supporting apparatus and oral mucosa, aggravating the course of insulin resistance with the development of dental system pathology.

Cold Plasma Treatment Promotes Full-thickness Healing of Skin Wounds in Murine Models.

Cold plasma can be beneficial for promoting skin wound healing and has a high potential of being effectively used in treating various wounds. Our aim was to verify the effect of cold plasma in accelerating wound healing and investigate its underlying mechanism in vitro and in vivo. For the in vivo experiments, 2 full-thickness dermal wounds were created in each mouse (n = 30). While one wound was exposed to 2 daily plasma treatments for 3 min, the other wound served as a control. The wounds were evaluated by imaging and histological analyses at 4, 7, and 11 days post the wound infliction process. Immunohistochemical studies were also performed at the same time points. In vitro proliferation and scratch assay using HaCaT keratinocytes and fibroblasts were performed. The expression levels of wound healing-related genes were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. On day 7, the wound healing rates were 53.94% and 63.58% for the control group and the plasma-treated group, respectively. On day 11, these rates were 76.05% and 93.44% for the control and plasma-treated groups, respectively, and the difference between them was significant (P = .039). Histological analysis demonstrated that plasma treatment promotes the formation of epidermal keratin and granular layers. Immunohistochemical studies also revealed that collagen 1, collagen 3, and alpha-smooth muscle actin appeared more abundantly in the plasma-treated group than in the control group. In vitro, the proliferation of keratinocytes was promoted by plasma exposure. Scratch assay showed that fibroblast exposure to plasma increased their migration. The expression levels of collagen 1, collagen 3, and alpha-smooth muscle actin were elevated upon plasma treatment. In conclusion, cold plasma can accelerate skin wound healing and is well tolerated.

Visualization of Keratin with Diffuse Reflectance and Autofluorescence Imaging and Nonlinear Optical Microscopy in a Rare Keratinopathic Ichthyosis.

Keratins are one of the main fluorophores of the skin. Keratinization disorders can lead to alterations in the optical properties of the skin. We set out to investigate a rare form of keratinopathic ichthyosis caused by KRT1 mutation with two different optical imaging methods. We used a newly developed light emitting diode (LED) based device to analyze autofluorescence signal at 405 nm excitation and diffuse reflectance at 526 nm in vivo. Mean autofluorescence intensity of the hyperkeratotic palmar skin was markedly higher in comparison to the healthy control (162.35 vs. 51.14). To further assess the skin status, we examined samples from affected skin areas ex vivo by nonlinear optical microscopy. Two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation can visualize epidermal keratin and dermal collagen, respectively. We were able to visualize the structure of the epidermis and other skin changes caused by abnormal keratin formation. Taken together, we were able to show that such imaging modalities are useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of keratinopathic diseases.

Variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma with emphasis on histopathological features, biomarkers

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm exhibiting squamous differentiation as characterized by the formation of keratin and/or the presence of intercellular bridges. The epidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity which also certain histopathological variations. The present review article focuses on histopathological variations seen in SCC along with brief emphasis on the biomarkers and prognostic factors which help in accurate diagnosis of SCC.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN RATS WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, IODINE DEFICIENCY AND UNDER CONDITIONS OF THEIR COMBINATION

Relevance. The relationship between endocrinopathies and the condition of the oral cavity is associated with disorders of metabolism, hemodynamics, immunological and neuroregulatory changes. Since the first line of contact with the environment of the oral cavity is the mucous membrane, changes in its properties adversely affect the functional state of other periodontal tissues.
 Objective: to examine the structural changes of the oral mucosa in rats with combined endocrinopathy.
 Materials and methods. The studies were carried on 120 rats, which were divided into three experimental (animals with iodine deficiency – ID, insulin resistance – IR, IR on the background of ID) and a control group of animals. Histological examination of the oral mucosa, computer morphometry, and densitometry of objects was performed.
 Results. In rats with ID, the epithelium of the mucous membrane was characterized by the development of acanthosis, expansion of the granular layer, enhanced keratin formation. The development of IR caused hyperplastic changes in the epithelium with the formation of unexpressed cords of acanthosis, epithelial basal hypercellular infiltration, which was confirmed by morphometric data. Under conditions of combined endocrinopathy, more pronounced changes in the histological structure of oral mucosa were observed. In particular, the development of mucosal edema in connective tissue, with predominantly macrophage hypercellularity at the periphery, was noted. Densitometric examination of the samples indicated a decrease in the optical density of connective tissue. At the same time, hyperplastic changes in most layers of the epithelium and pronounced changes in the vascular wall were observed.
 Conclusions. Combined endocrinopathy leads to pronounced changes of the oral mucosa, which can lead to disruption of the structure of periodontal tissues and the entire tooth-alveolar complex.

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma – A case report

Ameloblastomas are locally aggressive jaw tumors with a high propensity for recurrence that are believed to arise from remnants of odontogenic epithelium, lining of odontogenic cysts and basal layer of overlying oral mucosa. They can occur in either the maxilla or mandible at nearly any age but most frequently are discovered as a painless expansion in the mandible of patients in their 20s-40s. Histopathologically, the follicular and plexiform patterns are the most common. When extensive squamous metaplasia, often associated with keratin formation occurs in central portions of the epithelial islands of follicular ameloblastoma, the term acanthomatous is sometimes applied. Here we present a case of acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a 20 year old patient. Key words:Ameloblastoma, Aacanthomatous, Mandibular Tumors. How to cite this article: Geeta Singh, Rashmi Agarwal, Vimlesh Kumar, Deepak Passi. Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma- A Case Report. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(2):60-64..

Age And Gender Predilection Of Habits And Oral Cancer Among An Outpatient Population Visiting A Dental Hospital

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common neoplasm representing more than 80% of all oral cancer cases. Squamous cell carcinoma is defined as a “malignant epithelial neoplasm exhibiting squamous differentiation as characterized by the formation of keratin and/ or the presence of intercellular bridges”.Most of the epidemiological studies have revealed that heavy smoking and alcohol intake are the most important risk factors for oral cancer. Poor dental hygiene, accompanied by tooth loss, certain oncogenic viruses have been associated with an increased risk of cancer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the gender and age predilection of habits and oral cancer among an outpatient population visiting a dental college. This was a retrospective study (2019-2020) in which data on 34 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma(OSCC) were investigated. The patient records were reviewed and analysed between January 2019 and March 2020. All the 34 patient data were tabulated in excel, reviewed and was classified according to the border's grading system. Following which data was imported to SPSS software by IBM for descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test was performed. A significant association between OSCC and age group (45-50 Years) was observed though it was statistically insignificant. (p value=0.64). Males have a higher incidence of OSCC compared to females in the same age group. A significant association is observed between Gutka, Smoking and pan chewing with OSCC. OSCC is the most commonly occurring oral cancer and there is a high predilection of the OSCC with age, gender and habits. Dentists play a key role in screening, detection and treatment of oral malignancies and can help in educating the public to bring about more awareness towards prevention of Oral Cancer.