Kenyan Government Research Articles

Environmental Factors Affecting Growth of MSME’s Owned by Entrepreneurs with Disabilities in Rural Areas in Kenya: A Case of Meru County

Purpose: In the recent past, the government of Kenya has paid much attention to entrepreneurship primarily because of the positive relationship between entrepreneurship, job creation and economic growth. In Kenya, over 1.3 million Persons live with disabilities with most of them being generally economically deprived and over-represented among the poor. The aim of the study study was to investigate the external business factors affecting growth of MSME’s owned by entrepreneurs with disabilities in rural areas in Kenya: a case of Meru County. Methodology: The target population comprised of 2021 entrepreneurs with disabilities. The researcher used a combination of stratified sampling, census and purposive sampling method to select the respondents. Data was collected by administration of questionnaires designed based on the research objectives. The data collected was then coded, entered, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings: The findings showed that if all factors; political-legal environment, social –cultural environment and technological environment had a positive and significant effect on growth of MSME’s. Political –legal factors had the greatest effect at 0,882, followed technological at 0.799 while social factors had 0.633. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that the government should provide adequate and timely funding to vocational and technical training institutions. Government funding programs such as Women, Youth and Uwezo fund should increase the minimum loan amount, simplify loan application process and ensure timely disbursement of funds as well as establish strategies of lending to individuals. Finally, a mentorship office should be established in every constituency to offer sector specific programs including activities geared towards exposing EwD’s to successful entrepreneurs.

Exploring the Relationship between Reward Practices and Employee Engagement among County Governments in North Rift Region, Kenya

County governments in Kenya have not had systematic practices of employee engagement. The few that did adopt these practices did so in an isolated, informal, and uncoordinated manner, which was unlikely to yield any meaningful results. Effective human resource practices can have a significant impact on employee engagement. Low employee engagement can result in various issues, including high employee turnover, low productivity, and reduced organizational effectiveness. This study sought to establish the effect of employee reward practices on employee engagement among selected county governments in the North Rift Region, Kenya. The study was anchored on Human Capital Theory. The target population comprised 10,009 employees working in three North Rift counties comprising of Elgeyo Marakwet, Uasin Gishu, and Nandi Counties. The target population was made up of 2,611 employees from Elgeyo Marakwet County, 3,164 employees from Uasin Gishu County, and 4,234 employees from Nandi County. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the 385 employees. The data was collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the research instrument. Quantitative data from the closed-ended questions was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study used descriptive statistics, including mean, frequencies, percentages, and standard deviation, to assess respondents' levels of agreement with the statements in the questionnaire. Furthermore, regression analysis was conducted to establish the relationship between employee reward practices and employee engagement. The results were presented using tables. The findings revealed that the model was significant in explaining the relationship between employee reward practices and engagement (F = 142.299, p = 0.000). The study also found that employee reward practices (B=0.358, p<0.001) had positive and significant effect on employee engagement. Consequently, the study recommends that County governments should focus on revising and strengthening their reward practices to ensure fairness and competitiveness. Additionally, the managements of the three counties should develop competitive and equitable reward systems that recognize and reward employees' contributions effectively. Keywords: Reward Practices, Employee Engagement, Public Sector Motivation, County Governments, North Rift Region

Effectiveness of government policy interventions towards enhancing access to pre-primary and primary education by street children in North Rift Kenya

An estimated 150 million children live on the streets globally, with many not enrolled in school. This growing issue requires urgent attention. UN Sustainable Development Goal 4, Target 5, aims to eliminate educational disparities for marginalized groups like street children, emphasizing the need to address prejudice in education access.The Kenyan government has developed measures to improve all children's access to education, particularly at the pre-primary and primary levels, in light of its signature on the United Nations convention. Government funding for the creation and execution of policy initiatives targeted at improving the access to education for these socially marginalised populations has been consistently large. Many street children still do not go to school though. In this regard a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of government policy interventions towards enhancing access to pre-primary and primary education by street children. The study used mixed method research and pragmatic paradigm. By using both purposeful and random sampling, a sample size of 322 was selected. The respondents comprised of Street children, county directors of education, quality assurance officers, officers in the Department of Children Welfare, urban primary school teachers, non-governmental organisations, and community-based organisations that assist street children. Data was collected using observation guides, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as theme analysis were used to analyse the data, respectively. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between government policy interventions and street children's access to pre-primary and primary education in North Rift Kenya; specifically, the national pre-primary education policy had a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.711, while the inclusive education policy had a coefficient of 1.0. The research additionally demonstrated the necessity of reinforcing the involvement of other relevant parties in improving street children's access to pre-primary and primary education.

An interrogation of family-based care for the elderly in Kaloleni sub-location, Kisumu, Kenya

The aim of this study was to interrogate family based care services for the elderly within Kaloleni Sub-Location, Kisumu, Kenya. The population of the elderly (age 60 and above) is projected to outnumber children (0-9 years) by the year 2030, and by 2050, to exceed the population of adolescents and youth aged between 10 to 14 years. The Kenya government is exploring the development of a community care strategy and the roll-out of an Integrated Care of Older Persons (ICOPE) package. While family-based care has been the policy and cultural preference for offering long term elderly care, the state recognized growing demand for responsive changes to current realities. This research set the following three objectives: First, to establish the state of family based care in Kaloleni sub-location; second, to examine alternatives to family based care that exist in the sub-location, and, lastly, to interrogate policy options as suggested by respondents in the study. Using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table, a total of 120 elderly persons aged 70 and above were traced and 92 of them randomly sampled. The methodology deployed was mixed methods involving narrative interviewing and cross sectional survey. Descriptive data analysis and thematic analysis were deployed for quantitative and qualitative results respectively. Narrative interviewing/In depth interviews method was used in collecting data from Kaloleni sub-location. While findings from this research may not be generalizable due to study limitations and scope, the study strongly demonstrated the desperate state of gerontological care in informal settlements in urban centers in Kisumu, where over 90% of respondents sought improvement on care service provision for the elderly. The elderly persons mostly rely on care givers from the family but these care givers also tend to be dependent on the elderly respondents for general upkeep. Results support the literature that contends that older people are vulnerable to poverty. It was recommended that policy must shift to address factors that promote healthy aging and diminish suffering in old age as population aging continues. Further studies of a longitudinal nature are required to lend greater insight and inform policy.

Foreign Direct Investment and Its Effect on Agricultural Productivity Kenya

Kenya has historically been one of Africa's top destinations for foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment is critical for Kenya's agricultural sector, offering capital, technology transfer, and skill development that enhance productivity and economic growth. Despite agriculture being a primary economic driver, challenges such as limited capital, outdated farming techniques, and insufficient infrastructure continue to hinder growth. The research explores the contribution of foreign direct investment on agricultural productivity in Kenya as well as to assess the effect of foreign direct investment on the productivity levels of small-scale and large-scale farmers in Kenya for a period 1993 to 2022. Neoclassical growth theory, Endogenous theory were key in guiding the study. This study adapted the causal research design employing time series data from World Bank spanning from years 1993 to 2022. Data was analyzed the data both descriptively and by inferential statistics. The findings of correlational analysis revealed a moderate positive relationships (r= 0.3213) between Foreign direct investment and agricultural productivity. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the significant positive effect of foreign direct investment on agricultural productivity with a coefficient of 0.3661 and p value 0.0014<0.05. This signifies that, in the short term, a 1% increase in foreign direct investment results in a 36.61% rise in the growth of Agricultural productivity, assuming all other variables remain constant. The findings implied that foreign direct investment inflow has the ability to create employment, technological development and improve access to international markets playing a pivotal role in accelerating the agricultural productivity. The Kenyan government should have more effective foreign direct investment strategies to facilitate technology transfer agreements between foreign investors and local agricultural enterprises, additionally, the government should pursue macroeconomic policies that attract foreign direct investment by providing an investor-friendly environment.

Severity of Depression among Incarcerated Men in Meru, Main Prison

Purpose: Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders globally and it is known to cause impairment in cognitive, social, emotional and occupational functioning. In Kenya, a moderate to high prevalence of depression has been established among incarcerated men in several prisons, Meru main prison included. This study, therefore sought to assess the severity of depression among incarcerated men in Meru, Main Prison. Methodology: The study employed a quasi-experimental research design. The study was conducted in Meru, Main Prison. A sample size of 148 inmates was selected using a simple random sampling technique. Quantitative data was obtained from the social demographic questionnaire and the BDI-II. Results: The study found that the severity of depression among incarcerated men in Meru main prison was higher at 46.3% as opposed to moderate depression at 27.9%, and mild depression at 18%. This implied that prisoners going through severe depression are more than those other levels of depression. Conclusion: The study concluded that severity of depression was higher among the participants aged 20 to 30 years compared to other age categories and among the first time in prison. The proportion of clinical depression was higher among young adults aged 20-30 years in prison compared to the middle adults and adults 30-50 years. Therefore, it is recommended that the government of Kenya may engage young adults with job opportunities, and social engagement. This might limit the proportion of young adults languishing in prison instead of utilizing their youthful strength productively in society.

Effect of Tax Morale on Value Added Tax Compliance Among Medium Taxpayers in North of Nairobi Tax District, Kenya

Purpose: Tax compliance is important as it has a direct impact on revenue for most governments around the world. Despite the reforms that the Kenya Revenue Authority has been undertaking to increase revenue collection, it has of late failed to meet its revenue targets, particularly VAT targets. There has also been existence of fluctuations in VAT collection over the past couple of financial years. The objective of the study is to showcase the effect of tax morale on Value Added Tax compliance among medium taxpayers in north Nairobi tax district, Kenya. The study has been guided by the ability to pay theory. Methodology: The study adopted the explanatory research design and primary data was collected using structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions. The total target population was 2,376 VAT-registered medium taxpayers in north of Nairobi tax district, Kenya and the sample size was 342 respondents. Out of the 342 respondents targeted, 274 questionnaires were correctly filled and returned, indicating 80% response rate. Results: The study also found that tax morale had a positive and significant effect on Value Added Tax compliance β=0.173 p-value =0. 016. Conclusion: The study recommends that the government of Kenya should allocate resources towards improving taxpayer services, including helplines, online portals, and advisory services.

Real Exchange Rate Depreciation and Domestic Tax Revenue Performance in Kenya

Purpose: Taxation plays a critical role in raising the resources needed for financing government activities in developing countries. On the other hand, the volatility of real exchange rates (RERs) has generated significant concern among academics and policymakers in view of its effects on macroeconomic variables such as tax revenue generation. This study therefore focused on real exchange rate depreciation on domestic tax revenue performance in Kenya. The study was guided Theory of Constraints. Methodology: The study employed an explanatory research design. Secondary data was collected from the CBK, KRA, and the World Bank. In this study time series data ranging from 2003 – 2023 was used to analyze the determinants of domestic tax revenue performance in Kenya. The hypotheses were tested at a significance level of .05 using the multiple regression analysis. A multivariate time series ARDL regression analysis model was used to analyze the data. Results: The study ARDL model concluded that Real exchange rate depreciation led to a notable decrease in domestic tax revenue performance, with β = -0.223945 and p = 0.000 < 0.05. This effect is intensified when considering the lagged impact, where a one-period lagged depreciation results in an even greater reduction in tax revenue performance, β = -1.927412 and p = 0.0004 < 0.05. Conclusion: The study recommended that government of Kenya should stabilize the exchange rate and prevent excessive depreciation by fostering a favorable trade balance and maintaining investor confidence. Additionally, future research could focus on the effects of fiscal Policy Changes on domestic tax revenue performance. Also, future studies could examine Impact of Global Economic Shocks on Domestic Tax Revenue.

Effect of Integrated Customs Management Systems (ICMS) on Customs Duty Performance in Nairobi County, Kenya

Purpose: Tax is an important stream of revenue for government’s development projects and therefore all efforts must be made by governments to ensure that it is accurately and efficiently collected to facilitate the government’s operations. This study sought to determine the of integrated customs management system on factors affecting customs duty performance Nairobi County, Kenya. The theories supporting the study is comparative theory of international trade. Methodology: The study employed explanatory research design. The target population of this study was 438 respondents comprising customs heads of departments, customs officers and customs agents at Embakasi Inland Depot, Nairobi. with a sample size of 209, out of which 173 respondents correctly filled the questionnaires and submitted them accordingly. The data collected was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. A linear regression model was used. Results: The coefficient study showed that a unit change in ICMS increases customs duty performance significantly β =0.205 p-value =0.000<0.05. Conclusion: The study recommends that the KRA and the government of Kenya prioritize the continuous improvement of the Integrated Customs Management System (ICMS). Customs management should ensure full utilization of the ICMS by training customs officials and stakeholders, given its positive impact on duty performance. Future research may be carried out on the effects of tax incentives on Customs duty performance

Effect of Tax Literacy on Consumption Taxes Compliance among Retailers in Starehe Sub County Nairobi, Kenya

Purpose: The ultimate purpose of Kenyan government is to raise sufficient revenue to finance its expenditure. There have been continuous reforms in the administration of consumption taxes. Government is unable to adequately raise revenue through tax collection and hence the need for this study. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of tax literacy on consumption taxes compliance among retailers in Starehe sub -county Nairobi, Kenya. The study was guided by Theory of Planned Behaviour. Methodology: Explanatory research design was adopted and the target population of this study was 4639 retailers in Starehe sub -county Nairobi, with a sample size of 368 respondents. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires. In this study, 276 out of 368 distributed questionnaires were accurately completed and returned, reflecting a 75% response rate. The statistics generated was descriptive and inferential statistics that was analyzed using correlation and linear regression. Results: The study showed that tax literacy (β = 0. 189, p < 0.05) significantly improve consumption tax compliance. Conclusion: The study recommended that the KRA should launch comprehensive tax literacy programs aimed at educating retailers about consumption tax regulations and their benefits.

Influence of Tendering Process on Performance of County Governments in Kenya

Procurement is essential to every organization, serving as a platform for all stakeholders to come together and discuss their needs and goals related to purchasing. The study aimed to explore factors influencing the tendering processes of County Governments in Kenya, focusing specifically on Siaya County Government. The study was guided by three objectives, to examine supplier selection criteria on performance of county Governments in Kenya, to establish the influence of Ethical Practices in Tendering processes on performance of county Governments in Kenya, to investigate the influence of automation processes of Tendering processes on performance of county Governments in Kenya, and to establish moderating effect of government policy on Public procurement And Disposal Act on performance of County Governments in Kenya. The research utilized a Descriptive Research Design approach to gather pertinent information. The study involved Census Sampling in which all 74 participants from different management levels and ad hoc committee members within the department. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Data was gathered through the distribution of questionnaires to the chosen participants by means of pick and drop. respondents of 66% were received and were completed accurately, demonstrating an adequate response rate. The statements of the problem mainly focused on major issues facing the tendering procedures and analyzes their influence on organizational performance. The study findings show that Supplier selection criteria Mean of 4.002 and standard Deviation of 0.1428 the highest score amongst the key performance indicators was quality with mean of 4.29 and standard deviation of 0.097 showing highly significant to supplier selection criteria. Ethical practices in Tendering Mean of 4.012 Standard deviation of 0.097, of highest score in key performance indicators was Integrity with mean of 4.468 and standard deviation of 0.097. its shows that highly significant to Ethical practices, Automation of Tendering mean of 4.093 standard deviation of 0.148 highest amongst the key performance indicators was E informing with mean 4.224 and standard deviation 0. 147 shows highly significant to Automation. Moderating variable Mean of 4.094 standard deviation of 0.136 highest score among st key performance indicators of quality 4.306 standard deviation of 0.114 shows highly significant to Moderating variable and all the variables were critical to the performance of County Governments in Kenya. The study recommends that there is need to enormously implement procurement policies which encourage tendering, in order to enhance performance

Modelling the impact of vaccination on COVID-19 in African countries.

The rapid development of vaccines to combat the spread of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a great scientific achievement. Before the development of the COVID-19 vaccines, most studies capitalized on the available data that did not include pharmaceutical measures. Such studies focused on the impact of non-pharmaceutical measures such as social distancing, sanitation, use of face masks, and lockdowns to study the spread of COVID-19. In this study, we used the SIDARTHE-V model, an extension of the SIDARTHE model, which includes vaccination rollouts. We studied the impact of vaccination on the severity of the virus, specifically focusing on death rates, in African countries. The SIRDATHE-V model parameters were extracted by simultaneously fitting the COVID-19 cumulative data of deaths, recoveries, active cases, and full vaccinations reported by the governments of Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Togo, and Zambia. Using South Africa as a case study, our analysis showed that the cumulative death rates declined drastically with the increased extent of vaccination drives. Whilst the infection rates sometimes increased with the arrival of new coronavirus variants, the death rates did not increase as they did before vaccination.

Implementation Dynamics and Project Delivery: A Case Study of Tullow Oil Exploration in Turkana, Kenya

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of community stakeholder involvement in the implementation process on project delivery by the Tullow Oil Exploration Company in South Lokichar Basin in Turkana, Kenya. Methodology: The study utilized a descriptive research design that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection. While qualitative design was predominantly utilized, a small amount of quantitative methodology was included to assess perceptions. A triangulated methodological design was employed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data. The study involved the use of questionnaire method to collect quantitative data and key informants guide and focus group discussion to collect qualitative data. This research adopted multistage sampling utilizing cluster sampling as one of the sampling methods and the first stage of sampling, where villages were divided into clusters which were later randomly sampled based on their proximity to the oil wells. Two villages from Lokori / Kochodin Ward in Turkana South Sub-County and eight villages in Lokichar Ward in Turkana South Sub-County were randomly picked. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis (cross-tabulation with chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses) by use of SPSS version 25. Qualitative data was analysed based on Content Analysis (CA) method. Findings: The study revealed community stakeholder involvement in the implementation process had statistically significant effect on community project delivery by Tullow Oil Exploration Company in South Lokichar Basin in Turkana, Kenya (X2=8.161, df=1, p-value = .000 and p-value=.037 (<0.05 respectively). Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Stakeholder Theory emphasizes the need for companies to take a wider view of their economic activities and consider all other stakeholders' interests, not just the shareholders. Its contributions to the descriptive, normative, and instrumental elements of Stakeholder Theory are thus underlined by the fact that community engagement may make or break the success and sustainability of community projects in this industry even during the implementation phase itself. It hence requires a balancing of the expectations of a Company with those of the community so that all the stakeholders really share goals and vision in similar ways concerning the community project at hand. The actual study indicates that, in practice, the effective participation of community stakeholders throughout the entire community project cycle-identification, planning, and especially implementation-enhances project delivery while at the same time enhancing ownership and cooperation at the local level. Such understanding of stakeholder management is key when companies operate their business in marginalized areas for the purpose of mitigating risks, community resistance, and ensuring easier ways of executing community projects. This research, therefore, calls for legal and regulatory environments that enhance stakeholder involvement in resource extraction projects. From a policy perspective, the government of Kenya and any other relevant country should develop policies that ensure that companies adopt formal mechanisms involving direct consultations of communities in the decision-making and operations processes. It is through this that the process reflects transparency, inclusiveness, and accountability-one of the facets of successful long-term community projects in resource-rich areas. These contributions are aimed at the improvement of project delivery in a sustainable manner together with social harmony across large-scale extraction-impacted areas.

Challenges Facing Children Reintegration in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

This study sought to establish challenges facing children reintegration in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study used a sequential mixed method approach. The population included reintegrated children and community members within the Uasin Gishu County. The sample included 32 respondents from Ainabkoi, 46 from Kapseret, 36 from Kesses, 42 from Moiben and 54 from Soy sub-counties. Instruments for data collection were questionnaire Focus Group Discussion guide and an in-depth interview guide. The quantitative data was analysed through descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was transcribed, categorized into themes and then analysed through content analysis approach. The study concludes that lack of prior reintegration visits and non-adherence to government guidelines on children reintegration inhibited warmer reception to the returning children. Cultural-related challenges, settling in a new environment and protection and safety-related concerns existed as challenges but in low intensity. Some of the recommendations are that CCIs/CBOs be encouraged to follow the guidelines set out by the government of Kenya. Following the guidelines will guarantee meaningful participation of children, families and the community in the reintegration process. Finally, the Government of Kenyan should re-examine its social safety initiatives towards vulnerable households.

The Role of Recruitment Practises in Enabling Workforce Diversity in County Governments in Kenya

Workforce diversity in public sector organizations in sub-Saharan Africa is supported by legal statutes and mandates as opposed to organizational policy initiatives. HR audits indicate a skewed distribution of specific ethnic groups and an aged workforce with redundant skills due to recruitment practices. Due to the dearth of studies on workforce diversity in sub-national governments in Sub-Saharan Africa, the study examined the role of recruitment practices in enabling workforce diversity in the County Government of Trans- Nzoia. The study was guided by the social identity theory and adopted a descriptive design that was cross-sectional in the time dimension. The study censused senior employees of the County Government and employed a questionnaire as the main research instrument The study carried out data analysis through descriptive analysis and used regression analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0 and the output presented in the form of graphs, Charts, and tables. The descriptive statistics indicated the county government values employee qualifications and uses both internal and external job advertisements, with a skewed but consistent selection process. Use of interviews with little application of the psychometric test of candidates as a screening criteria. Workforce diversity significantly correlated with the recruitment practices; with job advertisements (r = 0.781, p< 0.05), and screening process (r = 0.679, p< 0.05), The study concluded that the recruitment practices have a positive effect on workforce diversity. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the county government support competitive recruitment procedures to improve workforce diversity. The study implications are that sector organizations can promote workforce diversity through efficient practices. The study calls for the HR professional to critically examine the different aspects of HRM in public sector organizations. The study findings are beneficial to sub-national governments, policymakers/legislators, and other scholars in Kenya

Performance of manufacturing and allied firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya: The role of corporate governance

The Kenyan government has implemented numerous reforms, including the inclusion of the manufacturing sector as one of the government's four major agendas for revitalizing the sector. Despite these reforms, statistics show that over the last ten years, manufacturing industries in Kenya listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange have experienced stagnation and declining profits, slowing growth, and declining market share, necessitating the establishment and execution of effective corporate governance. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of corporate governance on performance of manufacturing and allied firms listed at Nairobi Security Exchange, Kenya. The study specifically investigated the effects of board composition, board size, board independence and board diversity on performance of manufacturing and allied firms. Agency theory, RBV and stakeholder’s theory anchor the study. Descriptive research design was used. Stratified random sampling technique was used as a sampling technique. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from a population of four hundred and thirty-nine manufacturing and allied firms. Two hundred and nine corporate managers from these manufacturing companies were sampled. A pilot test of twenty-nine respondents was conducted. Collected data was coded, cleaned, and analyzed. Data analysis included the creation and interpretation of descriptive means, percentages, and standard deviations, which was presented in the form of tables, charts, and graphs. The results of regression analysis established that board composition, board size, board independence and board diversity significant influenced firm performance of manufacturing and Allied Firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya.

UN Assistance to African countries in building climate-resilient agriculture

Relevance. Africa is the mirror and quintessence of modern international processes. The continent faces a gigantic number of challenges, some of an existential nature. But at the same time, there is an active search for ways to solve them.The purpose is to consider the experience of forming climate-resilient agriculture on the example of individual African countries and the role of the UN in this process.Objectives: to characterize the conditions and reasons for the formation of climate-resilient agriculture in the African region; assess the policies of the governments of Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Rwanda on the development of climate-resilient agriculture.Methodology. The comparative research method was used in the study of agricultural development programs in African countries. Chronological and historical methods of studying legal documents, programs of the United Nations, FAO, NEPAD, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rwanda aimed at the formation of climate-resilient agriculture. A statistical research method for operating with data from the statistical databases of Globaleconomy and the World Health Organization.Results. The introduction of new technologies in agriculture is a condition for saving the environment, which is under pressure from two sides: global climate change and unprecedented growth in the population and its needs. One of the most important areas is to increase the productivity of agriculture, the solution of this urgent task will depend on the introduction of new technologies: seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, plant protection, etc.Conclusions. The introduction of programs and technologies for the formation of climate-resilient agriculture in African countries requires significant funding and institutional and legal preparation.

A Modified SIVR Mathematical Model of Covid-19 Post-vaccination Stability Analysis in Kenya

In this paper, the study focused on carrying out a stability analysis on a modified SIR model for the COVID-19 pandemic for the period after vaccination in Kenya. The purpose of the work was to show that whereas the rate and the extent of disease spread amongst the Kenyan people was not as wide spread as happened in other parts of the world, it was necessary for government and policy makers to roll out a robust civic education to convince the majority of the Kenyan population to embrace vaccination as a major containment measure in curbing the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases since the study revealed that the infections drastically reduced to near zero after vaccination except for a few isolated cases that were and still continue to exhibit mild symptoms to none at all. This was attributed to the development of the vaccine which upon a massive campaign by the Kenyan government, led into a significant portion of the population being vaccinated. It is believed this vaccination drive enhanced herd immunity amongst the population. This development has had a significant effect in the control of more recent COVID-19 variants like JN-1 that have remained largely mild and undetected in the country. Both local and global post vaccination stabilities were analyzed for the system using the Lyapunov function. The main objective of the study was therefore to carry out a post vaccination stability analysis by estimating key parameters such as the basic reproduction number, ( R0) and herd immunity threshold (HIT) for infectious diseases by fitting data into the model to enable predictions of future dynamics of the disease. The study used the Next Generation matrix and the least square method besides the Python software to solve generated differential equations of the model for and HIT parameters. Results obtained showed that, there was a significant reduction in infections due to enhanced herd immunity attributed largely to the roll out of vaccination.

Dynamics of Public Participation on Sustainable Resource Management in County Government of Kericho, Kenya

Sustainable resource management involve managing resources in a way that their sources are not depleted; so that the future generations can also benefit from it. Africa is endowed with diverse and abundant natural resources and stands at a critical juncture where responsible and sustainable management of these resources is paramount for the continent's development. The Kenyan governments (national-level and county-level) recognize the need for sustainable resource management for the good of the citizens. In devolved government units in Kenya, sustainable resource management is a critical. This study sought to assess the dynamics of public participation on sustainable resource management in county government of Kericho, Kenya. The study was guided by Resource-based view theory, administrative theory, transformational leadership theory and the theory of Planned Behaviour. This study adopted a pragmatism approach that took a practical and flexible approach, focusing on the usefulness and applicability of research findings, rather than an all-or-nothing, mutually exclusive philosophical position. A descriptive research design with a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative data collections was adopted. The target population of the study comprised a total of 213 senior, middle and lower level management staff of the county government of Kericho. The Stratified random sampling was used to develop a sample from different management groups. A sample of 139 management staff was selected using Slovin’s formula. Reliability of the study was ensured by conducting a pilot study in the neighbouring County Government of Nakuru while context, content and criterion validity were ascertained by the researcher in the field of study. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics which described the nature of ethical leadership and sustainable resource management. Inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis) were used to determine the nature of influence between the variables. This was done with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Qualitative data was analysed by themes and content analysis. The study findings revealed that, public participation had a statistically significant influence on sustainable resource management. The study concluded that there exists a strong and significant relationship between public participation (r=0.832 and p=0.000) and sustainable resource management in Kericho County, Kenya. The study recommends that in order to enhance public participation members of the public should be empowered by giving the information and documents containing information on development activities and legislations that require their input in advance so that they know and understand what they are coming to do in public forums.

The effect of Kenya’s immigration policy on regional integration in the East African Community

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Kenya’s immigration policy on regional integration within the EAC. Although Kenya’s immigration policy aligns with the East Africa Community Map (EACMP), as detailed in the 2010 Kenyan Constitutional and the Kenyan Citizenship and Immigration Act of 2011. Obstacles persist that prevent the free movement of people, labour, establishment rights, and residence rights despite East African Community (EAC) foreign citizens being exempt from visa and work permit requirements. The Kenyan government, however, insists on demanding these documents. The study employed a mixed methods approach with a convergent parallel research design. Quantitative data was analysed using inferential statistics in SPSS version 25, while qualitative data was analysed through content analysis. A sample size of 400 respondents was used. The findings show that Kenya’s immigration policy has successfully encouraged the free movement of labour, people, establishment rights, and residence rights within the EAC. In conclusion, Kenya’s immigration policy has significantly contributed to advancing regional integration within the EAC. It is suggested that the Kenyan government simplify the permit procedures for EAC investors aiming to establish legitimate businesses in Kenya. The immigration policymakers in Kenya should ensure that the rights and benefits available for EAC foreign nationals wishing to reside in Kenya are covered by the policy in accordance with EACMP.