Kent State University Libraries Research Articles

Updating production workflows and adapting systems: Scaling Omeka to meet the needs of a larger-scale archival digital project

This paper addresses the scenario of an academic library working on a larger, grant-funded digital initiative that led to adapting the local instance of Omeka. The adaptations also reflect changes to the larger workflow in place internally. The overview of the new project workflows will be discussed in this paper, and how the Omeka instance has kept up with these changes to date. Many of the modifications were made to the ingest and post-production processes, and one crucial update to the user interface will also be discussed. Kent State University Libraries has been pleased to find the open source solution is quite amenable to system modifications that reflect an agile structure, with the assistance of a skilled library developer. Further, the code is shared via GitHub, with links provided to the specific enhancements in the reference section at the end of this paper.

Side by Side: Alice and Staughton Lynd, the Ohio Years by Mark W. Weber and Stephen H. Paschen

Reviewed by: Side by Side: Alice and Staughton Lynd, the Ohio Years by Mark W. Weber and Stephen H. Paschen David Brown Mark W. Weber and Stephen H. Paschen, Side by Side: Alice and Staughton Lynd, the Ohio Years. Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 2014. 144 pp. $29.95+. This is a multifaceted work of history, biography and politics written by two scholars—Mark Weber, a retired dean of libraries at Kent State University and Stephen Paschen, a retired archivist at Kent State University Libraries—who have long admired the activism of Alice and Staughton Lynd. Their [End Page 53] book is an engaging complement to Carl Mirra's 2010 study, The Admirable Radical: Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent, 1945–1970, and picks up chronologically where Mirra's book ended, with the conclusion of the 1960s and the realization that Staughton, denied tenure at Yale and black-listed from a number of Chicago universities for his criticism of American foreign policy in Vietnam, would never find another teaching position in the academy. Looking at the fullness of the Lynds's life together, one might say that they were better off outside the Ivory Tower. As post 1960s colleges and universities became more conservative, the Lynds never backed away from their activism—for the rights of workers, prisoners, and the elderly. They remain today symbols of social justice and worthy of biographical treatment. In many respects, this is a book that traces the human impact of deindustrialization in Ohio's Mahoning Valley. After leaving Chicago in 1976, Alice and Staughton moved to Youngstown, Ohio to practice labor law. By this time the sixties had definitively ended. SDS and SNCC were gone, the Vietnam War was over and the Lynds found themselves at a crossroads. Staughton had taken a law degree at the University of Chicago in 1973 and Alice enrolled in a paralegal program at Roosevelt University in 1974. Together they sought to continue their engagement in participatory democracy and nonviolence through the legal profession. But this meant more than defending trade unions. In Chicago they had both grown skeptical of large union bureaucracies, questioning their interest in affecting meaningful and positive change for the rights of their members. This kind "business unionism," they insisted, promoted hierarchical top-down relationships that distanced powerful organizations from those they ostensibly served. In Youngstown, a strong union tradition was being overturned by the neoliberalism of the 1980s. Faced, as he thought, with a decision to either represent the unions or represent the workers, Staughton left his job at a Youngstown law firm in 1978 and he and Alice (having taken a law degree at the University of Pittsburg) began working at the Northeast Ohio Legal Services until they retired in the 1990s. Weber and Paschen offer within this narrative a useful history of Youngstown's economic struggles, legal fights over the same, and the impact of plant closings on workers that demonstrate their fluency with the recent history of the region—a history that, as residents and academics at neighboring Kent State University, they are in an ideal position to relate. [End Page 54] One of the Lynds' major campaigns was over the question of community rights to shuttered industrial property. They lobbied, petitioned, organized, and occupied buildings in an effort to produce a legal decision that would recognize worker owned mills. Unsurprisingly the American property rights tradition proved too strong, and the Lynds lost this legal fight. It demonstrated, however, the eagerness of workers in the region to challenge corporate power and their willingness to remain committed to another hallowed American tradition—grassroots social democracy. For the Lynds the fight for community rights continued and in more recent years they became involved in prison reform and the Occupy Movement. More broadly, their opposition to the Gulf Wars, US foreign policy in Central America, and Israeli occupation of the West Bank and ongoing settlement building has often taken their reform efforts out of the Ohio context. Among the real virtues of this book are the many interviews that flesh out the Lynds' lives and work in Ohio. Alice and Staughton participated in these discussions but so also did, to name but...

Across the stream: Collaboration in the management of streaming video at Kent State University

This paper describes a strategy for managing the licensing, acquisition and administration of streaming media at Kent State University Libraries. Streaming media support a variety of academic programmes and courses at Kent State University and include both online and face-to-face offerings. Requests for streaming media include but are not limited to feature films, documentaries, television broadcasts and educational films. This strategy was developed according to a recently developed University-wide policy on the use of copyright-protected works, and a trial budget was proposed. Workflow is described, starting with the question of whether a faculty member wishes to use an entire film or a portion. If the request for a portion meets the restrictions of the United States TEACH Act, the request is processed according to those requirements. An attempt is made to license or obtain permission to stream media content limited to enrolled students and their instructors. Fair use under United States Copyright Law may be invoked if streaming service or permissions are not available. Each instance of fair use is evaluated separately and kept on record. These requests are processed systematically by the University Libraries’ staff, first by submitting them to a web-based application developed in-house called Selection Manager. Selection Manager prompts the acquisitions process by sending email updates to staff at critical points and allows staff to record and communicate relevant information. This process is promoted to instructors through a variety of channels, including on-campus meetings and conferences, and through word of mouth.

The Path to an RDA Hybridized Catalog: Lessons from the Kent State University Libraries' RDA Enrichment Project

ABSTRACTThis article describes in detail the library implementation of a Resource Description and Access (RDA) Enrichment project. The library “hybridized,” or enriched legacy data from Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules bibliographic records by the addition of specific RDA elements. The project also cleaned up various other elements in the bibliographic data that were not directly RDA-related. There were over 28 million changes and edits made to these records, changes that would never have been made otherwise because the library lacked the resources to do them independently. The enrichment project made the bibliographic data consistent, and helped prepared the data for its eventual transition to a linked data environment.

A Qualitative Study of Momentum in Basketball: Practical Lessons, Possible Strategies

Momentum has intrigued coaches and players, sport participants and researchers for years due to its ephemeral nature, association with success, and complexity as a subject of investigation. It is one of the most desirable, yet least understood performance experiences in social sport psychology. This study explored the experiential phenomenon of momentum, defined as an emotionally infused appraisal of current performance, using qualitative procedures involving 11 basketball players and coaches as informants. A case study helped highlight important features of what happens during instances of momentum. It was found that momentum is a hard to create but a valuable phenomenon for athletes and coaches, alike. Additionally, momentum seemed to elicit significant emotional, behavioral, and cognitive effects which constituted patterns of response to events in competition. These effects, manifested differently for players and coaches, occurred as performance appraisals and likely had considerable performance consequences for those experiencing it. This article will conclude with suggestions for practical application for both coaches and players and even fans who thrive on the ebb and flow of competitively spirited contests. 1 Schoen: Case Study Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2015

A Comparative Study of Print Book and DDA Ebook Acquisition and Use

In January 2012, Kent State University Libraries implemented a six-month pilot project for a Demand-Driven Acquisitions (DDA) ebook purchasing model that uses a combination of the acquisition services provided by the primary book jobber (YBP) and the access services provided by a well-known ebook distributer (eBrary). Using the book jobber mediated DDA model provided the library with selected discovery records that closely matched specifications of the library's print approval plan. This report provides an assessment of the DDA acquisition model as compared to that of the print books approval model in terms of budget, costs, workflow, subjects, publishers, and publication dates. Because DDA empowers library users to choose which ebooks are purchased based on actual use, this assessment also compares ebook usage from a DDA discovery pool with print book circulation of an equivalent amount of recent print acquisitions. The results of this study will help answer some of the key questions about the DDA acquisition model: (1) How does DDA align the library's collection with current user requirements? (2) Does DDA lead to more active use of library book collection? (3) Is DDA cost effective as an acquisition model? (4) What issues are associated with DDA, and how may these issues be addressed?

Using a Sport Event within Coordinated Destination Marketing: A Case History of the New Mexico Bowl

Sports events are important tools in the marketing of destinations. Events attract outsiders who provide economic impact. They also attract media attention that allows for a place to be seen in a favorable light as well as help position a city as a tourist destination for the event and in the succeeding years. The purpose of this case study is to provide information and examples of cooperative marketing efforts by various destination marketing stakeholders within a community, based upon the development of an American college football bowl game. Included will be a brief discussion of the creation of the game as a place marketing tool, development of outside activities that are designed to add to the value perceived by visitors, and techniques used to encourage involvement by the various stakeholders in the local hospitality industry. 1 Barnes and Ballou: Case Study: New Mexico Bowl Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2014 Barnes & Ballou 103 Teaching Notes Theoretical Areas and Applicable Courses The theoretical areas that coincide with this case study are related to place marketing. Place marketing, or place branding is ever-increasing in importance as competition between cities luring event producers has never been higher. With that, Destination Marketing Organizations are using sports events as a way to appeal and attract out-of-town travelers. The term, ‘place’ may refer to a mechanism of distribution and also a physical location, such as a destination city or region (Schneider & Bradish, 2006). As such, place marketing may be considered advertising and promotions that creates a positive place image, develops attractions for tourists, and improves infrastructure and quality of life within a community (Malecki, 2004). More specifically, if we are marketing a place as a tourist destination, place marketing and destination marketing are interchangeable terms and the strategies used to attract visitors are the same. This case study is applicable to several departments on a campus. It would be beneficial to sports administration, hospitality management, and marketing programs campus-wide. Specific to sports administration, it would be part of curriculum in sports marketing courses, especially when dealing with destination marketing brand image, and how that image is used to attract visitors and worldwide media exposure through broadcast events. It would also fit well in a sports finance course and should be introduced in topical areas such as economic impact, public vs. private sector spending, using facilities to attract new customers, and the role a short-term event can play in increasing direct spending, and where those dollars are being spent. The New Mexico Bowl case study could also be used in an event management class in facilitation discussions, and how representatives from several different local organizations came together to produce this game from the start. Dialogue pertaining to getting buy-in from the city, state, university, local media, local ticket-buying audience should be represented and role playing 2 The Journal of SPORT, Vol. 3 [2014], Iss. 1, Art. 5 http://digitalcommons.kent.edu/sport/vol3/iss1/5 Case Study: New Mexico Bowl 104 exercises could be done using this case study going back to when the game was just an idea and taking into account all the different attitudes that had to be brought together, discussed, and accepted before the decision was rendered on whether to move forward with

Understanding Online Purchase Intentions of Licensed Sports Merchandise through Integration of Technology Acceptance Model and Trust

This study proposed and examined a research model to explain sport consumers’ intentions to purchase licensed sport merchandise online. The model extends the TAM by adding the construct of trust in order to propose an adaptive model for the online sport context. The respondents were students (N = 266) attending a large university in the Midwestern United States. The proposed model included measures of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, trust, attitude, and online purchase intentions of licensed sport merchandise. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model and the relationships among constructs that were indicated by multiple measures. The results indicated that the proposed model (x2/df = 2.48, NFI = .90, TLI = .92, CFI = .94, RMSEA = .075) fit the data with a degree of reasonable fit. The findings indicate a positive influence of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness, perceived usefulness on attitude, and trust on attitude. 1 Yoo and Ross: Online Purchase Intentions Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2014

Technical Services Workflow for Book Jobber-Mediated Demand Driven ebook Acquisitions

In 2012, Kent State University Libraries implemented a pilot project for a Demand Driven Acquisitions (DDA) ebook purchasing model that used a combination of the acquisition services provided by the primary book jobber (YBP) and the access services provided by an ebook distributer (eBrary). Using the book jobber mediated DDA model provided the library with selected discovery records that closely matched specifications of the library's print approval plan. New discovery records were added to the catalog each week as new DDA eligible ebooks became available. In this article the author provides an overview of the pilot project with an emphasis on the technical services aspects, implementation, and implications for a sustainable acquisitions model.

Competitive Balance in College Football: Additional Analysis on the Effects of Changes in Conference

Numerous studies (Perline & Stoldt, 2007; Perline, Stoldt & Vermillion, 2012: Rhoads, 2004) have indicated that changes in college athletic conference membership at the NCAA Division I FBS level result in greater levels of competitive balance in football. The purpose of this study is to determine if member churning in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and the Big East between the years of 1999 and 2011 led to a greater degree of competitive analysis. Three methods of assessing competitive balance were employed. Two—the standard deviation of winning percentages and the Hirfindahl-Hirschman Index—are commonly used in competitive balance studies. The authors included range of winning percentages as an additional method. Results indicate that competitive balance in football improved in both conferences after changes in membership. This aligns the findings of this study with previous research and supports the contention that football is the primary consideration when conferences make changes in their membership (Fort & Quirk, 1999). 1 Stoldt et al.: Competitive Balance Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2013 Stoldt, Perline & Vermillion 131 Over the next four years, 32 institutions will change conference affiliation for football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (NCAA D-1 FBS) level (“NCAA Division I...,” 2012). The last 10 years saw 30 NCAA D-I FBS schools change conference affiliation for football (NBC Sports, n.d.). The reasons for these changes in conference membership, often referred to as member churning, are myriad, ranging from political squabbles (see, for example, the case of Texas AM Wieberg & Berkowitz, 2011) to opportunities to achieve automatic qualifier status for the now soon-to-be extinct Bowl Championship Series (see, for example, the case of Boise State as described in NewsCore, 2012). Economic considerations are often a major factor in realignment decisions (Depken II, n.d.; Mitchell, 2011; Thamel, 2011; Wieberg & Berkowitz, 2011). Further, football has been identified as the key sport in realignment decisions (Fort & Quick, 1999; Thamel, 2011; Wieberg & Berkowitz, 2011). Certainly, competitive balance is a relevant consideration in discussions about the effects of member churning. It is related to revenue maximization because of its relationship to consumer demand (Depken & Wilson, n.d; Dittmore & Crow, 2010; Humphreys, 2002; Rein, Kotler & Shields 2006; Rhoads, 2004). The uncertainty of outcome hypothesis states that fan interest (e.g., ticket sales, television viewership) is higher for games between more equally matched opponents than for games featuring mismatches. There are also ethical dimensions to competitive balance in college sports, as providing a level playing field for member institutions is one of the goals of athletic conferences (Rhoads, 2004; Staurowsky & Abney, 2011). Several studies have been conducted over the last decade examining the effects of member churning on competitive balance in conferences at the NCAA D-I FBS level. Conferences studied have included the Big XII (Perline & Stoldt, 2007), Conference USA (Perline, Stoldt & Vermillion, 2012), Mountain West (Rhoads, 2004) and Western Athletic Conference (Rhoads, 2004). In each case, analysis of competitive balance in the sport of football has indicated an improvement in competitive balance after the most recent round 2 The Journal of SPORT, Vol. 2 [2013], Iss. 2, Art. 3 http://digitalcommons.kent.edu/sport/vol2/iss2/3 Competitive Balance 132 of churning (Perline & Stoldt, 2007; Perline et al, 2012; Rhoads, 2004). Given past studies, it seems appropriate to further investigate whether increased churning leads to the same results. The purpose of this study, then, is to analyze how member churning affects competitive balance in college football for conferences at the NCAA D-I FBS level. To investigate this, we compare competitive balance in two conferences, the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and the Big East, before and after membership changes that occurred following the 2003 and 2004 seasons. After those seasons, the ACC grew from 9 to 12 teams, and the Big East welcomed six new members after the departure of four others. Such analysis is important as scholars and practitioners continue to ascertain the impact of member churning and related considerations in the sport that drives the process of realignment.

Time Allocation of Sales Activities in Professional Sport Organizations

The sale of tickets, premium seating, and sponsorship is fundamental to the financial viability of professional sport organizations. With ticket sales as the most important source of local revenue for most sport organizations and the sale of premium suites and sponsorships unshared amongst other franchises (Smith & Roy, 2011; Howard & Crompton, 2004), recruiting, training, and retaining high quality salespeople is an important managerial function of professional sport franchises (Irwin, Sutton, & McCarthy, 2008; Pierce, Petersen, Clavio, & Meadows, in press). Although researchers have examined sales activities in many industries, little research exists on how salespeople utilize their time in the sport industry. Sport salespeople have a variety of responsibilities, from cold calling to working on game day (Pierce et al., in press). However, sales activities might differ based on salesperson characteristics such as gender and experience, or by organization based on level of competition or what is being sold. The purpose of this study was to determine how much time sport sales personnel spend on a variety of sales tasks, examine differences between types of sales employees, and determine if time spent on sales tasks predicts job performance or satisfaction. 1 Time Allocation of Sales Activities in Professional Sport 1 Pierce et al.: Time Allocation of Sales Activities Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2013 Pierce, Peterson & Lee Literature Review Frederick Taylor‟s pioneering essay of 1911, The Principles of Scientific Management, formed the foundation of time and motion study as a gateway to the improvement of worker practices (Bell, 2011). Three key concepts encapsulated the approach of scientific management including: the study and analysis of work in order to discover the best way and proper time to perform a job, a scientific process for selecting and training the workforce, and disciplined work performance by labor coupled with analysis and control by management (Covell et al., 2007). The application of the tenants of Taylor‟s scientific management to the area of sales was quickly established by Charles Hoyt who published his text Scientific Sales Management in 1912 (LaLonde & Morrison, 1967). Despite the early and expanding work related to the application of scientific management concepts to the sales process, there has been no documented study of the time allocation of sales tasks and activities specific to the sport industry setting. Salespeople have a number of job duties and responsibilities, and several prior studies have sought to identify and classify these tasks. Moncrief (1986) created the first comprehensive inventory of sales activities that was applied in the setting of selling industrial products. Additional research by Moncrief, Marshall, and Lassk (2006) updated this inventory and conducted a factor analysis that identified twelve dimensions of selling, including relationship selling, promotional activities and sales service, entertaining, prospecting, computer, travel, training/recruiting, delivery, product support, educational activities, office, and channel support. Beck and Knutson (2006) used a similar methodology, but applied it to the hotel industry, and Authors (in review) performed an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of sport sales activities. Sales activities within the sport industry have been examined primarily through content analysis of sport sales position announcements. Pierce et al. (2012) performed a content analysis of 335 ticket sales and service position announcements over a sixmonth time frame. Six of the eighteen job responsibilities, which included cold calling, customer service, prospecting, database

Advancing the Knowledgebase in Sport-Related Research: The Case for Systematic Research Reviews

This article examines the role that systematic reviews can play in better understanding the status of knowledge in sport-related disciplines. The rationale for and procedures used in conducting various types of reviews will be discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be presented and examples of reviews from the contemporary sport-related literature are provided throughout the article. 78 © Kent State University 1 Fitzgerald and Lyberger: Advancing the Knowledge Base Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2013 Fitzgerald & Lyberger The need for and importance of primary research studies is undoubtedly obvious to most sport-related researchers. That is, there is a need to empirically investigate informal observations that are made of social phenomena in the discipline. However, the need for and understanding of systematic research reviews and syntheses is often less clear. Although published discussions detailing both the rationale for and importance of systematic reviews date back almost 40 years (see, for example, Chalmers, Hedges, & Cooper, 2002; Cook, 1992; Cooper & Hedges, 1994; Glass, 1976; Grant & Booth, 2009; Hedges & Olkin, 1986), many researchers unfamiliar with these discussions do not fully understand the value of systematic reviews as they relate to advancing the scholarship and knowledgebase in a discipline. As noted by Light (1984): The need for research synthesis can only be realized when one understands that in order for the gains of scholarship to be cumulative, there must be a link between the past and future research. Often the need for a new study is not as great as the need for the assimilation of already existing studies. Thus the latter is a prerequisite for the former. (pp. 2-3) The need for systematic research review and synthesis is even more clearly understood in light of common limitations related to single, primary research studies. The overwhelming majority of primary research studies typically lack high degrees of external validity, or generalizability, stemming from the study of specific subjects within specific contexts and settings and following a specific set of procedures (Cook, 1992; Wood, 2000). Furthermore, many primary research studies investigating the same topic, and even considering the same set of research questions, often report findings that are not consistent across the set of studies (Light, 1984; Weed, 2005). Lastly, and perhaps most significantly, these limitations tend to be further exacerbated by an important statistical limitation that appears to be inherent in many primary research studies---a lack of statistical power due to insufficient samples size (Wood, 2000).

Brand Personalities across the Big Four: Positioning Leagues for Differentiation

The concept of brand personality (BP) has become a popular topic of study among academicians in the sport management field. The current study moves beyond the construct conceptualization and scale development of BP, and begins to investigate existing BP profiles for various professional sports (BPS). Specifically, this research examines the existing BPS dimensions across various Big Four professional leagues. The study utilized the BPS instrument (Braunstein & Ross, 2009) and MANOVA procedures to determine ratings of BP dimensions and any differences between sports. Results indicated that on the BPS factors that were measured (Success, Sophistication, Sincerity, Rugged, Community-Driven, Classic), sports differed on four of the six factors. For the factors that significantly differed by sport (Success, Sincerity, Rugged, and Classic), the majority of the highest mean scores associated with hockey and baseball. Conceptualizations and scale development of BPS will be discussed along with positioning and segmentation strategies for sport marketers. This paper begins to shift the focus from the concept of BPS to its application. As such, it fills an identified need to determine if there are differences in the “personalities” (i.e., characteristics) of leagues and, ultimately, how these elements can factor into sound and targeted marketing practices. 1 Braunstein-Minkove and Ross: Brand Personalities Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2013 Braunstein-­‐Minkove & Ross 112 A true test of effective communication is the consumer's clear and consistent understanding of the producer's (intended) message. According to Reis and Trout (1969), it is the marketer’s role to alter the product in the consumer’s mind rather than the product itself through the branding or “positioning” process. Evolving from the idea that marketing is most effective when the characteristics of the brand match those of the endorsers and/or consumers (e.g., Kamins, 1990; Lynch & Schuler, 1994), Aaker (1997) developed five dimensions of brand personality (BP; i.e., Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Sophistication, Ruggedness) in order to strategically approach this process. Beyond Aaker’s original development, academics have studied BP to determine its use and effectiveness in various circumstances (e.g., de Chernatony, 2001; Keller, 2003). As such, sport marketers have begun to adapt and adopt the study of brand personalities (i.e., brand personality in sport or BPS; Braunstein & Ross, 2009), or character traits associated with a product (both developed and perceived), in order to effectively understand and, therefore, communicate the sport brand. As a result of the crowded nature of the sport marketplace, ensuring that this message is appropriately received, and understood in the way it is intended, is often vital to the success of a sport entity.

Asking the Right Questions: An E-Resource Checklist for Documenting Cataloging Decisions for Batch Cataloging Projects

During the past several years at Kent State University Libraries, there has been a shift in responsibility for handling and processing batch cataloging projects from the systems department to the technical services department. This shift was driven by the increasing number of e-resource packages being acquired by the library, many with available MARC records. Cataloging staff began to take on primary responsibility for managing these batch cataloging projects. In order to develop effective workflows and maintain adequate documentation, Kent State developed an e-Book checklist tool. The checklist serves as a best-practices guide. It records information on both the routine and unique aspects of each individual batch cataloging project. Data obtained from the use of the checklist not only helps organize departmental workflow, it also provides information on issues such as training, MARC record quality, and vendor customer service. By asking the “right questions,” the checklist has proven to be an effective management tool. The checklist has helped make library e-resources more discoverable in both the library's local Innovative Interfaces Inc. catalog (KentLINK), and the consortial catalog (OhioLINK).

Library catalog as a tool for e‐book discovery and access in patron‐driven acquisition (PDA): A Case Study

AbstractIn January 2012, Kent State University Libraries implemented a 6‐month pilot project for a Patron Driven Acquisitions (PDA) e‐book purchasing model that uses a combination of the acquisition services provided by the primary book jobber (YBP) and the access services provided by a well‐known e‐book distributer (ebrary). Using the book jobber mediated PDA model provided the library with selected discovery records that closely matched specifications of the library's print approval plan. This poster presents a study that examines the role of the library catalog as a tool for e‐book discovery and access in a new library collection acquisition model called Patron‐Driven Acquisition (PDA).

Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Student-athlete perceptions on their NCAA postseason arrangement: A forced-choice certainty method survey approach

The Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) continues to grow in popularity. However, the current system of selecting teams to play for the national championship remains a much-debated and controversial issue. The thoughts of university presidents, athletic directors, football coaches, and even United States congressmen regarding the current Bowl Championship Series (BCS) system are numerous and welldocumented. However, the opinion of the actual participating student-athlete is generally absent within the popular and scholarly discussion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the views of active Division I FBS student-athletes regarding the BCS and post-season play through a forced-choice certainty survey. Specifically, a forced-choice certainty method survey approach was used to explore both the directional and certainty judgment of 79 football student-athletes in order to compare points of interest (i.e., BCS v. Playoff Alternatives). Statistical results from the study showed participants questioned the fundamental fairness of the current BCS system and generally would prefer a playoff system because the current BCS system does not produce a ―true‖ champion in their opinion. Finally, this study importantly offers a serious attempt to begin collecting information on this topic from an understudied group important in college football. 1 Seifried and Turner: FBS Student-athlete perspective Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2016

Employer Weapons in Labor-Management Relations: Are They Relevant (and Practical) in the Case of Labor-Management Disputes in Professional Sports?

What actions are permissible to an employer in a case of a labormanagement dispute? This article addresses the variety of options available to an employer in the context of a labor dispute, in general, and, in particular, in professional sports. Considered will be actions ranging from the hiring of replacement workers during a strike, the imposition of a full or partial lockout by the employer, the refusal of the employer to rehire workers who had been replaced during a strike, and whether the rules established for replacement workers equally apply where management has engaged in a lockout of its workers. A discussion of the importance of NLRB v. Mackay Radio and Telegraph Co. in the context of professional sports will be undertaken. 1 Hunter et al.: Employer Weapons Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2016 Hunter, Shannon and Mayo 2

Benefits of Batch Reclamation: The Kent State University Libraries Experience

Bibliographic records in the Innovative library catalog at Kent State University Libraries had fallen out of synchronization with the Libraries’ holdings represented on OCLC's WorldCat database. The Libraries made a decision to undertake a batch reclamation project with OCLC to re-synch their holdings on WorldCat. This project was beneficial for both parties. OCLC received a clean copy of the Libraries’ database, while the Libraries were able to improve the quality of their local bibliographic data and address problem areas in the catalog. This case study is intended to provide a reference for other libraries considering OCLC batch reclamation projects.

Establishing a Strategic View of Sport Events: Marketing a Multiphase Sport Experience

The multiphase leisure experience looks at the experience as a five phase process that includes anticipation, travel to, onsite behavior, travel from, and recollection. This continuum depicts a dynamic experience, one that evolves and matures across the five phases. The purpose of this study is to take this model and apply it to sport events. Understanding sport events as a multiphase experience will require a new way of thinking and new research endeavors. This paper serves the purpose of both increasing the awareness of multiphase sport experiences and providing direction for future research. Sport events will continue to grow in number and the multiphase sport experience research will allow sport organizations an opportunity to provide a better, more satisfying service experience for the sport consumer. It will also allow marketers to evolve their event brands through additional ancillary and secondary service elements. Overall, recognizing an event as a multiphase experience will create a competitive advantage for sport event marketers wishing to develop and/or maintain strong brand equity. This will enable sport managers to strategically outperform competitors and differentiate from the others to stay competitive. 1 Huberty and Ross: Multiphase Sport Experience Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2016

Designing policy for copy cataloging in RDA

The Library of Congress and other national libraries will adopt Resource Description and Access (RDA) on March 31, 2013, but RDA is already an established cataloging code. Copy catalogers are likely to encounter RDA records in the near future, and need local standards to guide their work. This article provides technical service personnel who establish policies with the information needed to establish standards for copy cataloging RDA records, particularly monographs. An example of one successful standard, that of Kent State University Libraries, is provided for readers to adopt or adapt.