Kelud Volcano Research Articles

Character of community response to volcanic crises at Sinabung and Kelud volcanoes

Volcano disaster mitigation is a priority in Indonesia's national development plan due to the large number of active volcanoes, high frequency of eruptions and dense population within volcanic hazards zones. As a consequence of these factors and the many decades of experience in mitigation of volcanic risk, Indonesia demonstrates that effective community response is critical to avoid disasters.Understanding of hazards, risks and early-warning systems are the main factors in building an effective community response. The level of understanding of these factors is proportional to a community's independence in taking appropriate actions and is reflected in the community's preparedness. Further, the experience gained from responses to the eruptions of Sinabung and Kelud as well as from other Indonesian volcanoes shows that a local leader plays an important role in mobilizing a community. Such a leader utilizes knowledge of local culture (local wisdom) and an understanding of the community's character to encourage community members to participate and empower themselves. Sharing of information and the formulation of a disaster mitigation plan by government and community also results in a shared commitment to increase participation and community empowerment.Indonesia uses four volcano alert levels to activate community mitigation plans. In order of increasing criticality, these are: Normal, Advisory (Waspada), Watch (Siaga) and Warning (Awas). Implementation of policies, strategies and actions are tied to each level. In addition, mandatory actions by certain stakeholders are required at certain alert levels. These mandatory actions increase the effectiveness of disaster mitigation by both government and community.A comparison of the crisis responses of the Sinabung and Kelud communities is carried out here in order to better understand problems, learn lessons and improve the process of Indonesia's community mitigation policies. Local culture, the start time of community involvement (in normal versus crisis time), degree and level of government involvement, roles of local leaders, local perception of hazards, and political intervention are all factors that influence a community's response at the time of eruption. We stress that an understanding of the “community character,” which includes a number of cultural, social and knowledge parameters is essential for effective crisis management. The responses of Sinabung and Kelud illustrate both the key role of community in disaster mitigation and the synergy that can result from close coordination and collaboration between government and community.

A3-11 2014年Kelud火山噴火時の広帯域地震計記録解析(地殻変動と火山の地震,口頭発表)

A3-11 2014年Kelud火山噴火時の広帯域地震計記録解析(地殻変動と火山の地震,口頭発表)

P1-13 2014年Kelud火山の噴火が励起した電離圏擾乱 : GNSS-TEC法による観測(ポスターセッション)

P1-13 2014年Kelud火山の噴火が励起した電離圏擾乱 : GNSS-TEC法による観測(ポスターセッション)

Socio-Cultural Life Of Kelud People In Connecting With Traditional Mitigation Effort Based On Local Wisdom

Kelud is one of the 13 active volcanoes located in Java Island. The sequence of eruptions becomes a natural phenomenon which constructs the culture of the people who live around it. Therefore, this local wisdom-based research tries to investigate the relationship between the socio-cultural life of people inhibiting at the foot of Kelud Volcano and the disaster mitigation. The inhabitants of Sugihwaras Village who live within 10 km radius from the peak of Kelud are assumed as a “disaster-aware” community that becomes a valuable source of the local wisdom. The ethnography approach was stressed on the cultural tradition of the people of Sugihwaras that was observed directly from participation during traditional events, especially rituals. The rediscovery of the local wisdom in a traditional effort of disaster mitigation as the main goal of the research is expected to give contributions to good governance. This is highly possible because it is shown in most of the findings that the local wisdom of Kelud people teaches moral ethics which not only guides the relationship between human being and The Almighty, the way to respect each other among social human being, but also the harmonious life between human and nature. Keywords :Socio-cultural life, traditional mitigation, Kelud people, local wisdom

Numerical Simulations of Volcanic Ash Plume Dispersal from Kelud Volcano in Indonesia on February 13, 2014

In order to evaluate airborne ash densities, a real-time volcanic ash dispersion model, PUFF, is applied to the February 13, 2014 eruption of Kelud volcano in Indonesia. The emission rate of the ash mass from the vent is estimated based on the empirical formulae tested at Sakurajima volcano using ground deformation and seismic monitoring data.According to the result of the PUFF model simulation, the circular shape of the anvil ash cloud 17 km in height extends during the first two hours over a radius of 200 km from the volcano. The core region within 50 km of the volcano shows an airborne ash density of 1000 mg/m3. Three hours after the initial eruption, the area with 100 mg/m$^bm 3$ extends 300 km to the west, covering Yogyakarta Airport. Due to low-level winds, Surabaya Airport to the northeast also becomes part of the area with 100 mg/m3. The result of the ash plume dispersal 7 hours into the eruption indicates that the entire island of Java is in the danger zone for commercial airliners, as ash exceeds 10 mg/m3. Although satellite images show that the ash plume is located only in the southern half of western Java, the simulation results quantitatively indicate much wider extents of the aircraft danger zone.

Credibility of Volcanic Ash Thicknesses Reported by the Media and Local Residents Following the 2014 Eruption of Kelud Volcano, Indonesia

Ash thicknesses reported by the media and witnessed by local residents may be exaggerated. A good example of such exaggeration is ash thicknesses reported following the Plinian eruption on February 13, 2014 at Kelud volcano, East Java, Indonesia. Volcanic ash thicknesses reported by the media and local residents were generally by 2–7 times larger than the actual values measured by volcanologists. Sensational news reports and strong fresh impressions may cause such exaggeration, or these exaggerated values may simply represent abnormal concentrations of volcanic ash. It is important to pay careful attention to the parameters that are being documented by the media and by people who do not have scientific backgrounds when utilizing such reports in scientific analyses.

Special Issue on Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products

Volcanic eruptions induce often widely dispersed, multimodal flows such as volcanic ash, pyroclastics, layers, and lava. Lahars triggered by heavy rain may extend far beyond ash deposits. Indonesia, which has 127 volcanoes along its archipelago, is at high risk for such disasters. The 2010 Merapi volcano eruption, for example, generated pyroclastic flows up to 17 km from the summit along the Gendol River, killing over 300 residents. The February 13, 2014, eruption of the Kelud volcano produced a gigantic ash plume over 17 km high, dispersing tehpra widely over Java Island. Ash falls and dispersion closed 7 airports and caused many flights to be cancelled. Volcanoes in Japan have recently become active, with the 2014 phreatic eruption at the Ontake volcano leaving 63 hikers dead or missing. The eruption of the Kuchinoerabujima volcano on May 29, 2015, forced all island residents to be evacuated. All of these events undeerscore how underedeveloped Japan’s early warning alert levels remain. The Sakurajima volcano, currently Japan’s most active, maintained high activity in the first half of 2015. Ash from Janaury 2015, for example, was moved down the volcano’s slopes by extremely heavy rain in June and July, accumulating as thick sediment near villages. Regarding such situations of volcano countries, we will develop an integrated system to mitigate many kinds of disasters which are generated by volcanic eruptions and extended by rain fall and wind, based on scientific knowledge. We are developing an integrated warning system to be used by local and national governments to mitigate volcanic and sediment disasters. We are also creating measure against volcanic ash for airlines. This special issue summarizes basic scientific knowledge and technology on the present warning system to be used in the integrated system for decision-making.

Atmospheric resonant oscillations by the 2014 eruption of the Kelud volcano, Indonesia, observed with the ionospheric total electron contents and seismic signals

Acoustic waves from volcanic eruptions are often observed as infrasound in near fields. Part of them propagate upward and disturb the ionosphere, and can be observed with Total Electron Content (TEC) data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. Here we report TEC variations after the 13 February 2014 Plinian eruption of the Kelud volcano, East Java, Indonesia, observed with regional GNSS networks. Significant disturbances in TEC were detected with six GNSS satellites, and wavelet analysis showed that harmonic oscillations started at ∼16:25 UT and continued for ∼2.5 h. The amplitude spectrum of the TEC time series showed peaks at 3.7 mHz, 4.8 mHz and 6.8 mHz. Long-wavelength standing waves with a wide range of wavelength trapped in the lower atmosphere are excited by the Plinian eruption. Amplitude spectra of the ground motion recorded by seismometers, however, had frequency components at discrete wave-periods. The condition for the resonant oscillations between the atmosphere and the solid Earth is satisfied only at these discrete wave-period and horizontal wavelength pairs, therefore efficient energy transfer from the atmospheric standing waves to the solid Earth Rayleigh waves occurred at discrete periods and resulted in the harmonic ground motion.

On the use of remote infrasound and seismic stations to constrain the eruptive sequence and intensity for the 2014 Kelud eruption

AbstractThe February 2014 eruption of Kelud volcano (Indonesia) destroyed most of the instruments near it. We use remote seismic and infrasound sensors to reconstruct the eruptive sequence. The first explosions were relatively weak seismic and infrasound events. A major stratospheric ash injection occurred a few minutes later and produced long‐lasting atmospheric and ground‐coupled acoustic waves that were detected as far as 11,000 km by infrasound sensors and up to 2300 km away on seismometers. A seismic event followed ∼12 minutes later and was recorded 7000 km away by seismometers. We estimate a volcanic intensity around 10.9, placing the 2014 Kelud eruption between the 1980 Mount St. Helens and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions intensities. We demonstrate how remote infrasound and seismic sensors are critical for the early detection of volcanic explosions, and how they can help to constrain and understand eruptive sequences.

Lahar at Kali Konto after the 2014 Eruption of Kelud Volcano, East Java: Impacts and Risk

Five days after the Kelud Volcano eruption of 13 February 2014, lahar occurred in several channels of the Volcano. Rainfall with intensity of 26 mm/hour mobilized pyroclastic material from the upper slopes of Kelud Volcano down the channel during 3.5 hour. Using this eruption as a case study, the aims of this paper are (1) to study the geomorphic impact of lahars and (2) to study future hazards and risks due to the potential of lahar source material and lahar repose area. To reach these two goals, we use both primary and secondary data. The primary data comprises an integration of remote sensing, GIS approach, and fieldwork control, in order to investigate the geomorphic impacts of lahars. Secondary data were collected through interviews and statistical approach in villages, in order to determine their perception to the risk of lahar. Morphogenic processes such as riverbank erosion, channel-widening and riverbed downcutting took an important role in generating the impact of lahar in Kali Konto. The medial and distal areas were affected more largely affected than the proximal area. This major impacts have been river widening and buried crop field inside of the channel. This result allowed us to provide recommendation to population living along those areas at risk, in order to be prepared against the eventuality of potentially large and destructive lahars.

Comparing Cross-Sectoral Governance in Managing Post-Disaster in Indonesia: The Case Study of Way Ela Dam Bursts, Forest Fire in Sumatera, Kelud and Merapi Volcano Eruption and Acheh's Tsunami

The cross-sector governance or interorganizational network in the emergency and post disaster stage is new area of study in public administration. As a vulnerable state, Indonesia has been trying to set up a cross-sectoral governance in dealing with disaster since 2007. By reviewing the documentary data of previous disaster, we try to compare the cross sectoral governance in managing the disaster victims. We found that Indonesia government implemented cross sectoral disaster governance in Acheh, Merapi and Kelud Volcano, and Way Ela Dam burst. The different disaster were happened in and around Indonesia created the different new model cross sectoral governance.

Uplift of Kelud Volcano Prior to the November 2007 Eruption as Observed by L-Band Insar

Kelud volcano, a stratovolcano with summit elevation of 1731 m above sea level, is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Java, Indonesia. Kelud volcano erupts frequently, with the most recent eruption occurred on November 3, 2007. Therefore, volcano monitoring, especially detecting precursory signals prior to an eruption, is important for hazard mitigation for Kelud volcano. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been proven to bea powerful tool for investigating earth-surface deformation. Hence, we applied D-InSAR (differential InSAR) in an effort to identify pre-eruptive deformation of Kelud volcano before November 2007 eruption. SAR images, L band ALOS-PALSAR, were used to construct 3 coherent interferograms between January to May 2007. We used the D-InSAR technique to remove topographic effects from interferometry images. During the interval observation, we detected a continuous inflation with a maximum line-of-sight (LOS) displacement of 11cm. Uplift of Kelud volcano was also observed by the tiltmeter 1-2 months prior to the November 2007 eruption. We interpret this inflation as a manifestation of increased volume of magmatic material in the shallow reservoir and magmatic migration towards the surface, indicating an imminent eruption. This study confirms that InSAR technique is a valuable tool for monitoring volcano towards better hazard mitigations.

Pendugaan Struktur Bawah Permukaan 2½ Dimensi di Kawasan Gunungapi Kelud Berdasarkan Survei Gravitasi

The research in the area around Kelud Volcano based on gravity survey has been conducted in order to determine subsurface structure and constituent composition. The research was done in July 2012 - May 2013 in the area around Kelud Volcano covered Blitar, Kediri, Wlingi, and Ngantang. In this research, the equipment that been used is gravity-meter Lacoste & Romberg type G-105. Analysis of data from field measurements performed with the followed step: calculated the correction of Bouguer anomaly, projected to the flat plane and separated regional anomaly and residual anomaly with polynomial fitting method. Interpretation was performed on three cross sections: section AB, CD, and EF. For results of cross-section AB, the values of ρ for andesite, lava, basalt and sandstone are 2.61 gr/cm 3 , 3.1 gr/cm 3 , 2.99 gr/cm 3 and 1.61 gr/cm 3 respectively. For cross-section CD, the values of ρ for andesite and sediment are 2.5 gr/cm 3 and 2.38 gr/cm 3 . For cross-section EF, the values of ρ for basalt, sandstone, and sediment are 2.85 gr/cm 3 , 1.6 gr/cm 3 , and 2.4 gr/cm 3 . From the results of models shows that basalt and andesite rocks is dominant in the region of Kelud Volcano.

Pendugaan Struktur Kantong Magma Gunungapi Kelud Berdasarkan Data Gravity Menggunakan Metode Ekivalen Titik Massa

The observation has been done by gravity method on the date of 1 July to 12 August 2012 in the Kelud volcano area, Pare, Kediri, Blitar and Ngantang in order to determine the structure of magma pocket. Data analisis from field measurements performed with the following correcting the data includes: convert to mgal, drift correction, tidal correction, latitude correction and topography correction, then obtained a complete Bouguer anomaly values. Subsequently projected onto a flat surface (Damnpey) by using matlab program and resolve regional anomalies with anomaly residual. Qualitative interpretation is done by reading the complete Bouguer anomaly contour pattern, while the quantitative interpretation is done by creating a 2D cross section on the four A-A’, B-B’, C-C’, and D-D’ lines. Based on projection to the flat surface (Dampney) with equivalent field depth of 3500 and equivalent field height of 200 obtained convergent anomaly contour so that anomaly values become stable, based on quantitative interpretation 2D cross section model of A-A’, B-B’, C-C’ and D-D’ lines and describing structure of magma pocket. Slice anomali density contrast of A-A’ at -2,930 gr/cm 3 assumed as magma chamber with 900 meter dept while B-B’ slice at -2,910 gr/cm 3 assumed as magma chamber with 943 meters dept, C-C’ slice at -2,930 gr/cm 3 assumed as magma chamber with 914 meters depth, and D-D’ slice at -2,930 gr/cm 3 assumed as magma chamber with 943 meters depth.

Methods for Eruption Prediction and Hazard Evaluation at Indonesian Volcanoes

We report methods, based on geophysical observations and geological surveys, for the prediction of eruptions and the evaluation of the activity of 4 volcanoes in Indonesia. These are Semeru, Guntur, Kelud and Sinabung volcanoes. Minor increases in tilt were detected by borehole tiltmeters prior to eruptions at the Semeru volcano depending on the seismic amplitude of explosion earthquakes. The results show the possibility of prediction of the type and magnitude of eruption and the effectiveness of observation with a high signalto-noise ratio. The establishment of background data is important for evaluating volcanic activity in longterm prediction. Typical distributions of volcanic and local tectonic earthquakes were obtained around the Guntur volcano, where geodetic monitoring by continuous GPS observation is valuable. The cumulative volume of eruptive products is valuable for evaluating the potential for future eruption. The eruptive rate of the Kelud volcano is ca 2×106m3/y (dense rock equivalent), but the volume of the 2007 eruption was only 2×107m3, suggesting a still high potential for eruption. Based on geological surveys and dating, an eruption scenario is proposed for the activity of Mt. Sinabung, where phreatic eruptions occurred in 2010 after a historically long dormancy.

Modelling of Magma Density and Viscocity Changes and Their Influences towards the Characteristic of Kelud Volcano Eruption

Modelling of Magma Density and Viscocity Changes and Their Influences towards the Characteristic of Kelud Volcano Eruption

Modelling of Magma Density and Viscocity Changes and Their Influences towards the Characteristic of Kelud Volcano Eruption

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v6i4.129The effusive eruption of Kelud Volcano in 2007 was different from the previous ones, which in general were more explosive. Among others, density and viscosity are factors that determine the type of eruption. Therefore, the study on the difference of the recent eruption style based on the density and viscosity of magma was carried out. The method used in this study was based on geochemical analysis of the rock and then a modeling was established by using the above parameter. The study on the explosive eruption was emphasized on the data of 1990 eruption, whereas the effusive eruption was based on the data of 2007 eruption. The result shows that the magma viscosity of Kelud Volcano depend on the H O concentration as one of the volatile compound in magma, and temperature which gives the exponential equation. The higher the increase of H O content the smaller the value of its viscosity as well as the higher the temperature. The H O content in silica fluid can break the polymer bond of the silica fluid, because a shorter polymer will produce a lower viscosity. The density of the silica content of Kelud Volcano ranges between andesitic and basaltic types, but andesite is more likely. The fluid density of the material of 1990 eruption is different from 2007 eruption. Compared to the 2007, the 1990 eruption material gave a lower density value in its silica fluid than that of the 2007 one. The low density value of the silica fluid of the 1990 eruption material was reflecting a more acid magma. The level of density value of silica fluid depends on its temperature. At the temperature of 1073 K the density of the 1990 Kelud magma is 2810 kg/m3 and the 2007 magma is 2818 kg/m3, whereas at a temperature of 1673 K, the density is 2672 kg/m3 and 2682 kg/m3 of the 1990 and 2007 eruptions respectively. A modeling by using an ideal gas law of Henry’s Law illustrated that the ascent of Kelud’s magma to the surface may cause changes in it’s physical properties. The evolution of the flow pressure in the conduit is characterized by three different areas; based of the conduit until the pressure is saturated, then at the level between release and fragmentation, and then the level above the fragmentation, that implicates the decrease in the wall friction.

Deformasi Gunung Kelud Pascapembentukan Kubah Lava November 2007

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v5i1.90The eruption of Kelud Volcano in 2007 was started with an increase in the seismic activity on September 2007. It was ended with a lava dome formation inside the crater lake on 3 November 2007. This phenomenon showed the change of eruption behavior compared to the last eruption on February 1990 that was an explosive one. Result from the GPS observation method during three periods, which are: April, August, and October 2008 showed that the vector displacement on each measured point was affected dominantly by structural geology forces as a crustal stabilisation after the last phase of November 2007 eruption. There was also a minor displacement as the result of magma migration around the points that were close to the lava dome. The magma migration occurred in a relatively shallow depth and was associated with an aseismic zone. The deformation that occurred as a result of magma migration toward the surface was calculated to determine the magma supply and magma injected. The result then was compared to illustrate a mechanism of deformation during April – October 2008. The comparison of magma supply and magma injected within these periods showed that the inflation still occurred, but it was not supported by a surface manifestation. This inflation could be false because of data discontinuity, or it is actually a part of deflation trend.

Emergence of Lava Dome from the Crater Lake of Kelud Volcano, East Java

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v4i4.83Kelud Volcano (+1731 m) in East Java is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Indonesia. A large lake occupies the summit crater. Historical eruptions generally only lasted for a very short time, mostly no longer than a few hours. The outburst is usually accompanied by pyroclastic flows. On August 2007, the activity of the volcano was initiated by the increase of the temperature of lake water and the change of the colour from typical green to yellow. Activities of the volcano are discussed following the swarms of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes on September 10th, September 26th to 29th, and October 24th to November 2nd. On September 26th to 29th, hypocentral distribution of those VT shifted from 5 km deep to just beneath the crater. The highest number of VT earthquakes occurred on November 1st attaining 50 events, then followed by a swarm of B-type events, where the number reached 1437 events in a day. The volcanic activity peaked on November 3rd when seismic records became saturated, which then was preceded by a sharp increase of lake temperature and a sudden deflation of radial tilt. It suggests that the lava extrusion forming a lava dome was taking place.

Emergence of Lava Dome from the Crater Lake of Kelud Volcano, East Java

Emergence of Lava Dome from the Crater Lake of Kelud Volcano, East Java