Kelimutu National Park Research Articles

Fostering Sustainabel Livelihood of the Saga Indigenous Community through Conservation Partnership in Kelimutu National Park, Nusa Tenggara Timur

Currently, the Kelimutu National Park (KNP) is developing a conservation partnership approach to improve the welfare of local communities while restoring degraded ecosystems. This approach provides access to the community so that it is expected to be able to increase participation and be able to live harmoniously with the KNP environment. Communities around KNP still depend on forests and forest land to find a source of livelihood. Also, partnership schemes can be a solution to overcome tenurial conflicts. This study aims to describe the efforts of conservation partnerships in increasing sustainable livelihood assets , including natural, human, physical, social and financial capital, so that they can be used to measure the success of implementing conservation partnerships. This study uses qualitative methods with in-depth interviews and observation as data collection techniques. The results show conservation partnership in KNP increases natural capital as KNP establishes traditional zones for traditional coffee agroforestry practices, human capital through eco-interpreter training, social capital by strengthening Saga indigenous groups, and financial capital which indirectly increases accessibility and infrastructure needed for rural development. economy and tourism. Nonetheless, further efforts are still needed to increase the effectiveness and success of this conservation partnership program.

Community Participation in The Management of Kelimutu National Park, Ende, Flores

The Kelimutu National Garden Forest is renowned for its rich natural resources, which encompass the captivating Three-Coloured Lake Kelimutu, a geothermal hotspot, and a diverse array of flora and fauna. The optimal utilization of these specific resources requires meticulous management to generate foreign exchange for the state and enhance social conditions in the region. This study aims to examine the sustainable forest management system outlined in Act No. 41/1999 on forests. However, a significant challenge arises concerning the involvement of the local community residing in the border forest area, as their adherence to tribal rituals poses a substantial obstacle to the effective implementation of the forest management system in Kelimutu. Thus, acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the surrounding society becomes imperative for the successful management of the border forest area. Lastly, a recommended approach for Balai Taman Nasional Kelimutu is to foster collaboration with the local community, capitalizing on their strengths and resources.

Exploration of Community Empowerment in Koanara Village as the Entrance to the Kelimutu National Park

community empowerment is an effort to develop self-sufficiency and community welfare by increasing knowledge, attitudes, skills, behavior, abilities, awareness, and utilizing existing resources through the establishment of policies, programs, activities, and assistance that are in accordance with the root of the problem. The purpose of this research is to explore community empowerment activities in supporting villages of the Kelimutu National Park, especially Koanara village as the entrance to the Kelimutu National Park (TNK). In order to obtain comprehensive data, a case study approach was used with data collection techniques of interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis is done by organizing the data, describing it in units, synthesizing it, compiling it into patterns, choosing which ones are important and what will be studied, and making conclusions. The research results found that there were several empowerment activities in KNP supporting villages, especially Koanara villages such as The Mandiri Tourism in the National Community Empowerment Program (PNPM) received a positive response from the community. Apart from that, there are also several local community empowerment activities that have arisen from local and village government initiatives as well as by the Koanara village community itself, such as establising of tourism awareness groups: The Moni Kelimutu Tourism Association (P3MK) gave birth to actors in lodging businesses, transportation services, restaurants, cafes and art galleries; village-owned enterprise (BUMDES) Hapo Kalo Koanara Village empowers village communities in agriculture and agro-tourism; and BUMDES with Kelimutu. Bumdes Kelimutu belongs to 9 villages in the Kelimutu sub-district. There are 3 business units that are formed, namely the Coming Business Unit, the Tourism Unit and the Savings and Loans Unit.

Uprooting the Mosalaki: Changing institutions and livelihood impacts at Kelimutu National Park

Studies on interactions between national parks and Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia have gained much attention in recent years, which mainly examine eviction, boundary disputes, and remediation. This research focuses on changing institutions since the establishment of Kelimutu National Park, foregrounding socio-cultural and livelihood impacts over time. This study involves in-depth interviews, FGDs, and observations from April to May 2019 and revisiting in November 2021. Findings highlight changing traditional institutions (Mosalaki) uprooted by the formal National Park governing authority. Such transitions also shift governing authority over natural resources access and control in ways that negatively affect the livelihoods of the Lio people of Kelimutu.

Development of Biodiversity E-Module in Kelimutu National Park Area to Improve Learning Outcomes of High School Students

Rancangan penelitian berupa Research and Development (R&D). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman hayati di kawasan Taman Nasional Kelimutu dan mengembangkan e-modul yang mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada materi keanekaragaman hayati. Hasil penelitian keanekaragaman hayati di kawasan konservasi dan desa peyangga Taman Nasional Kelimutu dijadikan sebagai sumber materi dalam e-modul yang dikembangkan. Uji coba skala kecil dilakukan di kelas X MIPA 2 SMA Negeri 1 Ende dengan menggunakan one group pretest-postest design. Hasil validasi menunjukkan bahwa e-modul sangat layak digunakan dalam pembelajaran, dengan persentase penilaian validator materi sebesar 94,4%, validator media 95,3%, dan guru biologi 93,2% dalam kategori sangat baik Hasil belajar siswa dengan kategori tertentu (3 siswa berkemampuan tinggi, 4 siswa berkemampuan sedang dan 3 siswa berkemampuan rendah) pada aspek kognitif berdasarkan perhitungan N-gain sebesar 0,81 dalam kategori tinggi dan aspek psikomotorik sebesar 83,51 dalam kategori baik, serta hasil angket tanggapan peserta didik memperoleh skor rata-rata sebesar 91,60 dalam kategori sangat baik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa keanekaragaman hayati di kawasan Taman Nasional Kelimutu meliputi tingkatan keanekaragaman hayati (gen, jenis, dan ekosistem), ancaman, upaya pelesetarian dan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati dan e-modul yang dikembangkan sangat layak karena mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.

Motivasi Wisatawan Mancanegara Berkunjung Ke Taman Nasional Kelimutu, Kabupaten Ende, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia, by offering various kinds oftourism objects both natural attractions, beach tourism, and cultural tourism. One of the tourist destinations in EastNusa Tenggara that is rich in tourism objects and attractions is Kelimutu National Park Ende Regency, Flores, NTT,noted from the Kelimutu National Park Hall, that tourist visits continue to increase from 2014 to 2018, for the pastfive (5) years. From this it is an interesting thing to be used as a research entitled Motivation of Foreign TouristsVisiting Kelimutu National Park. With the aim of this study to obtain profiles and motivations of foreign touristsvisiting the Kelimutu National Park. The method of this study uses data types namely qualitative and quantitativedata (by carrying out 93 questionnaire distributions to foreign tourists). The results of this study are profiles offoreign tourists visiting Kelimutu National Park based on the Trip Descriptor and Tourist Descriptor which are seenfrom the characteristics of Socio demography, Geography, Psycography. Then the motivation of foreign touristsvisiting the Kelimutu National Park is based on the types of tourists, namely Allocentric.Keywords : Tourist Motivation, Kelimutu National Park, East Nusa Tenggara

KANCILAN FLORES (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula): THE ICONIC BIRD OF KELIMUTU NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula) is an iconic bird of Kelimutu National Park. The bird has a unique characteristic with the ability to make a wide variety of song. The local people call this bird 'Garugiwa' and also 'burung arwah' or 'spirit bird' because it is small and hard to spot but has a loud chirp. Some literature mentions this bird with different scientific names. This study aimed to identify this bird to rectify this misnaming scientifically and to observes Kancilan Flores behavior, habitat, and population. Kancilan Flores is an attractive fauna for tourists. Therefore, this study also recommended potential birdwatching locations for Kancilan Flores. This study used a transect line and direct observation methods. The results showed that the estimated population size of Kancilan Flores in the Kelimutu National Park was 1,667 individuals with a population size range of 1,245–2,089 individuals. The population density of Kancilan Flores was estimated at 0.53 individuals per hectare. The Kancilan Flores is most commonly found at an altitude of 1,500–1,600 m a.s.l. Recommended areas as bird watching locations for Kancilan Flores, namely the Edelweiss Garden, Perekonde, the lower Arboretum, and the Kancilan Flores middle Arboretum. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the population of Kancilan Flores by strictly prohibiting hunting and destruction of their habitat.

Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development in Kelimutu National Park in Ende District

The tourism sector in Indonesia has currently been designated as a leading sector for development and is being boosted as a source of foreign exchange. The rapid development in the tourism sector can be seen from the policy of 10 priority tourist destinations which are then reduced to 5 super priority tourist destinations. Priority destination development must use sustainable tourism development. Kelimutu Lake Tourism Object is a lake tourism object located in Koanara Village, Ende Regency. This study aims to analyze how sustainable tourism has been carried out in the Kelimutu National Park in Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The research method used is qualitative with the approach used based on literature studies by looking for theories that are relevant to the problems found. The results of research on sustainable tourism development strategies in Kelimutu National Park that must be carried out are maintaining the national personality and culture, protecting the ownership of local community assets, and preserving the environment.

The Impact of Supporting Village Empowerment on the Local People Economy in Kelimutu National Park Tourism Area Ende - East Nusa Tenggara

The aim of this this research is to find out the progress and impact of community empowerment in the supporting villages of Kelimutu National Park, Ende NTT. This is a qualitative research which is conducted by field research, collection data, reduction, display and conclusion. From the results of the research, it can be concluded that there is a synergy between the role of the government and community participation in managing tourism in an effort to attract tourists for visiting Kelimutu National Park and staying in the supporting villages. The program is effective to increase local economy and welfare of people around the tourist area however the number of visitor tend to decrease.

Autecology of Begonia in Several Locations of Flores Island

Human activities in forest areas such as over-harvesting of Begonia species without being balanced with their cultivation activities can threaten the existence of Begonia in nature. Autecological studies of species in their natural habitat are the initial activities for the conservation of plant species. The purpose of this study was to study the distribution of Begonia on Flores and environmental/ microclimate characteristics in several locations on Flores Island. The 10x10 m plots were placed with purposive sampling with a minimum interval of 50 m. Multivariate analysis using Canonical Corespondence Analysis (CCA) was employed to determine the effect of microclimatic factors on the composition of vegetation. Begonia kelimutensis is endemic in Kelimutu National Park, Flores lives at an altitude of 1,527 asl, at soil pH 5,8 and soil moisture of 75%, with a slope of 10 ° on the forest floor and light intensity 4,640 klux. In addition, five types of Begonia that we estimate have not been identified and two of them are identified as Begonia sumbawaensis Girm. and Begonia brangbosangensis Girm. Begonia kelimutuensis is distributed at a higher altitude than Begonia brangbosangensis. B. sumbawaensis is influenced by the slope factor while B. longifolia tends to be related to the air humidity factor. B. kelimutuensis is also often found living with Macaranga sp., and Litsea sp. B. brangbosangensis, also found near Homalanthus sp. and Calliandra callothyrsus.

APPLICATION OF PLANT DETERMINATION PRATICUM MODEL BASED JAS (EXPLORING THE SURROUNDINGS) IN KELIMUTU NATIONAL PARK

This study aims to use a model and learning tools with the JAS (Natural Exploration) approach integrated in the plant taxonomy course on plant determination. The research method in this research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. The research was conducted in September - November 2019 in the odd semester of the 2019/2020 school year. Population and sample The population in this study were 43 students of the Biology Education study program, University of Flores. The sampling technique in this research is non probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. The sample used was 43 students in the study group (rombel) of the plant taxonomy course, odd semester 2019/2020. The research location is in the Kelimutu National Park. The result of this research is that the implementation of the taxonomic learning model based on natural exploration is considered quite interesting and can encourage meaningful teaching and learning activities. According to the results of interviews with biology students, this method has advantages, including (1) being able to improve understanding of taxonomy courses, which identify plants, (2) Being an attractive medium to trigger learning motivation because it is related to the real context around it, (3) it can guiding those who have been less concerned with the richness of their local culture by motivating them to be more proud of exploring the nature around their community, and (4) guiding to view taxonomy material as meaningful lessons, not just memorized concepts.

Dampak Pengembangan Objek Wisata Danau Kelimutu Terhadap Kondisi Ekonomi Masyarakat Sekitar

The research objective was to determine the development of the kelimutu lake tourism object and its impact on the economic situation of the surrounding community. This type of qualitative research with data collection techniques using observation, interviews and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis by Miles and Huberman. This research shows (1) The development of the Kelimutu Lake Tourism Object carried out by the Kelimutu National Park Office has been well supported by the availability of facilities and infrastructure, improving the quality of human resourches through training, collaborating with related parties and aggressively carrying out promotional efforts. (2) The existence of the Kelimutu Lake Tourism Object has a positive infuluences on the economic conditions of the Ko’anara Village community. It is proven that there is an increase in the income of people engaged in the tourism sector, as well as the absorption of labour from local communities.

Distribution of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Kelimutu National Park

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are one of the mammals that live in Kelimutu National Park (Kelimutu NP). This mammal, in its natural habitat, has an impact on buffer zones in the form of animal activities that damage crops on plantation lands. The purpose of this study was to identify the distribution of long-tailed macaque populations. This research was conducted in August 2010 by covering areas within the region and outside the Kelimutu NP area. Data analysis was used to calculate the abundance index, the encounter rate for estimating abundance and distribution based on the length of the track surveyed. The results indicated that the distribution of long-tailed macaques populations in Kelimutu NP was most widely found in field habitats, with a relatively low abundance of around five individuals/km. Based on the calculation of habitat carrying capacity for groups of long-tailed macaque in the tourism zones, it is still below the maximum limit. The increased awareness of ecological insight tourism also needs to be optimized related to the presence of long-tailed macaque in the tourism zones of Kelimutu NP. Development of habitats, such as planting of trees for foods and protected zones is necessary to provide a suitable habitat for long-tailed macaque.

Analisis Potensi Dan Strategi Pengembangan Pariwisata di Kabupaten Ende

This research aims to make an inventory of the potential and strategies for developing tourism in Ende Regency as a tourist attraction, so that policies can be used to develop this attraction in a sustainable manner. This research was conducted in Ende district. Data collection in this study was carried out using the following techniques: 1)) Direct interviews with respondents by visiting respondents based on a questionnaire (list of questions) that had been prepared previously. 2) Observation, which is a collection of data by direct observation in the field to test and complete other data. 3) Documentation, namely obtaining data and information that has been recorded in various documents about various things needed in research that can be obtained from related agencies, such as the Tourism Office, TNK, Inns, Home Stay, Regional Libraries. The problems in this study were analyzed descriptively qualitatively, IFAS analysis (Internal Factors Analysis Summary) and EFAS (External Factors Analysis Summary) and SWOT analysis (Strength Weakneses Opportunities Threat) analysis to design development strategies.
 From the research results, it was found that the internal conditions in the form of strength factors in each tourism area in Ende Regency were beautiful natural panoramas, unique community cultures, historical relics, unique social life, beautiful forests with fresh air. Internal conditions are in the form of weakness factors, including: lack of facilities and infrastructure to support tourism activities, lack of promotion of tourism potentials in each area, lack of human resources in the tourism sector, lack of air, sea and air transportation accessibility and the road to tourism potentials is still narrow, there is a lack of local community involvement in tourism activities in their place. The results of the IFAS matrix analysis found that the internal condition of tourism potential in Ende district was in a moderate position, with a total score of 2.33. External conditions in the form of opportunity factors in each area include: The existence of the mission of Ende district 2014-2019, the proximity of tourism potential in areas other than Kelimutu to the tourist attraction of Kelimutu National Park, strategic location and in the middle route of Ende Regency and Flores Island, advances in information technology and transportation, a trend towards world tourism towards natural tourism (Back to Nature), the growth of the global economy. External conditions in the form of threat factors are the threat of global warming, the circulation of drugs, HIV, the threat of population growth due to migrants resulting in land conversion, cultural change (commodification) and environmental pollution in the form of garbage. The results of the EFAS matrix analysis show the position of the external environment. The tourism potential of Ende Regency as a tourist attraction is in a moderate position, with a total score of 2.44.
 The general strategy used in developing tourism potential in each area is a strategy of maintaining and maintaining. This position states that the tourism potential in each tourism area has an average moderate and competitive attractiveness position. Alternative strategies for developing tourism potential, including: tourism product development strategies in each region, infrastructure and facilities development strategies, tourism product marketing strategies, institutional development strategies and human resource enhancement in tourism, and sustainable tourism development strategies.

Earthworm Diversity and Biomass in Different Fallow System in The Kelimutu National Park Areas

Earthworms have a role as bioindicators so that their existence is very sensitive to changes in the environment. The decreasing of land quality caused by continuous use (horticultural agriculture) will also decrease the diversity of earthworms. To anticipate degradation of land quality, the land needs to be rested (bero) so that it will facilitate natural recovery. Indicators of land restoration include the diversity and importance index of earthworms. Therefore, the research aim was to determine the diversity of earthworm in the fallow system lands at Kelimutu National Park areas. The monolith random sampling method at three soil depths was applied to several fields with different fallow periods (5, 10, 15 and 20 years) to measure importance value index, diversity index, evenness, density, and earthworm biomass. The results showed that there were 4 types of earthworms found in the land given, namely Pontoscolex, Megascolex, Lumbricus and Perithima. Pontoscolex dominates which is indicated by the highest importance value index. While the diversity of earthworms was higher in fallow land with a duration period of 5 and 20 years. The duration of the fallow period is also shown to affect populations of earthworms but has no effect on its biomass. For soil depths not seen no effect at each depth. The results of this study further strengthen the evidence that the application of the bero period can improve land quality by increasing the earthworm population so that land productivity can be maintained.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BAHAN ORGANIK KIRINYU ( Chromolaena Odorata )TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL SAWI (Brasica Juncea ) DI KAWASAN AGROECOTOURISM

This study aimed to explore the effect of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) green manure application on the growth and development of mustard (Brassica juncea) in Kelimutu National Park, Indonesia. The study was carried out between September and November 2010 in Ende district on the island of Flores, Indonesia, at an altitude of 1500 to 1730 meters above sea level. This study used a randomized block design with four treatments: K0: No Siam weed application, K1: 5 tons/ha Siam weed (2.8kg/plot), K2: 10 tons/ha Siam weed (5.6kg/plots), K3: 15 tons/ha Siam weed (8.4kg/plot), K4: 20 tons/ha Siam weed (11.2kg/plot). Researchers observed plant characteristics (plant height, leaf area, wet weight and number of leaves) and soil fertility indicators (Organic carbon). Plant organic matter was ground and subsequently analyzed for nutrients using a randomized block design along with lab analysis for soil fertility. The results of this study showed that the application of Siam weed organic matter had no significant effect on mustard plant height, leaf number, leaf area, or wet weight. However, it was found that organic matter application did have a significant effect on soil fertility indicators (organic carbon), and caused an increase in soil organic matter content.

Studi Keragaman Mesofauna Tanah Pada Beberapa Vegetasi Di Kawasan Taman Nasional Kelimutu

The goal of this research was to understand the diversity of soil mesofauna native to different plant habitats in the area of Kelimutu National Park and to understand how the dominant soil mesofaunal populations vary depending on vegetative diversity. This research was conducted in a number of different vegetation habitat zones according to the intensity of land use in the area of Kelimutu National Park and in the laboratories at the University of Flores in the city of Ende. This research was designed in a linear method and sampled vegetation from areas labelled VR (Vacciniumvaringiaefoliumdan Rhododendron renschiamum), VCa (mixed forest) and VC (coniferous forest). The results of this research show that the area near Kelimutu National Park contains low to medium diversity. Low diversity was observed in areas with vegetation VR with5 types of soil mesofauna (H’:1.153) whereas medium diversity was observed in areas with vegetation VCa, with researchers finding 7 types of soil mesofauna (H’:1.771). Six types of soil mesofauna were found in areas with vegetation type VC (H’:1.727). Vegetative diversity was found to be linked to the increasing dominance of soil mesofauna in the area of Kelimutu National Park. The highest value of vegetative diversity was (H’:1.821), found in area VCa with the dominance of soil mesofauna (E:0,85). For area VR, the vegetative diversity was (H’:1,771) with a dominant soil mesofauna value of (E:0.72) and for vegetation VC the vegetative diversity was (H’:0.861) with dominant soil mesofauna value of (E: 0,28).

Inventarisasi Plasma Nutfah Serealia Lahan Kering Di Sekitar Kawasan Taman Nasional Kelimutu

The goal of this research was to identify the dryland cereal crop seed plasma types growing around Kelimutu National Park, located in Ende district on the island of Flores in Indonesia, by observing crop morphology and cultivation techniques. Cereal crops represent the largest source of carbohydrates in the regional diet in comparison to other food groups in this area where dry land makes up 80% of the total available land. It is estimated that the Ende district of Flores has adequate potential to produce dryland cereal as a staple food crop. Previous studies have shown that farmer preference is shifting towards the cultivation of crops with a higher economic value which threatens the existence of some cereal crops. Concurrently, shifts in eating habits have made rice a staple food in this region, leading to increased consumption and threatening the existence of other cereal crops. Furthermore, outsiders tend to think of areas like Flores as being impoverished, with frequent problems with food security. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge within the youth population about the types of foods, especially cereals, which are rich in nutrients and their use in rituals. This research aims to address this gap by collecting information on cereal crops in and around Kelimutu National Park for dissemination through educational and cultural tours. This study was conducted in the eastern subdistrict of Ndona, Flores and Wolojita Detusoko between June and December 2011. Study findings identified 5 main cereal crops: paddy fields (consisting of: Are Rumba, Are Sela, Are Obo, Are Laka, Amera, Eko Ndale, Kea Ria, Are Mera, Are Kea Mboa, Eko Ena), corn (consisting of Java Roga, Nggela Java, Java, Keo Ri’a), sorghum (consisting of mera Lolo, Lolo Mite and Lolo Telo Leko), barley (consisting of Mera and Wete Wete Bara) and millet (consisting of Ke’o Mite and Ke’o). Of the five types of cereal crops identified, one type (Pega, a subspecies of barley with a sorghum-like panicle) is not found in four of the districts. It was found that corn, classified as a native plant, is strengthened through cultivation by re-seeding. Study results illustrated that corn in this area is of reduced genetic quality, as illustrated by the fact that 3-4 cobs did not develop. Alternatively, the Ke’o Bara strain of barley has a morphology and panicle strand number (270-300) that suggest that this species is typical of this region.

POPULASI CACING TANAH PADA BERBAGAI KUALITAS SERESAH (C, N, C/N, LIGNIN, DAN POLYPHENOL) (Studi kasus pada lahan Agroforestry di Taman Nasional Kelimutu, Kabupaten Ende)

Population of the Earthworm on Various Litters Quality (C, N, C / N, Lignin, and Polyphenol) (Case study on Agroforestry Field in Kelimutu National Park, Ende Regency). This study aims to evaluate the population of earthworms and the quality of plant organic matter in various agroforestry systems, intensive agriculture and secondary forests. Taking samples of plant organic matter and earthworms conducted in January - July 2016 (in the rainy season) on the land Agroforestry : Clove (AF – CK), Cocoa (AF – KK), candlenut (AF – KM, cofee (AF – KP) compared to intensive farmland (monoculture vegetable crops) and secondary forest (SPL - HS), with 3 x replications. The observed variables in addition to the number of earthworms found and the monolith sampling, also observed the quality of plant organic matter (C (Walkley and black), N (Kjehldahl), Lignin, and Polyphenol (Goering and Van Soest)) (Kuadran). Survey results showed that the earthworm population in SPL-AF was as low as the population in SPL-HS, averaging 3 m - 2, while in SPL - PI averaged only 0.24 m -2. The earthworm biomass in AF is about 69% smaller than the worms found in SPL - HS; average earthworm biomass in SPL - AF 15 g m - 2 whereas in SPL - HS averaged 47 g m - 2; and the smallest worm biomass found in SPL-PI averaged about 2.3 g m-2. The average quality of organic matter of C - org plants in all SPL was 38% to 50%, the highest C - org levels of AF - CK, AF - KP and SPL - HS were significantly different (p <0.05) with C (an average of 39%). Levels of N and lignin levels of all plant organic matter were equal (P> 0.05), the mean of each were 1.36% and 41.13% respectively. C / N ratio in AF - CK and HS was the average of 52.78% or 58 times higher than AF - KK, AF - KM, and AF - KP, the mean of 31.11% Polyphenolic content of different plant organic matter real (p <0.05) between SPL. The largest polyphenol content of 17.5% is found in organic material of plant AF - CK and SPL - HS, while the organic material of the plants on other land is on average 3,4%. Organic plant material with polyphenol content> 2% will be slow weathered.

SOIL WORMS POPULATION IN VARIOUS LITTLE QUALITY (C, N, C / N, LIGNIN, AND POLYPHENOL) (CASE STUDY ON AGROFORESTRY LAND IN KELIMUTU NATIONAL PARK, ENDE REGENCY-INDONESIA)

The agricultural business that is applied to the agroforestry system in Kelimutu National Park causes differences in the quality of organic matter of plants and earthworm populations, which have consequences for soil environmental services. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the earthworm population and the quality of plant organic matter in various agroforestry systems, intensive agriculture, and secondary forests. Sampling of organic matter from plants and earthworms was carried out in January - July 2016 (in the rainy season) in Agroforestry land: Clove (AF - CK), Cocoa (AF - KK), Candlenut (AF - KM), Coffee (AF - KM) ) compared to intensive agricultural land (monoculture vegetable crops) and secondary forests (SPL-HS), with 3 times repetition. Variables observed were in addition to the number of earthworms found and biomass worms (monolith sampling), also observed the quality of plant organic matter (C (Walkley and black), N (Kjeldahl), Lignin, and Polyphenol (Goering and Van Soest)) (Quadrants). The survey results show that the population of earthworms in SPL-AF is as low as the population in SPL-HS, an average of 3 m-2, while in the SPL-PI the average is only 0.24 m-2. Earthworm biomass in AF is about 69% smaller than worms found in SPL-HS; average earthworm biomass in SPL-AF 15 gm-2 while in SPL-HS an average of 47 gm-2; and the smallest worm biomass found in SPL-PI averaging around 2.3 gm-2. The average quality of organic matter of C-org plants in all SSTs was 38% to 50%, the highest C-org content of AF-CK, AF-KP and SPL-HS were significantly different (p <0.05) with C levels that were others (39% on average). The N and lignin levels of all plant organic matter are the same (P> 0.05), the average is 1.36% and 41.13%, respectively. The C / N ratio in AF - CK and HS is the same at an average of 52.78% or 58 times higher than AF - KK, AF - KM, and AF - KP, the average is 31.11% The polyphenolic levels of different plant organic matter significant (p <0.05) between SPL. The highest levels of polyphenols were on average 17.5% found in plant organic matter AF - CK and SPL - HS, while plant organic matter in other fields averaged 3.4%. Plant organic matter with polyphenol content> 2% will slow decay.