KEGG Pathway Research Articles

Differential Transcription Profiling Reveals the MicroRNAs Involved in Alleviating Damage to Photosynthesis under Drought Stress during the Grain Filling Stage in Wheat.

To explore the possible novel microRNA (miRNA) regulatory pathways in Zhengmai 1860, a newly cultivated drought-tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, miRNA transcriptome sequencing of the flag leaves of Zhengmai 1860, drought-sensitive variety Zhoumai 18, and drought-resistant variety Bainong 207 was performed during the grain filling stage. We also observed changes in the chloroplast ultrastructure, phytohormone levels, and antioxidant- and photosynthesis-related physiological indicators in three wheat varieties. The results showed that the flag leaves of the drought-tolerant variety Zhengmai 1860 had higher chlorophyll contents and net photosynthetic rates than those of Zhoumai 18 under drought stress during the grain filling stage; in addition, the chloroplast structure was more complete. However, there was no significant difference between Zhengmai 1860 and Bainong 207. MiRNA transcriptome analysis revealed that the differential expression of the miRNAs and mRNAs exhibited variable specificity. The KEGG pathway enrichment results indicated that most of the genes were enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthetic antennae protein, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In the drought-tolerant cultivar Zhengmai 1860, tae-miR408 was targeted to regulate the allene oxide synthase (AOS) gene, inhibit its expression, reduce the AOS content, and decrease the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The results of this study suggest that Zhengmai 1860 could improve the photosynthetic performance of flag leaves by inhibiting the expression of genes involved in the JA pathway through miRNAs under drought conditions. Moreover, multiple miRNAs may target chlorophyll, antioxidant enzymes, phytohormone signal transduction, and other related pathways; thus, it is possible to provide a more theoretical basis for wheat molecular breeding.

Coaggregated E. faecalis with F. nucleatum regulated environmental stress responses and inflammatory effects

To investigate the cell-cell interactions of intergeneric bacterial species, the study detected the survival of Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) under monospecies or coaggregation state with Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum (Fnp) in environmental stress. Ef and Fnp infected the human macrophages with different forms (Ef and Fnp monospecies, Ef-Fnp coaggregates, Ef + Fnp cocultures) for exploring the immunoregulatory effects and the relevant molecular mechanisms. Meanwhile, the transcriptomic profiles of coaggregated Ef and Fnp were analyzed. Ef was shown to coaggregate with Fnp strongly in CAB within 90 min by forming multiplexes clumps. Coaggregation with Fnp reinforced Ef resistance against unfavorable conditions including alkaline, hypertonic, nutrient-starvation, and antibiotic challenges. Compared with monospecies and coculture species, the coaggregation of Ef and Fnp significantly facilitates both species to invade dTHP-1 cells and aid Ef to survive within the cells. Compared with coculture species, dual-species interaction of Ef and Fnp significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and chemokines MCP-1 secreted by dTHP-1 cells and lessened the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and p65 signaling pathways. The transcriptome sequencing results showed that 111 genes were differentially expressed or Ef-Fnp coaggregated species compared to Ef monospecies; 651 genes were differentially expressed for Fnp when coaggregation with Ef. The analysis of KEGG pathway showed that Ef differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in quorum sensing and arginine biosynthesis pathway; Fnp DEGs were differentially concentrated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, biofilm formation, and lysine degradation pathway compared to monospecies.Key points• Coaggregated with Fnp aids Ef’s survival in environmental stress, especially in root canals after endodontic treatment.• The coaggregation of Ef and Fnp may weaken the pro-inflammatory response and facilitate Ef to evade killed by macrophages.• The coaggregation between Ef and Fnp altered interspecies transcriptional profiles.

Bioinformatics proved the existence of potential hub genes activating autophagy to participate in cartilage degeneration in osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

The obvious degeneration of articular cartilage occurs in the late stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), which aggravates the condition of ONFH. This study aimed to demonstrate aberrant activation of autophagy processes in ONFH chondrocytes through bioinformatics and to predict and identify relevant hub genes and pathways. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software in the GSE74089 dataset from the GEO database. DEGs were crossed with the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) autophagy genes to screen out autophagy-related differential genes (AT-DEGs). GSEA, GSVA, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of AT-DEGs were performed. The STRING database was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the AT-DEGs network, and the MCODE and CytoHubba plugin in the Cytoscape software was used to analyze the key gene cluster module and screen the hub genes. The PPI network of hub genes was constructed using the GeneMANIA database, and functional enrichment and gene connectivity categories were analyzed. The expression levels of hub genes of related genes in the ONFH patients were verified in the dataset GSE123568, and the protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry in tissues. The analysis of DEGs revealed abnormal autophagy in ONFH cartilage. AT-DEGs in ONFH have special enrichment in macroautophagy, autophagosome membrane, and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding. In the GSE123568 dataset, it was also found that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were all significantly upregulated in ONFH patients. By immunohistochemistry, it was verified that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were significantly overexpressed. These three genes regulate the occurrence and extension of autophagosomes through the PI3KC3C pathway. Finally, we determined that chondrocytes in ONFH undergo positive regulation of autophagy through the corresponding pathways involved in three genes: ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG.

Function of MYB8 in larch under PEG simulated drought stress

Larch, a prominent afforestation, and timber species in northeastern China, faces growth limitations due to drought. To further investigate the mechanism of larch’s drought resistance, we conducted full-length sequencing on embryonic callus subjected to PEG-simulated drought stress. The sequencing results revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily played roles in cellular activities and cell components, with molecular functions such as binding, catalytic activity, and transport activity. Furthermore, the DEGs showed significant enrichment in pathways related to protein processing, starch and sucrose metabolism, benzose-glucuronic acid interconversion, phenylpropyl biology, flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as nitrogen metabolism and alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism. Consequently, the transcription factor T_transcript_77027, which is involved in multiple pathways, was selected as a candidate gene for subsequent drought stress resistance tests. Under PEG-simulated drought stress, the LoMYB8 gene was induced and showed significantly upregulated expression compared to the control. Physiological indices demonstrated an improved drought resistance in the transgenic plants. After 48 h of PEG stress, the transcriptome sequencing results of the transiently transformed LoMYB8 plants and control plants exhibited that genes were significantly enriched in biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Function analyses indicated for the enrichment of multiple KEGG pathways, including energy synthesis, metabolic pathways, antioxidant pathways, and other relevant processes. The pathways annotated by the differential metabolites mainly encompassed signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism.

Inhibitory Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Nano-Polystyrene Particles on the MAP2K6/p38 MAPK Axis Inducing Embryonic Developmental Abnormalities in Mice.

Nanoplastics, created by the fragmentation of larger plastic debris, are a serious pollutant posing substantial environmental and health risks. Here, we developed a polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) exposure model during mice pregnancy to explore their effects on embryonic development. We found that exposure to 30 nm PS-NPs during pregnancy resulted in reduced mice placental weight and abnormal embryonic development. Subsequently, our transcriptomic dissection unveiled differential expression in 102 genes under PS-NP exposure and the p38 MAPK pathway emerged as being significantly altered in KEGG pathway mapping. Our findings also included a reduction in the thickness of the trophoblastic layer in the placenta, diminished cell invasion capabilities, and an over-abundance of immature red cells in the blood vessels of the mice. In addition, we validated our findings through the human trophoblastic cell line, HTR-8/SVneo (HTR). PS-NPs induced a drop in the vitality and migration capacities of HTR cells and suppressed the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. This research highlights the embryotoxic effects of nanoplastics on mice, while the verification results from the HTR cells suggest that there could also be certain impacts on the human trophoblast layer, indicating a need for further exploration in this area.

Identification of Genes Crucial for Biological Processes in Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis Relapse.

Breast cancer, when advancing to a metastatic stage, involves the liver, impacting over 50% of cases and significantly diminishing survival rates. Presently, a lack of tailored therapeutic protocols for breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) underscores the need for a deeper understanding of molecular patterns governing this complication. Therefore, by analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between primary breast tumors and BCLM lesions, we aimed to shed light on the diversities of this process. This research investigated breast cancer liver metastasis relapse by employing a comprehensive approach that integrated data filtering, gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis, overall survival analysis, identification of the alteration in the DEGs, visualization of the protein-protein interaction network, Signor 2.0, identification of positively correlated genes, immune cell infiltration analysis, genetic alternation analysis, copy number variant analysis, gene-to-mRNA interaction, transcription factor analysis, molecular docking, and identification of potential treatment targets. This study's integrative approach unveiled metabolic reprogramming, suggesting altered PCK1 and LPL expression as key in breast cancer metastasis recurrence.

Comparative transcriptomic analyses reveal key genes underlying melanin distribution during embryonic development in geese (Anser anser)

ABSTRACT 1. Melanin distribution typically exhibits a gradient dilution along the dorsal-ventral axis of the body, including in domestic geese. However, the specific genes and molecular mechanisms responsible for this melanin distribution pattern remain incompletely understood. 2. The transcriptomic comparisons were conducted at three embryonic stages, specifically on embryonic d 15 (E15), 22 (E22), and 29 (E29), between the pigmented dorsal skin and the depigmented distal foot. 3. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with melanin synthesis were identified, particularly TYR, TYRP1, and EDNRB2, which exhibited significantly higher expression levels in the dorsal skin at E15 and E22. However, expression levels significantly decreased in later stages (E29). 4. The ASIP gene showed remarkably high-expression levels in the distal feet compared to the dorsal skin post-E22 stage (log2FC: 5.31/6.88 at E22/E29). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis detected eight terms associated with melanin synthesis and melanosome formation (p < 0.05), including melanosome membrane (GO: 0033162) and melanin biosynthetic process (GO: 0042438). Additionally, KEGG pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of the melanogenesis pathway (hsa004916) at d 22 (E22).

Evaluation of Cordyceps sinensis Quality in 15 Production Areas Using Metabolomics and the Membership Function Method.

Cordyceps sinensis is a precious medicinal and edible fungus, which is widely used in body health care and disease prevention. The current research focuses on the comparison of metabolite characteristics between a small number of samples and lacks a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of C. sinensis in a large-scale space. In this study, LC-MS/MS, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and the membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics and quality of metabolites in 15 main producing areas of C. sinensis in China. The results showed that a total of 130 categories, 14 supercategories, and 1718 metabolites were identified. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, organo-oxygen compounds, benzene and substituted derivatives, prenol lipids, and glycerophospholipids were the main components of C. sinensis. The HCA analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of 559 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) showed that the accumulation models of fatty acids and conjugates and carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates in glycerophospholipid metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism may be one of the reasons for the quality differences in C. sinensis in different producing areas. In addition, a total of 18 biomarkers were identified and validated, which had a significant discrimination effect on the samples (p < 0.05). Overall, YS, BR, and ZD, with the highest membership function values, are rich and balanced in nutrients. They are excellent raw materials for the development of functional foods and provide scientific guidance for consumers to nourish health care.

DNA Microarray and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Potential of Whale Oil in Enhancing Hair Growth in a C57BL/6 Mice Dorsal Skin Model.

Much research has been conducted to determine how hair regeneration is regulated, as this could provide therapeutic, cosmetic, and even psychological interventions for hair loss. The current study focused on the hair growth effect and effective utilization of fatty oil obtained from Bryde's whales through a high-throughput DNA microarray approach in conjunction with immunohistochemical observations. The research also examined the mechanisms and factors involved in hair growth. In an experiment using female C57BL/6J mice, the vehicle control group (VC: propylene glycol: ethanol: water), the positive control group (MXD: 3% minoxidil), and the experimental group (WO: 20% whale oil) were topically applied to the dorsal skin of the mouse. The results showed that 3% MXD and 20% WO were more effective than VC in promoting hair growth, especially 20% WO. Furthermore, in hematoxylin and eosin-stained dorsal skin tissue, an increase in the number of hair follicles and subcutaneous tissue thickness was observed with 20% WO. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis also confirmed increases for 20% WO in filaggrin (Flg), a gene related to skin barrier function; fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which is involved in hair follicle development; and cysteine-rich secretory protein 1 (Crisp1), a candidate gene for alopecia areata. Furthermore, the results of KEGG pathway analysis indicated that 20% WO may have lower stress and inflammatory responses than 3% MXD. Therefore, WO is expected to be a safe hair growth agent.

Inhibitory Effects of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Foxtail Millet on Colorectal Cancer by the Restoration of Gut Microbiota.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor that occurs in the colon. Gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CRC. Our previous studies showed that the soluble dietary fiber of foxtail millet (FMB-SDF) exhibited significant antitumor activity in vitro. The present study evaluated the anticancer potential of FMB-SDF in the azoxymethane (AOM)- and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse CRC models. The results showed that FMB-SDF could significantly alleviate colon cancer symptoms in mice. Further, we found that FMB-SDF consumption significantly altered gut microbiota diversity and the overall structure and regulated the abundance of some microorganisms in CRC mice. Meanwhile, KEGG pathway enrichment showed that FMB-SDF can also alleviate the occurrence of colon cancer in mice by regulating certain cancer-related signaling pathways. In conclusion, our findings may provide a novel approach for the prevention and biotherapy of CRC.

Profiles of Circulating Exosomal Mirna in Patients with SAPHO Patients by High-Throughput Sequencing.

Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is a rare disease that is characterized by autoinflammatory lesions on both bones and skin. The diverse manifestations and limited understanding of its etiology have hindered the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. SAPHO syndrome is also classified as a primary inflammatory osteitis. The onset of osteoarticular involvement in this disease is typically gradual, and the identification of associated biomarkers may be crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms. We enrolled a total of 6 SAPHO patients and 3 healthy volunteers for this study. The miRNA expression profile in circulating exosomes was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. A total of 45 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in SAPHO patients. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were employed to identify biomarkers based on these differentially expressed miRNAs. Among them, we selected 4 miRNAs as biomarkers for SAPHO syndrome, resulting in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 1. The differentially expressed miRNAs indicated enrichment in immune system and endocrine system-related KEGG pathways, as well as infectious diseases and cancers. Furthermore, the most significantly enriched molecular functions in GO analysis were protein binding and catalytic activity. The exosomal miRNA profile in SAPHO syndrome exhibited significant changes, suggesting its potential as a candidate biomarker for diagnostic assistance, although further investigation is warranted to elucidate their role in the pathology.

Identification of potential biomarkers of leprosy: A study based on GEO datasets.

Leprosy has a high rate of cripplehood and lacks available early effective diagnosis methods for prevention and treatment, thus novel effective molecule markers are urgently required. In this study, we conducted bioinformatics analysis with leprosy and normal samples acquired from the GEO database(GSE84893, GSE74481, GSE17763, GSE16844 and GSE443). Through WGCNA analysis, 85 hub genes were screened(GS > 0.7 and MM > 0.8). Through DEG analysis, 82 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated genes were screened(|Log2FC| > 3 and FDR < 0.05). Then 49 intersection genes were considered as crucial and subjected to GO annotation, KEGG pathway and PPI analysis to determine the biological significance in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Finally, we identified a gene-pathway network, suggesting ITK, CD48, IL2RG, CCR5, FGR, JAK3, STAT1, LCK, PTPRC, CXCR4 can be used as biomarkers and these genes are active in 6 immune system pathways, including Chemokine signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, Th17 cell differentiation, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and Leukocyte transendothelial migration. We identified 10 crucial gene markers and related important pathways that acted as essential components in the etiology of leprosy. Our study provides potential targets for diagnostic biomarkers and therapy of leprosy.

MicroRNA regulates cytokinin induced parthenocarpy in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Parthenocarpy is one of the most important agronomic traits for fruit yield in cucumbers. However, the precise gene regulation and the posttranscriptional mechanism are elusive. In the presented study, one parthenocarpic line DDX and non-parthenocarpic line ZK were applied to identify the microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in parthenocarpic fruit formation. The differential expressed miRNAs among parthenocarpic fruit of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) treated ZK (ZK-CPPU), pollinated ZK (ZK-P), non-pollinated DDX (DDX-NP) were compared with the non-parthenocarpic fruits of non-pollinated ZK (ZK-NP). It indicated 98 miRNAs exhibited differential expression were identified. Notably, a significant proportion of these miRNAs were enriched in the signal transduction pathway of plant hormones, as identified by the KEGG pathway analysis. qRT-PCR validation indicated that CsmiR156 family was upregulated in the ZK-NP while downregulated in ZK-CPPU, ZK-P, and DDX-NP at 1 day after anthesis. Meanwhile, the opposite trend was observed for CsmiR164a. In ZK-CPPU, ZK-P, and DDX-NP, CsmiRNA156 genes (CsSPL16 and CsARR9-like) were upregulated while CsmiRNA164a genes (CsNAC6, CsCUC1, and CsNAC100) were downregulated. The GUS and dual luciferase assay validated that CsmiR156a inhibited while CsmiR164a induced their target genes' transcription. This study presents novel insights into the involvement of CsmiR156a and CsmiR164a in the CK-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of cucumber parthenocarpy, which will aid future breeding programs.

Multi-omics integration highlights the role of ubiquitination in endometriosis fibrosis

BackgroundEndometriosis, characterized by the presence of active endometrial-like tissues outside the uterus, causes symptoms like dysmenorrhea and infertility due to the fibrosis of endometrial cells, which involves excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Ubiquitination, an important post-transcriptional modification, regulates various biological processes in human diseases. However, its role in the fibrosis process in endometriosis remains unclear.MethodsWe employed multi-omics approaches on two cohorts of endometriosis patients with 39 samples. GO terms and KEGG pathways enrichment analyses were used to investigate the functional changes involved in endometriosis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between global proteome and ubiquitylome in endometriosis. The protein expression levels of ubiquitin-, fibrosis-related proteins, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33 were validated via Western blot. Transfecting human endometrial stroma cells (hESCs) with TRIM33 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro to explore how TRIM33 affects fibrosis-related proteins.ResultsIntegration of proteomics and transcriptomics showed genes with concurrent change of both mRNA and protein level which involved in ECM production in ectopic endometria. Ubiquitylomics distinguished 1647 and 1698 ubiquitinated lysine sites in the ectopic (EC) group compared to the normal (NC) and eutopic (EU) groups, respectively. Further multi-omics integration highlighted the essential role of ubiquitination in key fibrosis regulators in endometriosis. Correlation analysis between proteome and ubiquitylome showed correlation coefficients of 0.32 and 0.36 for ubiquitinated fibrosis proteins in EC/NC and EC/EU groups, respectively, indicating positive regulation of fibrosis-related protein expression by ubiquitination in ectopic lesions. We identified ubiquitination in 41 pivotal proteins within the fibrosis-related pathway of endometriosis. Finally, the elevated expression of TGFBR1/α-SMA/FAP/FN1/Collagen1 proteins in EC tissues were validated across independent samples. More importantly, we demonstrated that both the mRNA and protein levels of TRIM33 were reduced in endometriotic tissues. Knockdown of TRIM33 promoted TGFBR1/p-SMAD2/α-SMA/FN1 protein expressions in hESCs but did not significantly affect Collagen1/FAP levels, suggesting its inhibitory effect on fibrosis in vitro.ConclusionsThis study, employing multi-omics approaches, provides novel insights into endometriosis ubiquitination profiles and reveals aberrant expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM33 in endometriotic tissues, emphasizing their critical involvement in fibrosis pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Signature and function of plasma exosome-derived circular RNAs in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the major causes of death and disability, and hypertensive ICH (HICH) is the most common type of ICH. Currently, the outcomes of HICH patients remain poor after treatment, and early prognosis prediction of HICH is important. However, there are limited effective clinical treatments and biomarkers for HICH patients. Although circRNA has been widely studied in diseases, the role of plasma exosomal circRNAs in HICH remains unknown. The present study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and function of plasma exosomal circRNAs in six HICH patients using circRNA microarray and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that there were 499 differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs between the HICH patients and control subjects. According to GO annotation and KEGG pathway analyses, the targets regulated by differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs were tightly related to the development of HICH via nerve/neuronal growth, neuroinflammation and endothelial homeostasis. And the differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs could mainly bind to four RNA-binding proteins (EIF4A3, FMRP, AGO2 and HUR). Moreover, of differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs, hsa_circ_00054843, hsa_circ_0010493 and hsa_circ_00090516 were significantly associated with bleeding volume and Glasgow Coma Scale score of the subjects. Our findings firstly revealed that the plasma exosomal circRNAs are significantly involved in the progression of HICH, and could be potent biomarkers for HICH. This provides the basis for further research to pinpoint the best biomarkers and illustrate the mechanism of exosomal circRNAs in HICH.

Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Explore the Potential Mechanism of Nigella sativa for the Treatment of Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is a prevalent and potentially life-threatening disease that affects women worldwide. Natural products have gained attention as potential anticancer agents due to their fewer side effects, low toxicity, and cost effectiveness compared to traditional chemotherapy drugs. In the current study, the network pharmacology approach was used following a molecular docking study to evaluate the therapeutic potential of N. sativa-derived phytochemicals against breast cancer. Specifically, the study aimed to identify potential anticancer agents targeting key proteins implicated in breast cancer progression. Five proteins (i.e., EGFR, MAPK3, ESR1, MAPK1, and PTGS2) associated with breast cancer were selected as receptor proteins. Fourteen phytochemicals from N. sativa were prioritized based on drug-likeness (DL) and oral bioavailability (OB) parameters (with criteria set at DL > 0.18 and OB > 30%, respectively). Subsequent analysis of gene targets identified 283 overlapping genes primarily related to breast cancer pathogenesis. Ten hub genes were identified through topological analysis based on their significance in the KEGG pathway and GO annotations. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities between folic acid, betulinic acid, stigmasterol, and selected receptor proteins. These phytochemicals also demonstrated druggability potential. In vitro experiments in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line revealed that betulinic acid and stigmasterol significantly reduced cell viability after 24 h of treatment, confirming their anticancer activity. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation using a DMBA-induced rat model showed that betulinic acid and stigmasterol contributed to the significant recovery of cancer markers. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the anticancer potential of N. sativa phytochemicals against breast cancer, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapeutic candidates for future drug development. Overall, these results highlight betulinic acid and stigmasterol as promising candidates to develop novel anticancer agents against breast cancer. The comprehensive approach of this study, which integrates network pharmacology and molecular docking study and its experimental validation, strengthens the evidence supporting the therapeutic benefits of N. sativa-derived phytochemicals in breast cancer treatment, making them promising candidates for the development of novel anticancer agents against breast cancer.

Analysis and Validation of the Network Pharmacology of the Mechanism of Glycyrrhetinic Acid for the Treatment of High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a pentacyclic triterpene component in Glycyrrhize glabra L, it has demonstrated an inhibitive effect on high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), but the molecular action is still not known. We aimed to explore the mechanism of GA for the treatment of HAPH based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method. Cell experiment validation was also conducted. The targets for GA were screened using the Swiss Target Prediction and Batman databases. The HAPH-related targets were obtained using the GeneCards and OMIM databases. The common targets for diseases and drugs were obtained using a Venn diagram. The core targets were screened using the String database. Then, a component-target-disease diagram and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network mutual assistance diagram were developed using Cytoscape3.9.1 software. GO functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted using the Metascape database. Finally, molecular docking of the target and its corresponding active components were performed using Autodock software. A total of 68 common targets for glycyrrhetinic acid high-altitude pulmonary hypertension were screened out. The core targets include PTGS1, MMP1, SERPINA6, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), involving PPAR signal pathway, human cytomegalovirus infection, IL-17 signal pathway, proteoglycans in cancer, and other pathways. The molecular docking affinity was −8.4 kcal·mol−1 in average, indicating that GA has a good binding stability with key target proteins. In the PDGF-BB-induced PASMC proliferation model, PASMC proliferation and the p-p38, p38, p-ERK1/2, and ERK1/2 protein expression were inhibited. The pharmacological mechanism of GA for the treatment of HAPH was characterized by multi-target and multi pathway. GA may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for HAPH but still needs further in vivo/in vitro experiment.

Identification and Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and Their Potential Roles in Anthocyanin Intracellular Transportation.

The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from 12 distinct subfamilies in the blueberry genome. An uneven distribution was observed among these genes across blueberry's chromosomes. Members within the same subfamily displayed homogeneity in gene structure and conserved protein motifs, whereas marked divergence was noted among subfamilies. Functional annotations revealed that VcGSTs were significantly enriched in several gene ontology and KEGG pathway categories. Promoter regions of VcGST genes predominantly contain light-responsive, MYB-binding, and stress-responsive elements. The majority of VcGST genes are subject to purifying selection, with whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication serving as key processes that drive the expansion of the VcGST gene family. Notably, during the ripening of the blueberry fruit, 100 VcGST genes were highly expressed, and the expression patterns of 24 of these genes demonstrated a strong correlation with the dynamic content of fruit anthocyanins. Further analysis identified VcGSTF8, VcGSTF20, and VcGSTF22 as prime candidates of VcGST genes involved in the anthocyanin intracellular transport. This study provides a reference for the exploration of anthocyanin intracellular transport mechanisms and paves the way for investigating the spectrum of GST functions in blueberries.

Peripheral blood transcriptomic profiling of molecular mechanisms commonly regulated by binge drinking and placebo effects

Molecular responses to alcohol consumption are dynamic, context-dependent, and arise from a complex interplay of biological and external factors. While many have studied genetic risk associated with drinking patterns, comprehensive studies identifying dynamic responses to pharmacologic and psychological/placebo effects underlying binge drinking are lacking. We investigated transcriptome-wide response to binge, medium, and placebo alcohol consumption by 17 healthy heavy social drinkers enrolled in a controlled, in-house, longitudinal study of up to 12 days. Using RNA-seq, we identified 251 and 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to binge drinking and placebo, respectively. Eleven protein-coding DEGs had very large effect sizes in response to binge drinking (Cohen’s d > 1). Furthermore, binge dose significantly impacted the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway (KEGG: hsa04060) across all experimental sequences. Placebo also impacted hsa04060, but only when administered following regular alcohol drinking sessions. Similarly, medium-dose and placebo commonly impacted KEGG pathways of Systemic lupus erythematosus, Neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and Alcoholism based on the sequence of drinking sessions. These findings together indicate the “dose-extending effects” of placebo at a molecular level. Furthermore, besides supporting alcohol dose-specific molecular changes, results suggest that the placebo effects may induce molecular responses within the same pathways regulated by alcohol.

Sperm long non-coding RNAs as markers for ram fertility.

It is critical in sheep farming to accurately estimate ram fertility for maintaining reproductive effectiveness and for production profitability. However, there is currently a lack of reliable biomarkers to estimate semen quality and ram fertility, which is hindering advances in animal science and technology. The objective of this study was to uncover long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in sperm from rams with distinct fertility phenotypes. Mature rams were allocated into two groups: high and low fertility (HF; n = 31; 94.5 ± 2.8%, LF; n = 25; 83.1 ± 5.73%; P = 0.028) according to the pregnancy rates sired by the rams (average pregnancy rate; 89.4 ± 7.2%). Total RNAs were isolated from sperm of the highest- and lowest-fertility rams (n = 4, pregnancy rate; 99.2 ± 1.6%, and 73.6 ± 4.4%, respectively) followed by next-generation sequencing of the transcripts. We uncovered 11,209 lncRNAs from the sperm of rams with HF and LF. In comparison to each other, there were 93 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs in sperm from the two distinct fertility phenotypes. Of these, 141 mRNAs were upregulated and 134 were downregulated between HF and LF, respectively. Genes commonly enriched for 9 + 2 motile cilium and sperm flagellum were ABHD2, AK1, CABS1, ROPN1, SEPTIN2, SLIRP, and TEKT3. Moreover, CABS1, CCDC39, CFAP97D1, ROPN1, SLIRP, TEKT3, and TTC12 were commonly enriched in flagellated sperm motility and sperm motility. Differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in the top 16 KEGG pathways. Targets of the differentially expressed lncRNAs elucidate functions in cis and trans manner using the genetic context of the lncRNA locus, and lncRNA sequences revealed 471 mRNAs targets of 10 lncRNAs. This study illustrates the existence of potential lncRNA biomarkers that can be implemented in analyzing the quality of ram sperm and determining the sperm fertility and is used in breeding soundness exams for precision livestock farming to ensure food security on a global scale.