KCl MgCl2 Research Articles

Mg2+ Ion-exchange with the Li+ Ion in a Fast Li Ion-conducting Perovskite La0.55Li0.35TiO3

Abstract Mg2+ ion-exchange with the Li+ ion in a fast Li ion-conducting perovskite La0.55Li0.35TiO3 was successful using MgCl2–KCl molten salt. The lattice parameter decreased as a result of the ion-exchange. These results suggest that the driving force of the ion-exchange reaction depends primarily on a decrease in the lattice energy, accompanied by the substitution of the smaller Mg2+ for the larger Li+ ion. A polycrystalline ion-exchanged sample was found to show considerable Mg2+-ion conductivity (4.1×10−6 S cm−1) at a lower temperature, 285 °C, than the synthesis temperature, 450 °C.

Estimating the speed of sound, compressibility, and thermal expansion for multicomponent solutions conforming to the linear isopiestic relation

New predictive equations have been established for thermal expansion, the apparent molal thermal expansion, speed of sound, and the apparent molal compressibility. These equations can provide the above thermodynamic properties for multicomponent solutions conforming to the linear isopiestic relation using only information on the corresponding binary sub-systems of equal water activity. No additional empirical parameters are involved. The predictive capabilities of the equations have been tested by comparisons with experimental data in the literature at 298.15 K and the values calculated by using Young’s rule. The ternary systems used are NaCl–CaCl 2–H 2O, KCl–CaCl 2–H 2O, KCl–MgCl 2–H 2O, Na 2SO 4–MgCl 2–H 2O, and MgSO 4–NaCl–H 2O. The new equations in general provide better predictions and the agreement between the predicted and measured data is in general quite reasonable over the entire experimental composition ranges.

Thermodynamic study of the KMgAlClSO 4H 2O system at the temperature 298.15 K

The Pitzer ion-interaction model has been used for thermodynamic simulation of the binary AlCl 3H 2O, Al 2(SO4) 3H2O, ternary KClAlCl 3H 2O, K 2SO 4Al 2(SO 4) 3H 2O, MgCl 2AlCl 3H 2O, MgSO 4Al 2(SO 4) 3H 2O, and the quaternary KClMgCl 2AlCl 3H 2O systems at T=298.15 K. The optimum values of the binary parameters of ionic interactions for aluminum solutions have been calculated using activity data up to saturation of solutions. The ternary parameters have been chosen on the basis of the compositions of saturated ternary solutions taking into account the unsymmetrical mixing terms. Good agreement between experimentally determined and calculated solubilities has been found. Important thermodynamic characteristics (thermodynamic solubility product, standard molar Gibbs energy of formation) of the solid phases (simple and double salts) crystallizing in the systems under consideration are determined.

Experimental densities, speeds of sound, derived volumes and compressibilities of H2O–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2 and H2O–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2–NaCl systems at ionic strength 3 mol kg−1 and at 298.15 K

The experimental densities and speeds of sound of H2O–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2 and H2O–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2–NaCl systems are reported at ionic strength 3 mol kg−1 and at 298.15 K. Mean apparent molar volumes and adiabatic compressibilities are derived from these densities and speeds of sound, which are analysed in terms of Young's rule of mixing. The properties calculated from ΔmixV and ΔmixK show good agreement with those obtained from the experiments.

INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON SURVIVAL OF THE CITRUS LEAF‐MINER, PHYLLOCNZSTZS CITRELLA STAINTON (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYLLOCNISTIDAE)

Abstract The relationshLps between relative humidity (RH) and survival rates of eggs, all larval stages and pupae of the citrus leaf‐miner, Phyllooiistis citrella Stainton, were determined by laboratory experiments. The survival of the citrus leaf‐miner was observed at seven levels of relative humidity from 35% RH to 95% RH at intervals of 10% RH, with 12 L: 12 D photoperiod and temperatiure (29±0.5) C. The relative humidity was controlled by saturated solutions of MgCl2 6H2O, K2CO3 2H2O, C6H12O6, NaNO2, NaCl, KCl, and Pb(NO3)2. The results showed that lower relative humidity is unfavorable for incubation of the eggs, survival of the larvae and eclosion of the pupae. The survival rates increased generally with rising of relative humidity within the range of 35% ‐ 85% RH, and the maximum survival rates occurred at 85% RH for different life stages. The variations in hatching rates of the eggs, survival rates of the larvae and emergence rates of the pupae were great, but unimodal at different relative humidity. The effect of relative humidity on survival rates of the citrus leaf‐miner could be simulated by regression analysis, using a polynomial function of three orders, and the results of fitting the model to the observed data are presented and discussed.

Tantalum powder production by magnesiothermic reduction of TaCl5 through an electronically mediated reaction (EMR)

Tantalum powder production by magnesiothermic reduction of tantalum pentachloride (TaCl5) through an electronically mediated reaction (EMR) has been examined. Feed material, TaCl5, and reductant magnesium alloy were charged into electronically isolated locations in the molten salt (e.g. NaCl–KCl–MgCl2) at 1073 K. After providing external path for electron flow, the current flow between the feed and the reductant locations was monitored. A large current, more than 1 A, was detected during the reaction and tantalum powder with low nickel and silver content was obtained, although liquid Mg–Ag–Ni alloy was used as the reductant. This clearly demonstrates that tantalum powder can be produced by electronically mediated reaction (EMR) without direct physical contact between the feed (TaCl5) and the reductant (magnesium). The feasibility of tantalum reduction using Dy2+ ions dissolved in molten salt has also been demonstrated by utilizing molten salt containing DyCl2 as a reaction mediator. The mechanism of magnesiothermic reduction of TaCl5 in the molten salt is discussed using isothermal chemical potential diagrams.

Phase equilibrium calculation by using large-scale optimization technique

A new multicomponent solid—liquid phase equilibrium calculation algorithm is described. The algorithm has the following features: (1) the phase selection procedure is easy (no stability test is needed); (2) the Gibbs phase rule is guaranteed; and (3) the mathematical procedures have thermodynamic meanings. Numerical examples for NaClKClMgCl 2CaCl 2H 2O quinary system and its quaternary subsystems illustrate the capability of this algorithm. The comparison between this algorithm and the SQP (sequential quadratic programming) method for NaClKClMgCl 2H 2O system at 298.15 K and 273.15 K demonstrates the advantage of the new algorithm ovre SQP method.

Solubilities and vapour pressures in the quinquinary system NaCl–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2–H2O. Part 2.—Predictions and measurements at 30–45 °C

Previous work on the quinquinary common-anion system NaCl–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2–H2O at 25 °C has been extended to 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C, where data were not as readily available. The temperature dependence of the coefficients for the activity and osmotic coefficients and for the activities of the salts in the saturated solutions is applied to the previously presented equations. Saturation lines and planes and water vapour pressures calculated for these systems are compared with literature values and vapour pressures measured in this work.

Solid‐liquid phase equilibria in the system KClMgCl2H2O at elevated temperatures. III. Isotherms at 160, 170, and 180°C

AbstractExperimental results are reported for the solid‐liquid phase equilibria of the ternary system KClMgCl2H2O at 160, 170, and 180°C. Beyond the known solid phases KCl, KCl · MgCl2 · 6 H2O, and MgCl2 · 4 H2O two further double salts with the composition 1.5 KCl · MgCl2 · 2 H2O and KCl · MgCl2 · 2 H2O have been found. The latter double salt and MgCl2 · 2 H2O form solid solution. The new compounds were characterized by X‐ray powder diffractometry.

Solid‐Liquid phase Equilibria in the System KClMgCl2H2O at elevated temperatures. II. Isotherms at 130, 140, and 150°C

AbstractExperimental results are reported for the solid‐liquid phase equilibria of the ternary system KClMgCl2H2O at 130, 140, and 150°C. An “analytic” method, described previously, was used.

Solubilities and vapour pressures in the quinquinary system NaCl–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2–H2O. Part 1.—Predictions and measurements at 25 °C

Download options Please wait... Article information DOI https://doi.org/10.1039/F19888403575 Article type Paper Download Citation J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1988,84, 3575-3585 BibTex EndNote MEDLINE ProCite ReferenceManager RefWorks RIS Permissions Request permissions Solubilities and vapour pressures in the quinquinary system NaCl–KCl–MgCl2–CaCl2–H2O. Part 1.—Predictions and measurements at 25 °C Y. Marcus and N. Soffer, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1988, 84, 3575 DOI: 10.1039/F19888403575 To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Search articles by author Yizhak Marcus Neomi Soffer

コイミオシンＢの変性に対する三種の重合リン酸塩の影響

The effect of three polymerized phosphates [sodium pyrophosphate (PPi), sodium tripoly-phosphate (TPi), and sodium polyphosphate (PolyPi)] on biochemical properties of carp myosin B was studied in the presence of MgCl2. When 1 mM PPi or TPi, or 0.03% PolyPi was added to myosin B in a medium consisting of 0.5M KCl, 40mM Tris-buffer (pH 7.O) and 1mM MgCl2, a decrease in viscosity and an enhanced liberation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) occurred. The mode of inactivation of Ca-ATPase changed from a single first order to a biphasic first order process. The change, however, was fully re-covered on addition of rabbit F-actin. On the other hand, determination of the liberation rate of Pi from those polymerized phosphates by myosin triphosphatase indicated that the conversion of TPi and PolyPi to PPi proceeded gradually. These results suggested that a large portion of F-actin in myosin B was rapidly denatured and the myosin-binding ability was lost upon the addition of PPi and MgCl2, and that the gradual production of PPi from TPi (or PolyPi) caused slow denaturation of F-actin in myosin B.

The solubility of magnesium metal and the recombination reaction in the industrial magnesium electrolysis

The solubility and dispersion of Mg in the systems MgCl 2, MgCl 2-NaCl and MgCl 2-KCl has been studied. An extensive study of Mg solubility in MgCl 2 did not show any influence on the content of MgO or added NaOH or Na 2B 4O 7. At 750°C the solubility was found to be 0.16 mol%. The solubility increased with increasing temperature and decreased on the addition of NaCl or KCl. In 25 mol% NaCl-75 mol% MgCl 2 the solubility was as low as 0.02 mol% at 815°C. The amount of Mg dispersed was found to be negligible with the present experimental set-up. The results are discussed with reference to the back reaction between Mg and Cl 2 in the industrial electrolysis. It seems likely that the rate determining step in this reaction is the rate of formation of small metal particles in the melt.

Physicochemical and biochemical properties of squid actin.

G-Actin prepared from the obliquely striated mantle muscle of squid by a modified SPUDICH and WATT's method was ultracentrifugally monodisperse with a sedimentation coefficient, S020, w, of 3.3S, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 4.3×104 by SDS disc electrophoresis. The intrinsic viscosity of the squid G-actin was 0.12dl/g, and the viscosity increased by adding 0.1M KCl or 2mM MgCl2 revealing polymerization to F-actin. On ultracentrifugation, the squid F-actin showed 2 faster peaks with sedimentation coefficients corresponding to those of rabbit F-actin. Under the electron microscope, squid F-actin consisted of double stranded filaments, on which a periodicity of 35-36nm was recognized as was also the case with rabbit F-actin. There were no significant differences in amino acid composition among the actins of squid, fish, rabbit and plasmodium. Superprecipitation and viscosity response with added ATP were tested with positive results on the synthetic actomyosin from squid actin and carp myosin. The latter test was compared with one on the natural actomyosin of squid. Squid actin was found similar to the actins of rabbit, fish, and plasmodium actins in the ability to interact with vertebrate myosin. In contraction of the obliquely striated mantle muscle of squid, squid actin appears to be functionally similar to that of vertebrate striated muscle.

On the heterogeneity of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits in vitro.

The circumstances in which monomers and dimers of eukaryotic small and large ribosomal subunits occur were examined by measuring the sedimentation profiles of each subunit with glutaraldehyde fixation. When small ribosomal subunits were prepared from rat liver ribosomes in the medium containing 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 880mM KCl, 12.5mM MgCl2, 10mM mercaptoethanol and 0.1mM puromycin, about 41.4% of the preparations sedimented as a monomer and the other as a dimer in T10K20M5 (10mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6 ; 80mM KCl ; 5mM MgCl2) buffer. There were no difference in the monomer content of small ribosomal subunits from free and membrane bound ribosomes from rat liver. Moreover, small ribosomal subunits from the muscle of normal and diabetic rats contained just the same proportion of the monomer and dimer particles when assayed under the same ionic conditions. The proportion of the monomer and the dimer of the small ribosomal subunits changed with change in the concentration of potassium and magnesium at which ribosomal subunits were prepared ; the content of the monomer decreased with lowering the ratio of magnesium concentration and was only 10.1% when the preparation was conducted in the medium containing 880 mM KCl and 3mM MgCl2. The addition of poly U to the small subunit preparations caused the conversion of the dimer into the monomer. Large ribosomal subunits dimerized gradually at low temperature even in high potassium concentration but the dimers of the large subunits dissociated easily into their monomers by incubation at 30°.

魚肉たん白質抽出液のゲル区分-VII

It has been reported that a myosin-like protein component was found in the dissociation products of the gel fraction treated with ATP or pyrophosphate. In order to determine whether the gel fraction contains actin, some properties of the aqueous extracts of the acetone-treated gel fraction were examined. The gel fraction and actomyosin prepared from frozen or ice-stored muscles of the flatfish, Kareius bicoloratus were treated with acetone and extracted with cold water respectively. When 0.1M KCl and 1mM MgCl2 were added to the aqueous extracts of the acetone-treated gel fraction, an increase in viscosity and a development of flow birefringence were observed. Furthermore, superprecipitation occurred when ATP was added to the combined system of myosin and the aqueous extracts of the acetone-treated gel fraction. The actin solution prepared from fresh muscle and the aqueous extracts from the acetone-treated actomyosin had similar viscosity, flow birefringence and superprecipitation properties. These results indicate that the gel fraction contains actin. From the results obtained in the series of the studies, it may be concluded that the gel fraction is an aggregated actomyosin, in which actin and myosin-like components are hypothesized to exist in a similar bound state.

Gel Strength of Kappa‐Carrageenan as Affected by Cations

SUMMARY– Kappa carrageenan was ion‐exchanged with Al+3, NH4, +2, Ca+2, Fe+3, Fe+3, Mg+2, Na+2 and Sn+2. The gelling temperature and gel strength were determined for 1% exchanged kappa carrageenan gels prepared with 0.0375,0.075 and 0.15 N solutions of each of the exchanging cations; 1% exchanged kappa carrageenans with 0.0375, 0.075 and 0.15 N KCI, and non‐exchanged kappa carrageenan with the same concentrations of AlCl3, NH4Cl, CaCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3 MgCl2 KCl, NaCl and SnCl2.Ion‐exchange with Al, Fe+2, Fe+3 and Sn prevented gel formation. The other ion‐exchanged carrageenans had signicantly lower gel strength than the non‐exchanged carrageenan in a corresponding cation solution. Furthermore, the Mg‐ and Ca‐exchanged carrageenans had greater gel strengths than the NH4 and Na‐carrageenans. Use of KCI with the NH,‐, Ca‐, Mg‐ and Na‐exchanged carrageenan resulted in increased gel strength, but the Al, Fe+2, Fe+3 and Sn‐exchanged carrageenans still did not form a gel. The rank order of the gel strength of the NH4, Ca‐, Mg‐ and Na‐exchanged carrageenan dispersed in KCI was similar for the exchanged carrageenan in solutions of the exchanging cation, but the gelling temperatures and gel strength of the former approached that of the non‐exchanged carrageenan in similar concentrations of KCl.For the non‐exchanged carrageenan at the 0.075 N level of salt concentration, the effect of cation was K > Ca, Mg > Fe+2, NH4 < Na, Sn < Fe+3, Al (P < 0.001). Use of increasing concentrations of NH,Cl, NaCl, KCl and SnCl2 resulted in increased gel strength, whereas increasing concentrations of CaCl2, FeCl3 and MgCl2 decreased gel strength. These differences were reflected in a slightly different rank order for the 0.15 N level of salt.

Electronic Spectra and Coordination Geometry of Nickel Centers in Liquid Mixtures of Magnesium Chloride and Potassium Chloride

The absorption spectra of nickel centers in MgCl2–KCl mixtures of various compositions were measured from about 5–28 kK at temperatures up to 1060°C. The observed behavior was qualitatively similar to that previously reported for nickel centers in liquid LiCl–KCl mixtures and, in a general way, fits the same model.

Raman Spectra of Liquid MgCl2 and Liquid MgCl2–KCl System

Raman spectra of molten MgCl2, MgCl2–KCl, and MgCl2–2KCl were recorded, at 730°, 525°, and 475°C, respectively, using a Cary 81 Raman spectrophotometer. Liquid MgCl2 exhibits three Raman lines with frequencies 269, 214, and 142 cm−1, which are explainable on the basis of the presence of MgCl64— ions with octahedral configuration. Liquid MgCl2–KCl exhibits four Raman lines with frequencies 451, 250, 208, and 158 cm−1; and their polarization characteristics indicate the existence of MgCl3− ions with pyramidal configuration C3v. The Raman spectrum of liquid MgCl2–2KCl is almost similar to that of liquid MgCl2–KCl. Force constants for the various Mg–Cl ionic species were calculated using generalized valence forces.

A New Basic Triple Salt Containing Magnesium Hydroxide

The quaternary system KCl–MgCl2–Mg(OH)2–H2O and the associated systems, (a) KCl–Mg(OH)2–H2O and (b) MgCl2–Mg(OH)2–H2O were investigated at 100°. Though the isotherm (a) exhibited nothing new, isotherm (b) exhibited a new basic magnesium chloride, MgCl2· 2Mg(OH)2 ·6H2O, as a solid phase in such a solution having a higher concentration of magnesium chloride than 51.5 gram per 100 gram water. The solid phases of quaternary isotherm were the new basic magnesium chloride, bischofite, carnallite, potassium chloride and magnesium hydroxide.