KCl Content Research Articles

Solubility of Li2O in an LiCl–KCl Melt

The phase diagrams of the binary LiCl–Li2O system and the quasi-binary [LiCl–KCl]–Li2O systems containing 10 and 20 mol % KCl have been built using thermal analysis of cooling curves and isothermal saturation curves. The solubility of Li2O in LiCl–KCl melts is determined in the temperature range 500–800°C. The solubility of Li2O in the melts LiCl, LiCl–KCl (10 mol %) and LiCl–KCl (20 mol %) decreases as the KCl content increases;at 650°C, it is 11.5, 7.7, and 3.9 mol %, respectively.

Properties of the LiCl-KCl-Li2O system as operating medium for pyro-chemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel

Crystallization temperatures (liquidus and solidus) in the LiCl-Li2O and (LiCl-KCl)-Li2O systems with the KCl content of 10 and 20 mol.% were obtained with independent methods of thermal analysis using cooling curves, isothermal saturation, and differential scanning calorimetry. The linear sweep voltammetry was applied to control the time of the equilibrium establishment in the molten system after the Li2O addition, which depended on the composition of the base melt and the concentration of Li2O. The fragments of the binary LiCl-Li2O and quazi-binary [LiCl-KCl(10 mol.%)]-Li2O and [LiCl-KCl(20 mol.%)]-Li2O phase diagrams in the Li2O concentration range from 0 to 12 mol.% were obtained. The KCl presence in the LiCl-KCl-Li2O molten mixture in the amount of 10 and 20 mol.% reduces the liquidus temperature by 30 and 80°, respectively, but the region of the homogeneous molten state of the system is considerably narrowed, which complicates its practical application. The Li2O solubility in the molten LiCl, LiCl-KCl(10 mol.%) and LiCl-KCl(20 mol.%) decreases with increasing the KCl content and is equal to 11.5, 7.7 and 3.9 mol.% at 650°С, respectively. The LiCl-KCl melt with 10 mol.% KCl can be recommended for practical use as a medium for the SNF pyro-chemical reprocessing at temperature below 700 °C.

Release and transformation of chlorine and potassium during pyrolysis of KCl doped biomass

The formation of CH3Cl and the transformation of chlorine and potassium during pyrolysis of biomass were investigated. Model biomass compounds (cellulose, xylan, lignin and pectin) and pine wood doped with KCl were pyrolysed in a TGA at different heating rates (10–1000°C/min), temperatures (300–850°C), and KCl contents (0–5wt%). The volatiles were collected and analyzed for CH3Cl concentration by GC–MS. The solid residue was analyzed by ICP-OES for the contents of total and water soluble K and Cl. Considerable amounts of CH3Cl, corresponding to 20–50% of the fuel chlorine, were formed in pyrolysis of KCl doped pine wood, lignin and pectin samples, suggesting a methylation ability of these biomass on KCl by their methoxyl groups. Lignin and pine wood could supply methoxyl groups for reaction with as much as about 2% KCl doping, and pectin had an even greater capacity. Organic K was found in the solid residue of all samples, further supporting the occurrence of reactions between KCl and the organic matrix in biomass. With a holding temperature of 500°C, an increase of heating rate from 10°C/min to 500°C/min significantly reduced the yield of CH3Cl from KCl doped wood/lignin/pectin, while no further reduction effect was observed at 1000°C/min. For a heating rate of 500°C/min, an increase of holding temperature from 300°C to 850°C caused a decreased yield of CH3Cl.

Emulsions stabilized by high acyl gellan and KCl

Emulsions containing high acyl gellan (0.025 or 0.100% w/w) as emulsifier/stabilizer with KCl addition (1.6–15,633mg of KCl/g of gellan) were evaluated. In general a decrease in apparent viscosity and an increase of the droplets size were observed as KCl content rises. Addition of intermediate KCl concentration (62.6–1,563mg of KCl/g of gellan) could improve the stability to macroscopic phase separation of emulsions with the lower gellan concentration (0.025% w/w). However it was observed that KCl content above a critical value (1,563mg of KCl/g of gellan) caused the breakup of the emulsions containing 0.025% or 0.10% w/w of gellan, showing that emulsions properties could be easily modulated by the salt-polysaccharide ratio, allowing the formation of emulsions for different purposes. High viscosity of the continuous medium and the repulsive forces of the charged droplets were the main emulsions stabilizing mechanisms. However the formation of a physical barrier on droplets interface by deposition of gellan aggregates could be occurring at particular conditions of KCl-gellan ratio.

Glucose derived ionothermal carbons with tailor-made porosity

An ionothermal synthesis strategy to obtain a set of glucose derived carbons with tailored pore system is demonstrated. The biomass derived materials possess high surface areas and large total pore volumes with values up to 2160 m2 g−1 and 1.74 cm3 g−1, respectively. The tailoring of the pore system is realized by simply changing the molar composition of the KCl/ZnCl2 mixture which serves as combined solvent-porogen. Increasing KCl contents result in a continuous pore opening and rising pore volume leading to enhanced mass transport porosity. Those effects are accompanied by a linear decrease of the specific surface area which allows for the preparation of porous carbons of high and predictable surface areas between 2160 and 960 m2 g−1. Experiments exemplarily shown for the application as supercapacitor electrodes, the different materials show a decreased gravimetric capacity, but enhanced capacity retention as well as improved areal capacity with increased KCl content nicely supporting the improved mass transport properties.

Assessment of distribution of pellets in tablets by non-destructive microfocus X-ray imaging and image analysis technique

In this study, potassium chloride (KCl) containing matrix pellets were compressed into tablets using powder or pellet form of partially spray dried lactose as filler-binder excipient. The spatial distribution of potassium chloride pellets within the tablets was examined by non-destructive microfocus X-ray imaging (MFX) and image analysis technique. The KCl content of the tablets was determined by conductivity measurement and these values were compared to the average gray values of the MFX images calculated by image analysis software. A linear relationship has been shown between the KCl content predicted from average gray values of the MFX images and the actual KCl content measured by conductometry. The non-destructive MFX method was capable to characterize the pellet distribution as well as the pellet content of the multiparticulate dosage form. Based on the observed spatial distribution of KCl pellets within the tablets made using lactose pellets or powder for direct compression as filler excipients the difference in homogeneity was not remarkable besides the applied blending method.

Purification of Food-grade Magnesium Chloride

The application of the varying weights of bischofite dissolved in the distilled water was investigated. The effects of the temperature on the rate of evaporation and the thermal precipitation time on the purity of the crystal products were fully investigated. Two validation tests including magnifying tests and recycling residue were also studied. Our results demonstrate that the contents of NaCl, KCl and CaSO4in the filtrate reached a minimum value after the pretreatment of 350 g bischofite dissolved in 100 mldistilled water. In the crystal products from the second evaporating stage of the validation tests, the contents of MgCl2·6H2O, SO4 and NaCl+KCl are 99%, ≤0.1±0.01%and ≤0.8±0.04%, respectively. The content of magnesium chloride in the solution was increased to a greater extent, and the impurities reduced correspondingly through thedissolution pretreatments of bischofite. This could decrease energy consumption for the impurity removing stage, evaporation and crystallization process, and thus reduce costs for the industrial production of food-grade magnesium chloride

Use of Consumer Acceptability as a Tool to Determine the Level of Sodium Reduction: A Case Study on Beef Soup Substituted With Potassium Chloride and Soy-Sauce Odor.

In this study, consumer acceptability was considered as a tool of reducing sodium rather than just using it as a final examination of the successfulness of the substitution. This study consisted of 4 experimental steps. First, by gradually reducing the concentrations of NaCl, consumer rejection threshold (CRT) of NaCl in beef soup was examined. Then, the amount of KCl that can increase preference was examined in 2 low sodium beef soups, with sodium concentrations slightly above or below the CRT. Relative saltiness of various KCl and NaCl/KCl mixtures were also measured. Finally, consumers evaluated acceptability and intensities of sensory characteristics for 9 beef soup samples that differed with respect to NaCl content and/or KCl content with/without addition of salty-congruent odor (soy-sauce odor). The results showed that in the "above CRT" system, consumer acceptability as well as sensory profile of low sodium beef soup substituted using KCl had similar profile to the control although saltiness was not fully recovered, whereas in the "below CRT" system, consumer acceptability was not recovered using KCl solely as a substitute. Potential of using salty-congruent odor as a final touch to induce salty taste was observed; however, the results inferred the importance of having almost no artificialness in the odor and having harmony with the final product when using it as a strategy to substitute sodium. Overall, the results of the study implied the importance of considering consumer acceptability when approaching sodium reduction to better understand the potentials of the sodium substitutes and salty-congruent odor. Strategies attempting to reduce sodium contents in food have mainly substituted sodium to the level that provides equivalent salty taste and then examined consumer liking. However, these approaches may result in failure for consumer appeal. This study attempted to consider consumer acceptability as a tool of reducing sodium in beef soup substituted using potassium chloride and salty-congruent odor. The result showed that considering consumer acceptability during sodium reduction enabled to better understand the potentials of the sodium substitutes and salty-congruent odor.

Phase equilibria in the reciprocal NaCl–KCl–NaNO3–KNO3 system

Differential thermal analysis of the various compositions in the KCl–NaNO3 and NaCl–KNO3 systems has been performed. Temperatures of phase transitions were obtained. The relative content of NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, and KNO3 compounds was determined by the use of X-ray diffraction analysis. These results together with the experimental data from literature were used for optimization of thermodynamic parameters for all available phases and compounds to obtain the Gibbs energy dataset which can be used for the calculation and prediction of the phase diagrams and other thermodynamic properties of these systems.

Molecular dynamics study of the transport properties and local structures of molten binary systems (Li, Na)Cl, (Li, K)Cl and (Na, K)Cl

The structures and dynamic properties of molten alkali binary chlorides LiCl–NaCl, LiCl–KCl and KCl–NaCl at 1100K have been calculated across the full composition range in this paper in detail by molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of LiCl on the local structures and transport properties as the self-diffusion coefficients, viscosities and ionic conductivities of molten NaCl and KCl as well as the mixing effects between NaCl and KCl have been calculated and analyzed. The results reveal that the Tosi-Fumi potential predicts negative composition dependence for density and positive composition dependences for ionic diffusivity and ionic conductivity as the contents of LiCl are increased for molten LiCl–NaCl and LiCl–KCl. As the KCl contents are increased, the ionic diffusivity of molten KCl–NaCl shows weak composition dependence. However, the density and ionic conductivity exhibit negative composition dependences. The transport performances of these mixed melts are dominated by the local structures and interatomic forces. The shear viscosities of the mixtures decrease firstly and then increase under the influences of these two factors. For molten KCl or NaCl, with the addition of a smaller cation (Li+), the interactions between counter ions and closed packs between anions are weakened, while closed packs between cations are promoted. What's more, the smaller the added ion is, the more pronounced the effects are. However, the addition of a larger cation presents the opposite effects.

Fermentation profile of green Spanish-style Manzanilla olives according to NaCl content in brine

This work studies the effects of the partial substitution of NaCl with potassium and calcium chloride salts on the fermentation profile of Spanish-style green Manzanilla olives. For this purpose, response surface methodology based in an enlarged simplex centroid mixture design with constrain (∑salts = 100 g/L) was used. Regarding to physicochemical characteristics, pH decreased when CaCl2 increased, titratable acidity was lower in presence of KCl while combined acidity increased as the contents of KCl and CaCl2 were close to the barycentre of the experiment (∼33.33% each salt). Regarding to microbiological profile, Enterobacteriaceae growth was slight stimulated in presence of high CaCl2 contents, yeast patterns were not linked to the initial brine compositions, while the maximum lactic acid bacteria population decreased slightly as KCl and CaCl2 increased in the proportion 1:1, although a moderate (equilibrated) content of both may be stimulating. Results obtained in this work show that Spanish-style green Manzanilla cv. can be fermented in diverse mixtures of chloride salts, albeit the initial CaCl2 should be limited to 20–30 g/L to prevent excessive Enterobacteriaceae growth; combining it with a similar proportion of KCl may also improve LAB predominance.

Electrical properties of starch-PVA biodegradable polymer blend

Solid polymer electrolyte films were prepared by adding different contents of potassium chloride (KCl) in a polymer matrix composed of two versatile biodegradable polymers: starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), using the solution cast method. The complexation of the added salt (KCl) with the polymer matrix was confirmed from an x-ray diffraction study (XRD). The evolution of a smooth and uniform morphology with the increasing content of KCl was confirmed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The transference number measurement established ions as the dominant charge carriers in the system. The maximum ionic conductivity ∼5.44 × 10−5 S cm−1 at ambient conditions was obtained for the film with 1.5 wt% of KCl using complex impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity and dielectric constant increased with the salt content, thus affirming the amplification in the number of charge carriers. The noteworthy aspect of the investigation is the observation of appreciable ionic conductivity at a relatively low salt content. Low values of activation energy obtained from temperature-dependent ionic conductivity could be favorable from the point of view of the application. Electric modulus studies confirmed the absence of electrode polarization effects in the polymer electrolyte films. The scaling of the electric modulus shows a distribution of relaxation times in the polymer electrolyte films. The study unveils the efficiency of the starch-PVA blend, with glycerol and citric acid as additives, as a hopeful material for preparing biodegradable solid polymer electrolyte films.

Synthesis and characterization of MgAl2O4 micro-rods by a molten salt method

Large amounts of MgAl2O4 micro-rods were successfully synthesized using the molten-salt technology. The effect of KCl contents on the formation of MgAl2O4 micro-rods was investigated. The structure and morphology of MgAl2O4 were investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The experimental results showed that the contents of KCl significantly influenced the formation of MgAl2O4 micro-rods. MgAl2O4 micro-rods could be prepared at 1150°C with a weight ratio of 100:1 between the salt and the starting materials. The formation of MgAl2O4 micro-rods could be suggested to be due to the inhomogeneous nucleation and orientated growth perpendicularly to the surfaces of Al2O3 grains. An impedance-type humidity sensor was finally fabricated based on the as-prepared MgAl2O4 micro-rods. According to tests of the humidity performance, MgAl2O4 micro-rods might be suitable for high-performance humidity sensors.

Viscoelasticity of smart fluids based on wormlike surfactant micelles and oppositely charged magnetic particles.

Novel viscoelastic smart suspensions based on cationic wormlike micelles (WLMs) of erucylbis(hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride and oppositely charged submicron magnetite particles in the presence of added low molecular weight salt were prepared and investigated. The suspensions demonstrate remarkable stability against sedimentation, which can be due to the incorporation of particles into the network of entangled WLMs by linking to energetically unfavorable micellar end-caps. Added particles enhance significantly the viscosity, the plateau modulus, and the relaxation time of the system, acting as additional multifunctional physical cross-links in the micellar network. The increase of plateau modulus stops when the concentration of particles reaches ca. 1.5 wt %, indicating that all micellar end-caps available in the system are linked to the particles. Further addition of particles may lead just to the redistribution of micellar ends between the particles without creation of new elastically active chains. The increase of rheological characteristics by added particles is more pronounced in suspensions with a smaller content of low molecular weight salt KCl when the WLMs are shorter in length and therefore contain a larger amount of end-caps responsible for the interaction with the particles. Magnetite particles not only enhance the rheological characteristics but also impart magnetoresponsive properties to the suspension. Upon application of magnetic field, the liquidlike system transforms into a solidlike one, demonstrating a constant value of storage modulus in all frequency range and the appearance of yield stress, which is due to the formation of field-aligned chainlike aggregates of particles opposing the flow. A combination of responsive properties inherent to both the matrix and the particles makes these smart fluids very competitive with other magnetic soft matter materials for various applications.

Effect of potassium on pyrolysis of rice husk and its components

Different rice husk samples and their components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were investigated with emphasis on the influence of potassium on their pyrolysis behaviors by using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results indicate that the maximum weight loss rate of cellulose decreases with the addition of KCl. However, no significant differences are observed for the pyrolysis behavior of hemicellulose and lignin. The TG/DTG curve of a model rice husk (a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) could be obtained by superposition of that for each component. However, during pyrolysis the raw stable structure of basic components in the rice husk results in a change from a sharp peak for the model rice husk to a shoulder peak for the AW rice husk (pretreated with HCl to remove K and the other mineral matters) at around 300°C. In addition, the effect of KCl addition on pyrolysis of the AW rice husks was also studied. The results show that potassium has a remarkable catalytic effect on pyrolysis of the rice husk samples. The pyrolysis characteristics vary depending on the addition methods of KCl. While char yields decrease with the addition of KCl using mechanical method (except for the cellulose), the char yield and the maximum weight loss rate of impregnated AW rice husk increase gradually with the increase of KCl content.

Interaction of Biotite–Amphibole Gneiss with H2O–CO2–(K, Na)Cl Fluids at 550 MPa and 750 and 800°С: Experimental Study and Applications to Dehydration and Partial Melting in the Middle Crust

To constrain effects of chloride-bearing H2O^CO2 fluids on complex natural assemblages during high-grade metamorphism and anatexis, we report the results of experiments on the interaction of biotite^ hornblende tonalitic gneiss from the Sand River Formation (Limpopo Complex, South Africa) with H2O^CO2, H2O^CO2^ KCl, H2O^CO2^NaCl, and H2O^CO2^(K, Na)Cl fluids at 550MPa, 750 and 8008C, and varying chloride/(H2OþCO2) ratios with molar CO2/(CO2þH2O)1⁄4 0 5. Heating of solid cylinders of gneiss at both temperatures in the absence of a free fluid phase produced no changes in the gneiss phase assemblage.The equimolar H2O^CO2 fluid at 7508Q also did not significantly influence the phase assemblage. Addition of KCl to the fluid at 7508Q resulted in formation of the clinopyroxeneþK-feldspar (þ ilmenite/titanite) assemblage after biotite, hornblende and plagioclase. Orthopyroxene accompanied by amphibole appeared only at 8008C as a result of biotite breakdown in the presence of H2O^CO2 and low-salinity H2O^CO2^KCl fluids. Increase in the KCl content in the fluid at 8008Q resulted in the production of a clinopyroxenebearing assemblage. Increase of the NaCl content stabilized amphibole in an assemblage with either orthopyroxene (at low NaCl concentrations) or clinopyroxene. Nevertheless, clinopyroxene (þ albite) is stable only at high salt concentrations. Comparison of the experimental results with the results of thermodynamic modeling using the Gibbs free energy minimization method (PERPLE_X software) showed that mineral reactions and assemblages in the run products were governed by the activities of alkali components imposed by KCl and NaCl in the H2O^CO2 fluids, and decrease of the water activity served as an additional factor stabilizing anhydrous assemblages. No melts formed at 7508C in the presence of the H2O^CO2^KCl fluids. These fluids provoked melting only at 8008C with formation of rhyolitic melts.With increasing KCl content of the fluid, the melt composition changed to potassic rhyolitic with Al2O3513 5 wt %, CaO52 wt %, K2OþNa2O47 wt %, FeO/(FeOþMgO)40 8, K2O/Na2O41, and moderate enrichment in Cl (0 2^0 6 wt %). Increasing NaCl content caused melting at 7508Q and shifted the melt composition towards trachytic and trachyandesitic compositions at both 750 and 8008Q. The experiments support a model for the formation of ferroan A-type granite^syenite complexes via crustal melting in the presence of H2O^CO2^salt fluids in extensional tectonic settings.They demonstrate a possible link between A-type granitoids and mid-crustal dehydration zones in amphiboliteto granulite-facies terrains and allow a new interpretation of mineral assemblages within these zones in terms of variations in fluid salinity.

Pectin-based Polymer Electrolytes with Ir(III) Complexes

Pectin-based membranes with different salts such as LiClO4, KCl, LiClO4-Ir(III) and KCl-Ir(III) contents were prepared and characterized. The most conductive sample of Pectin@KCl exhibits the ionic conductivity of 1.45 × 10−3 S.cm−1 and 6.31 × 10−3 S.cm−1 at 25°C and 90°C, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the predominantly amorphous nature of the samples and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show a roughness of 21.8 and 10.5 nm for the samples of Pectin@KCl and Pectin@LiClO4, respectively. The overall redox stability of 7.0 V suggests that this material has an acceptable stability window for an application in solid state electrochemical devices.

Solubility of Transition Metal Halides in Chloroaluminate Melts

Low melting temperatures of KCl-AlCl3 binary mixtures make chloroaluminate melts attractive as working media for transition metals’ electrowinning and electrorefining. These electrolytes can also be effectively used as heat transfer agents in the second loop of molten salt nuclear reactors. However the implementation of new electrochemical and nuclear technologies is limited by the lack of some essential information about physical and chemical properties of these ionic liquids; in particular there is no data on solubility of transition metal halides in chloroaluminate melts under different conditions.In the present study solubility of nickel, chromium, molybdenum and iron chlorides was determined in КCl-AlCl3 based melts with varying K : Al mole ratio and working temperature. Potassium-to aluminum mole ratio and the transition metal content in the melt was determined by analyzing samples of chloroaluminate melts saturated with the required transition metal chloride at desired temperature and then rapidly quenched. Melt samples were analyzed by atomic emission spectroscopy combined with ICP.The relation between the solubility of nickel chloride and melt composition (different K : Al mole ratios) is presented in Fig. 1a. Solubility curve of NiCl2 is V-shaped. The solubility minimum (<0.02 wt.% NiCl2) is reached at the mole ratios of K : Al of 0.92 at 350 оС and 0.97 at 500 оС. Addition of potassium chloride added to the КCl-AlCl3 equimolar mixture resulted in increase of nickel chloride solubility presumably due to formation of nickel-containing chloride complexes, NiCl4 2-. Increasing nickel chloride solubility upon lowering K : Al mole ratio (from unity down) can be explained by the formation of six-coordinated complexes of nickel, NiCl6 4-, existing in the form of Ni(Al2Cl7)2 compound. Increasing temperature does not alter the profile and behavior of the solubility curve of nickel chloride in КCl-AlCl3 based melts. NiCl2 solubility increases with temperature at potassium-to-aluminum mole ratios below unity and noticeable decreases in the melts with potassium chloride content exceeding the equimolar КCl-AlCl3 composition.The results of molybdenum(III) chloride solubility determination at different melt compositions are presented in Fig. 1b. Molybdenum chloride solubility at K : Al molar ratios below 0,95 is small (equals to 0,015–0,03 wt.% MoCl3) and does not depend on melt composition and temperature. When KCl content in the melt increases the molybdenum(III) chloride solubility becomes higher and at molar ratios of K : Al around 1.1–1.4 reaches 2.1 wt.% at 350 оС and 1.7 wt.% at 500 оС. The shape of the solubility curve indicates that molybdenum complex ions, MoCl6 3-, are formed during dissolution of molybdenum chloride in the presence of excess of potassium chloride.Solubility of iron(II) chloride in КCl-AlCl3 based melts depends on solubility of double chlorides KFeCl3 and K2FeCl4, that have relatively high melting temperatures (399-406 and 374-380 оС, respectively). The obtained data (Fig. 1c) show that iron chloride solubility is relatively high and its dependence on the melt composition has a maximum at K : Al mole ratios between 1.05–1.15.Solubility behavior of chromium(II) chloride in chloroaluminate melts is more complex (Fig. 1d). At the molar ratio of K : Al<0.9 the CrCl2 solubility is small (less than 0.01 wt.% CrCl2) and does not depend on the melt composition. The increase of KCl concentration in the melt results in increasing chromium chloride solubility. It reaches maximum when K : Al mole ratio is close to 1.0. At further increasing potassium chloride content solubility of CrCl2 shows a tendency to decreasing. This tendency is more pronounced at higher temperatures (500 оС). The maximum solubility of chromium(II) chloride in the melt is however not that high and does not exceed 0.15 wt.% CrCl2.The performed experiments thus indicate that the mole ratio of potassium and aluminum chlorides in the melt is the major factor controlling solubility of transition metal chlorides in the chloroaluminate melts.In a special series of experiments solubility of transition metal chlorides was investigated in chloroaluminate melts contacted with Hastelloy C-276 corrosion-resistant alloy. It was found that the presence of nickel-chromium-molybdenum-iron alloy in the contact with studied electrolyte does not lead to noticeable changes of solubility of transition metal chlorides in КCl-AlCl3 based melts.

Dependency of Critical Micellization Concentration of an Anionic Surfactant on Temperature and Potassium Chloride Salt

Surfactant flooding is an amazing approach which is a subgroup of enhanced oil recovery approaches. Two phenomena which are involved in oil recovery with the aim of surfactant are wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction between oil and water phases. Reservoir fluid contains a mixture of some slats which have a major effect on surfactant properties. Also the temperature in the reservoirs affects the surfactant flooding condition. Salinity and temperature play a vital role in the performance, effectiveness and successfulness of the surfactant flooding which highly affect on critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the used surfactant. Put another way, the CMC of the surfactant depends on the salinity and temperature of the solution. The goal of this study is figuring out the CMC of alkylebenzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) in various conditions which include different potassium chloride concentrations and various temperatures; this was done by the conductivity method. The CMC value of ABSA as an anionic surfactant was gained with the aim of electrical conductivity approach. Thanks to the experimental results of this article, the CMC of the ABSA is highly dependent on the KCl concentration which is reduced by increasing the KCl content of the solution. On the other hand, the CMC of ABSA slightly depends on the magnitude of the temperature which varied from 25°C to 70°C with increments of 5°C. Finally, CMC value of the aforementioned surfactant increased versus increasing the temperature of the solution.

용융 LaCl3-KCl 2성분계 혼합염의 전기전도도

Electric conductivities of <TEX>$LaCl_3$</TEX>-KCl binary melts have been measured by the Kohlausch bridge method over the range from their liquidus temperatures to about 1280 K. The electric conductivity increased with the content of KCl for all over the composition range of binary melts. The composition dependence of the electric conductivity and molar conductivity for the binary melt showed a non-linear relation from the additivity line, and the deviation showed a maximum value at about 60 mol.% KCl. The deviation implies the existence of complex ion of <TEX>$LaCl^{4-}$</TEX> in the melt. Activation energy for electric conductivity of the binary melts decreased monotonously with increasing content of KCl.