Economy Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

Innovative development of the regions of Kazakhstan in the post COVID period on the example of Nur-Sultan

The purpose of this article is to reveal the perspectives of development of the region in the post COVID period, demonstrating the existing trends and the potential of advanced industries. The hypothesis is that Nur-Sultan has the opportunity to move to a qualitatively new level of socio-economic development through the implementation of the innovative potential of the city. The relevance of this issue is emphasized by the recovery of society and the world economy from the shocks of the pandemic, one of the tasks of this period is not to miss the opportunity to instill useful changes in society in its daily life and to increase the effectiveness. The ending year for all residents of Kazakhstan has become a time of severe trials. Due to the extraordinary situation, the attention was directed primarily at the capital, but everyone was looking for a way out. Many regions of the republic have demonstrated the ability to take a blow and seek internal reserves. The coronavirus has forced a full-scale reassessment of values. Basically, the pandemic just once again reminded of the long-known and somewhere banal things: food security, medical sovereignty, organizational resource, law and order. But things are banal because they have been tested from generation to generation. World Bank experts call 2020 and 2021 the most difficult years for the economy of Kazakhstan over the past two decades. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic were more devastating to the economy than the crises of 2008 and 2015.

The realities of the economy of Kazakhstan: the possible impact of the new global economic crisis

The emergence of a pandemic has a great impact on the macroeconomic processes taking place in the world. These processes are also superimposed by the crises of political transformation associated with the emergence of new political elites in global centers that influence the management of economic and political processes around the world. The article examines the probability of a possible economic crisis in Kazakhstan and its consequences. Today, it is very important for the country to objectively analyze all our achievements and failures in economic policy over the past thirty years in order to move forward. The emergence of new payment instruments, digital currency and cryptocurrency contributes to the destruction of the old model of financing the economy, which will inevitably lead to global changes in the world economy and a possible crisis in all areas of development. The main place where these events related to the virtualization of financial resources take place are the stock exchanges and stock markets of the leading countries of the world economy, the so–called “G-7”, and China. Reduction of energy prices may cause deterioration of the balance of payments and sharply increase the costs from the funds of the National Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan. High inflation under any economic development scenarios can accelerate and go beyond the boundaries of the “inflation corridor” and exceed 10%. Another factor of pressure on the financial and banking sector is an increase in the interest rate at the Central Bank of Russia in the near future to 6.75–7.0%, given our close economic ties within the EAEU.

ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЕ РЕЙДЕРСТВУ: МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ

In the conditions of the modern market economy in Kazakhstan, criminal elements actively practice the use of the mechanism of raider seizures of firms and enterprises. The measures taken by the state to counter raiding do not bring proper results, as a result, its negative consequences affect the pace of economic development and security of the country. The purpose of this study is to identify, generalize and analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of countering raiding, taking into account world experience, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations for improving the effectiveness of criminal law and criminological measures. The subject of the study is foreign legislation regulating the processes of mergers and acquisitions, as well as mechanisms for countering crimes committed during the implementation of these processes. The objectives of the research are: to study foreign experience in the field of countering raiding and to develop an effective mechanism for protecting business from raider seizures. Methodological basis of the research: The use of general scientific methods of cognition: comparative legal. The article analyzes the experience of economically developed countries of the world in countering raiding, methods and methods of seizure, including counteraction measures, as well as the possibility of its transformation into national legislation. With the development of technologies and the increase in the effectiveness of anti-raiding measures, schemes and types of raiding are changing. In this connection, the mechanisms of transition from a hostile takeover to a friendly one are considered. The theoretical study of the world experience of countering raiding and the generalizations and conclusions made at the same time not only prove the value of the accumulated experience, but also provide an opportunity to develop their own model of counteraction. In addition, the problem of criminal liability for raiding is considered, the legislation on the covered issue is analyzed, where the author expresses his own point of view on this issue. Insufficient research on this topic in Kazakhstan determines its relevance.

Main trends in the development of the Kazakh securities market

The securities market is the most important instrument for financing and developing the economy of any state, including Kazakhstan. The main problem is to attract investments for enterprises in all sectors of the economy, as well as to ensure that enterprises have access to cheaper equity than bank loans. Purpose to identify the main trends in the development of the domestic securities market, to assess the level of its profitability. The article emphasizes the role of the securities market as the most important mechanism for the redistribution of funds between sectors of the economy. The securities market, as an integral part of the financial market, is gaining especially growing importance in the economy of Kazakhstan, as well as in the economy of the entire world community. When writing the article, traditional methods (comparison, description, and measurement), general logical methods and research techniques (analysis, generalization, etc.) were used. The article discusses the main theoretical approaches to determining the essence of the analyzed concept, attempts are made to formulate the main problems in the securities market, presents the results of the analysis of data characterizing the current state of the stock market of Kazakhstan. In essence, the securities market is a macroeconomic regulator of the state, through which opportunities are created to attract foreign and domestic capital. Thus, the securities market as an effective tool for attracting capital contributes to solving socio-economic problems. The author notes that the main theories about the state of the stock market are characterized by a superficial approach, as evidenced by the fact that none of them considers the internal structure of the stock market, which is the main tool for determining the patterns of changes in the value of financial instruments. It should also be noted that the choice of theory depends entirely on the perception and opinion of the relevant analyst. Singling out one theory as the only and most acceptable one would be wrong.

Problems of Social and Economic Modernization of Kazakhstan

The article analyzes the features of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan after gaining independence in 1991. It is noted that historically the economy of Kazakhstan for many decades was formed as a raw material base for the unified national economic complex of the USSR. Under the conditions of independence, the raw materials industries, primarily the fuel and energy and mining and metallurgical complexes became the basis for the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan, thanks to which the country made an economic breakthrough and deeply integrated into the world economy. Kazakhstan is the leader among the post-Soviet countries in terms of the volume of attracted foreign direct investment, which contributed to the increase in the extraction of natural resources, the construction of new industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities. The most important trade and investment partners of Kazakhstan are the European Union, the Russian Federation, China and the United States. At the same time, despite the geographical proximity, common social and ethnocultural features, only 4.9% of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade falls on the neighboring countries of Central Asia.
 The dependence of Kazakhstan on the sale of raw materials, the low investment attractiveness of the manufacturing industries make the country’s economy vulnerable to changes in the situation in the commodity markets, periodically lead to an aggravation of the socio-economic situation. In the structure of Kazakhstani exports, about 70% are products of the extractive industry. A problem in the development of the energy sector is the limited supply routes for energy carriers to world markets. The issue of changing the model of economic growth through the development of high-tech sectors of industry and support for small and medium-sized businesses is extremely relevant. The system of public administration, which is too bureaucratic and cumbersome, also needs to improve efficiency. Also, a reform of social policy is ripe, which should be aimed at increasing social support for citizens. It is necessary to change the strategy for the development of regions, primarily with regard to the creation of jobs and the reduction of regional imbalances.

FEATURES OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF FISCAL REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY

. The subject of the study was the economic relations that arise as a result of the implementation by the state of the fiscal function of taxation in order to improve the effective regulation of the economy of Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is a theoretical description of the fiscal function and its impact on economic regulation. The paper substantiates the fact that the fiscal function leads to the financing of public expenditures and serves as a perfect regulator of economic processes in the country. Particular attention is focused on the instruments of fiscal policy, as well as the degree of their impact on the effectiveness of its implementation. The article defines the elements and methods of implementing tax policy, analyzes the goals of significant programs and concepts, and examines the chain of tasks that contribute to the gradual development of the economy. The direct connection between the fiscal function and the sustainable development of the economy of Kazakhstan is determined. The effectiveness of the main components of the study is justified by the fact that the fiscal function creates a platform for state regulation of economic relations in order to develop the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The potential of the water industry in the context of sustainable development

In the modern period, the productivity of water resources is an indicator of the efficiency with which a country uses its water resources. Taking into account the regional economic structure of Kazakhstan and the vast territories with different natural and climatic conditions, these indicators should be used taking into account the sectoral activities of the region and their availability of natural, including water resources. The purpose of this article is to consider the existing potential of water resources of our country on the basis of an assessment of water availability and determining the prospects for further development of the water economy of Kazakhstan in the conditions of sustainable development. The assessment of water availability is associated with such problems as the lack of hydrological information, differences in the conditions for the formation and use of water resources, difficulties in combining physical – geographical, administrative–territorial and water management boundaries, heterogeneity of the analyzed information.

Foreign experience of small and medium-sized enterprises in managing innovation activities

The article considers the international experience of managing the innovation activities to small andmedium-sized enterprises (later - SMEs). The analysis shows that despite the presence of certain disadvantages,in foreign practice the SMEs are considered as the main source of innovative development ofthe economy, due to the preponderance of the advantages of these businesses. Studying the experienceof innovation activities of countries involves identifying the main processes of updating the economy ofKazakhstan and guaranteeing its confident entry into the world community.The state level is a national innovation management system, consisting of many elements, such as:regulatory, financial, economic, organizational, social, etc. The task of the state in implementing themanagement of innovative activity of SMEs is to maintain a flexible balance between state regulationand free enterprise initiative. In other words, in providing effective, market and competitive conditionsfor the development of the innovation market, while carrying out the necessary functions of state regulation.It must be a dynamic process that is responsive to market changes. This is manifested in budget,grant, project, program and targeted financing, state stimulation of innovative technologies within theframework of the state order for innovative products and the provision of tax benefits for SMEs whoseactivities are aimed at research and development (R&D) and innovation. At the entrepreneurial level, the existing traditional administrative methods for managing the activitiesof SMEs will not be sufficient, since intellectual and knowledge will be the determining resourceshere. The use of human intellectual abilities in the creation of innovations in order to enhance the competitivenessof SMEs is the main function of innovation. To manage such a resource, it is necessary, firstof all, to create an innovative environment for it in which subjects of innovative small and medium-sizedbusinesses operate.Key words: international experience, innovation activities management, small and medium-sizedenterprises, governmental support, innovative enterprises.

Formation of Long-Term Fiscal Sustainability of Kazakhstan Using the Rule Structural Budget Balance

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the potential of using the results of modeling potential GDP and estimating the output gap to comply with fiscal rules that are adequate for the corresponding economic cycle of the economy of Kazakhstan. The methods of economic, statistical, graphical, system, functional analysis, economic and mathematical modeling are applied. To achieve this goal, the analysis of Kazakhstan’s fiscal stability was carried out based on the assessment of Kazakhstan’s potential GDP and the calculation of output gaps, which were carried out based on the dynamic series method of the reported real GDP in 2005 prices for 1991-2019 using the Hodrick-Prescott filter (CP) using the EViews 10 econometric package. The current mechanism for using the output gap indicator in Kazakhstan’s fiscal policy does not have sufficient flexibility. For a timely response of the budget system to changes in the economic situation in the country or abroad, considering the output gap, it is important to introduce an automatic adjustment system that can eliminate contradictions and inconsistencies when making macroeconomic policy decisions by the main regulator and the government of the country. To do this, there is a need to revise the existing fiscal policy based on building a system of new budget rules on countercyclical principles. The proposed alternative fiscal model with the introduction of the rule on the structural balance of the budget is aimed at ensuring long-term fiscal stability, which does not allow for a pro-cyclical policy.

Mechanical engineering as a growth driver economy of Kazakhstan

This article discusses the development of production processes in the context of integration, which makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of the industry, concentrate production, money and commodity capital, increase the speed of production, introduce innovations, produce products with high added value and enter the world markets. The features of the growth of the machine-building industry, which determine the energy and material consumption of the economy, labor productivity, the level of generation of innovations, the level of environmental safety of industrial production and the economic security of the country, are analyzed. Revealed and substantiated the need to focus on the “complication” of the national economy and diversification of those industries that give the maximum multiplier effect and high-quality economic growth. On the basis of the conducted research, the author proposes to activate the innovative development of mechanical engineering as a driver of industrialization in Kazakhstan. The need for the growth of domestic mechanical engineering, which provides the country's economy with means of production, promotes the development of all manufacturing industries, fuel and energy, transport and logistics, extractive sectors of the economy and agriculture is revealed and substantiated. On the basis of the study, the author proposes to highlight the multiplier effect, reflecting the degree of influence of a particular industry or sector on the growth of the economy as a whole by creating additional demand in other industries and sectors of the economy, and, consequently, jobs. The success of the development of mechanical engineering is determined in the proposed directions for increasing state support and stimulating the industry.

Increasing the Energy Supply of the Population of Remote Regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the Help of Compact Autonomous Bioenergy Plants

The economy of Kazakhstan is one of the largest agro-industrial economies in Central Asia with a developed cultivation of crops. For this reason, significant volumes of agricultural waste are generated. Currently, the resulting manure is not decontaminated and it is not processed: there are no systems for its disposal. Low temperatures contribute to the preservation of pathogenic microflora and weed seeds in manure piles, and in the spring with meltwater they fall into lakes and reservoirs. The lands of settlements and open water bodies are intensively polluted with organic and biogenic substances of animal manure. In addition, the population of the remote regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan needs energy supply (electricity, heat, and gas). In order to solve these problems, one of the promising options for the remaining and unused volumes of waste is to convert them into biogas. The article presents data of the developed autonomous biogas plant and the main results of biogas production in autonomous bioenergy plants for farms located in remote areas in a mesophilic regime.

The living standard of the rural population of Kazakhstan as a socio-economic category

The study was carried out within the framework of targeted funding of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Development of the concept and mechanisms of balanced territorial development of the economy and society of Kazakhstan." Methods - abstract-logical, monographic, graphical, comparative and cluster analysis. Results - in order to compare the living standards of rural areas of the country's regions, grouping of regions was carried out with justification of such indicators as growth rate of the number of rural residents; the share of the employed and self-employed in the total rural population; villagers' income; proportion of residents whose material well-being is below the subsistence level; share of expenses for food products and paid services. The results of the conducted cluster analysis are presented and groups of regions with similar living conditions, social security and characteristic problems are identified, which makes it possible to determine the main directions of regional policy for improving living standards in the countryside for each of them. Conclusions - the authors have developed recommendations for the implementation of measures aimed at increasing the level of livelihoods in rural areas that are of interest to regional and local government agencies, labor and social protection authorities in Kazakhstan, preparation of policy documents to improve the socioeconomic situation of rural residents.

On the issue of the current state of agriculture of the Kazakhstan

Object: analysis and assessment of the state of poultry farming (including determining the dynamics of the poultry industry development) in the leading regions of KazakhstanMethods: In particular, the study comparative, logistic, specific methods of analysis are used: economicmathematical, economic-statistical; graphical interpretation of information, an experimental method that includes conducting a ascertaining experiment, analyzing and summarizing the data obtained, which made it possible to assess the state and development of the main sub-sectors of agriculture, revealed the leading regions of Kazakhstan in the development of poultry farming.Findings: A comprehensive analysis of crop and poultry production in Kazakhstan is conducted. In particular, the dynamics of the development of the poultry sector for the period from 2010 to 2019, the number of birds in regions of Kazakhstan were studied.Conclusions: The agricultural sector is a key sector of the economy of Kazakhstan, so the degree of its development affects the provision of food security, as well as the socio-political stability of the state. To meet domestic needs it is necessary to develop poultry farming, thereby reducing import dependence in a number of poultry products. Consequently, the complex reasons for the decline in the number of birds by region are determined, measures are proposed to minimize the impact of restraining factors in the development of poultry farming.

Cluster analysis of agricultural products storage infrastructure in Kazakhstan: directions and development prospects

Purpose - the article is devoted to identifying the needs of the economy of Kazakhstan in infrastructure facilities for storing agricultural products and the prospects for its further development. Methods - statistical, factorial and k-mean cluster analysis. Results - the influence of an efficiently functioning network of storage facilities for agricultural products on the stability of providing the population with food, reducing the volatility of prices and supplies in the off-season is justified. The authors revealed that modern premises for warehousing and preserving the quality of agricultural products in foreign countries combine the functions of storage and marketing by creating logistics wholesale distribution centers (WDC), which allow the use of modern information technologies and computer systems aimed to form consumer applications for formulating commodity groups and delivery of the required product volumes to the consumer with minimal costs. Based on the analysis of indicators of harvesting and use of the main types of agricultural products in the republic (stocks at the beginning of the year, gross harvest, imports, industrial use and domestic consumption, losses, exports, personal consumption by the population, reserves at the end of the year, availability of storage facilities, shortage), the need in the storage infrastructure has been determined. The clustering of warehouse buildings was carried out according to the main features: the volume of one-time preservation, level of losses, availability of climatic warehouses and transport mechanism, on the basis of which five clusters have been identified. Conclusions - cluster analysis of storages showed their uneven and irrigation distribution across the regions of the country. It is necessary to modernize and build new such facilities of various capacities on the basis of the WDC - large hubs concentrated in various regions of Kazakhstan, depending on their needs.

KAZAKHSTAN IN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNIT. RESULTS OF THE FIRST FIVE YEARS

The article discusses topical issues of economic integration of Kazakhstan within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Individual indicators of the socio-economic development of the republic on the eve of joining the EAEU and in the subsequent period of Kazakhstan's presence in the integration association are analyzed, tables and diagrams are compiled, reflecting the dynamics of the development of the national economy. The main problems in the structure of the economy of Kazakhstan are highlighted and some mechanisms for their solution are proposed. It is concluded that the integration potential of Kazakhstan is not fully utilized, certain industries have not been developed in the context of international trade, and the development of cooperative ties with the EAEU countries requires the use of additional measures in the investment and industrial policy of Kazakhstan. At the same time, in the changing conditions of international trade, Kazakhstan has the opportunity to strengthen its position, and integration opportunities can become a driver of economic growth in the coming years despite criticism from skeptics.

Development of public-private partnership mechanisms in the grain product sub-complex

In the context of the active entry of Kazakhstan into the world economy, the growing shortage and decline in the quality of raw materials and the related rise in prices for grain and bakery products, the grain-product subcomplex of the domestic agro-industrial complex is of particular importance. The article notes that the development of production in various sectors and spheres of the economy of Kazakhstan requires the search and use of new, more efficient forms of implementation of production and economic activities. One of the key methods of solving this problem is the integration of commodity producers, which makes it possible to unite in a single complex all the links of the reproduction cycle in the technological chain “production of raw materials - output of finished products”. It is emphasized that domestic and foreign experience has proved that integrated education, formed on the basis of the principles of public-private partnership, achieves a high level of efficiency and competitiveness. For the successful implementation of public-private partnership projects in the grain product sub-complex, an in-depth study, generalization and systematization of the experience of using this mechanism by both national and foreign companies that have achieved high results in this area is required. Currently, public-private partnership continues to remain at the initial stage of development, which is largely due to the specific high-risk features of the functioning of the branches of the grain product sub-complex. These circumstances emphasize the importance of a detailed analysis of methods and tools for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and organizations of the domestic grain products subcomplex, first of all, targeted investment in the development of production.

THE WAYS FOR THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ENHANCEMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has been carrying out active reforms in the field of higher education. This, in turn, led to a systematic policy of transition to a market economy. The research work will include the current state of the higher education sector in Kazakhstan and further development provided for by the Bologna process. In the course of the study, several typologies will be identified to visualize how the education system in Kazakhstan has revolutionized. Analytical methods, such as pie charts and graphs, are also used to analyze research data. The study discusses the need to improve the quality of human capital by improving and modernizing the higher education system. Domestic higher education plays a vital role in the professional training of competent and globally competitive specialists for all sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan.

Assessment of natural environmental pollution with waste of Atyrau refinery

One of the leading sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan is oil production and refining. Pollution with oil and oil products can lead to modern changes in the human environment, disruption of the natural balance of micronutrients in the biosphere. An industrial enterprise, especially an enterprise of the first class of hazard, uses modern environmental technologies. No matter how much these companies invest in reducing emissions of pollutants into the environment, they affect and pollute all components of the environment, negatively affecting the health of the local population. Oil pollution can lead to significant changes in the ecological environment of a person. Atyrau region occupies a special place among the zones of ecological disaster in Kazakhstan. The ecological situation here is formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, the most important of which are the rise of the Caspian Sea and the rapid development of the oil and gas industry. A rise in sea level can lead to the death of plants in shallow water, as well as to the formation of zones of contamination with hydrogen sulfide as a result of the flooding of existing oil and gas fields, the territory of which is contaminated with oil products. Monitoring studies indicate that long-term oil production and an annual increase in emissions and discharges of the Atyrau Refinery, GPP into the environment has led to a significant increase in the level of oil and oil products, including hydrogen sulfide in the soil. The more oil and oil products in waste wa- ter, and the more H2S. To determine the environmental assessment of the impact of oil pollution on the environment, the coastal soils were taken from the evaporation field of the Atyrau refinery wastewater. The results of the work can be used to improve the ecological state of the region, health and well-being of the population. Key words: evaporation, oil waste, hydrogen sulfide, pollution, soil, waste water.

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫ ҰЛТТЫҚ ЭКОНОМИКАСЫНЫҢ ҚАЗІРГІ ЖАҒДАЙЫН БАҒАЛАУ

Abstract: despite the relative decline in Kazakhstan's gross domestic product in recent years, more than half of the increase is directly or indirectly attributable to the commodity economy, including transportation, primary processing and trade in raw materials. The growth of the commodity economy is promoted by favorable prices for oil and metals, as well as the growth of their production, which, in turn, allows growth in related and other sectors of the economy. From an economic point of view, the current situation in Kazakhstan is stable. Although the quality is not in full measure, but it has economic growth, that is, in the article the authors are looking for answers to these questions. These questions were justified in the article. In addition, the article evaluates statistical data for the period from 1995 to 2020 on the share of GDP per capita in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the dynamics of GDP at current prices. The article considers that in the development of the national economy of Kazakhstan, the manufacturing sector of the economy requires more state support than the extractive sector, and today the state of the world economy and the conditions of its functioning are evaluated as variables. He identifies three main features underlying the analysis of the economies of the most developed and competitive countries, i.e. the presence of a highly developed financial sector; a high-tech economy based on the improvement of technologies; and the presence of powerful multinational corporations in the country. In addition, the article analyzes the impact of increased volatility in the external sector on the domestic economy in February 2020 against the background of warning of the negative impact of the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic on the global economy. The article also highlights the individual elements of the structure of the national economy, characterized by the actual system of relations, and considers the main factors that influence the formation of the structure of the national economy. In the article, the authors also emphasize that the main key parameters of the budget policy have been revised within the framework of anti-crisis measures, and significant expenditures are provided for the implementation of these measures.

Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Parity in Developing Asia

The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.