Kazakhstan In Order Research Articles

The influence of polymorphism of genes associated with breast cancer on the effectiveness of drug antitumor therapy

Background. Increasing the survival rate of breast cancer patients is a problem all over the world and directly depends on the early detection of a malignant tumor. Genome-wide associative studies (GWAS) as a minimally invasive method may be used in determining risk of breast cancer or detection at an early stage. The increase in the number of patients with disseminated breast cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan makes it necessary to search for molecular genetic markers of breast cancer for their use in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this pathology.Aim. To retrospectively estimate the correlation of the effectiveness of drug antitumor therapy for breast cancer with gene polymorphism.Materials and methods. The study included the results of genotyping biomaterial samples on high-density DNA chips (venous blood of 1,277 Kazakh patients (in the third generation) with a verified diagnosis of breast cancer with locally advanced and disseminated breast cancer who received anticancer therapy), clinical data of patients, data on the clinical efficacy and toxicity of drug therapy. GWAS data (genotypes) associated with identified responses to chemotherapy drugs were compared with similar data recorded in international databases.Results. The family history study showed 16.52 % of women in the questionnaires had a family history of various types of ESR, and 86.25 % of them had a burden of breast cancer in women of the first degree of kinship. The average age of patients with breast cancer was 48.79 ± 11.44 years. According to the TNM classification, cancer in situ was detected in 4.78 % of patients, stage I of the disease was recorded in 15.27 %, stage II in 63.43 %, stage III in 12.60 %, stage IV in 3.92 % of patients. The vast majority of the patients (96.9 %) had a nodular form of breast cancer. The distribution of the patients by tumor phenotype: luminal type A was found in 20.4 % of patients, luminal type B in 38.3 %, luminal type B with HER2 overexpression in 14.3 %, HER2 positive form in 11.9 % of cases, 12.4 % of patients had an aggressive form – triple negative breast cancer. 18 main genotypes were identified in the Kazakh population as a result of the analysis of associations of the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (its individual components, according to chemotherapy regimens) and individual gene polymorphisms.Conclusion. An associative relationship between different types of gene polymorphism and the characteristics of response to various chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer has been confirmed. The obtained results formed the basis for the development of recommendations for making changes to the clinical practice of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to use them in identifying a genetic predisposition to breast cancer and the effectiveness of drugs used in treatment.

The analysis and assessment of the volume of transit transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan by types of transport

The purpose of this article is to assess the transit capacity of Kazakhstan in order to identify the main factors influencing the development of transit opportunities and transport connections in the country. The purpose of this comprehensive analysis is to identify key opportunities and problematic aspects in the country's transit capabilities, as well as to identify recommendations for the modernization and development of the transit industry in the interests of economic attractiveness and increasing the competitiveness of Kazakhstan as a transit hub on the world stage. The definition of transit potential is one of those related to the assessment of the potential for using a particular transport route or transport opportunity for the transportation of certain goods and passengers. A transit potential assessment includes an analysis of factors such as geography, accessibility, infrastructure, demand for transport services and competitive advantages and allows you to determine the effectiveness of the use of a transport route or infrastructure, identify possible problems or bottlenecks, and develop strategies for improving the transit system. This work is an analytical study of the transit capabilities of our country. The research manuscript provides a correlation and regression analysis of the total volume of transit traffic in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is one of the ways to study international economic relations between the volume of traffic and various factors. The results obtained in the conducted analyses allow us to offer recommendations on improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the transit sector in Kazakhstan.

A Systematic Review of CLIL Research in Kazakhstan: An Underrepresented Context

Kazakhstan is a country that has lofty aspirations for educational reforms. Though not formally and officially, CLIL as a primary action plan of the trilingual education is one of such ambitious initiatives. This report includes a systematic review of relevant and current literature on the implementation of the CLIL in the context of Kazakhstan. It solely looks at the state of CLIL research in Kazakhstan in order to identify gaps and make recommendations for future studies. A total of 20 studies were identified and selected for further analysis. The criteria for selection were derived from earlier research and include the following categories: relevant methodology, studies within the Kazakhstani setting exclusively, publications in three languages Kazakh, Russian and English, and peer-reviewed and conference publications. The coding scheme for the data analysis was also influenced by previous research, as mentioned clearly in the paper's methodology section. The review's findings indicate a tendency towards examining teachers' perceptions of CLIL using a qualitative approach and interviews as the primary data collection instrument. As a result of this systematic review, the paper suggests further research areas on the CLIL approach in underrepresented Kazakhstani context.

Plant height variation and genetic diversity between Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao and Prunus tenella Batsch based on using SSR markers in East Kazakhstan.

Genetic differences between isolated endemic populations of plant species and those with widely known twin species are relevant for conserving the biological diversity of our planet's flora. Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao is an endangered and endemic species of shrub almond from central Asia. Few studies have explored this species, which is closely related and morphologically similar to the well-known Prunus tenella Batsch. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of studies of three P. ledebouriana populations and one close population of P. tenella in Eastern Kazakhstan in order to determine the particular geographic mutual replacement of the two species. The populations were collected from different ecological niches, including one steppe population near Ust-Kamenogorsk (P. tenella) and three populations (P. ledebouriana) in the mountainous area. Estimation of plant height using a t-test suggested a statistically significant difference between the populations and the two species (P<0.0001). DNA simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were applied to study the two species' genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 19 polymorphic SSR loci were analyzed, and the results showed that the population collected in mountainous areas had a lower variation level than steppe populations. The highest level of Nei's genetic diversity index was demonstrated in the 4-UK population (0.622) of P. tenella. The lowest was recorded in population 3-KA (0.461) of P. ledebouriana, collected at the highest altitude of the four populations (2,086 meters above sea level). The total genetic variation of P. ledebouriana was distributed 73% within populations and 27% between populations. STRUCTURE results showed that two morphologically similar species diverged starting at step K=3, with limited population mixing. The results confirmed the morphological and genetic differences between P. tenella and P. ledebouriana and described the level of genetic variation for P. ledebouriana. The study's results proved that the steppe zone and mountain altitude factor between P. tenella and isolated mountain samples of P. ledebouriana.

Особенности правового механизма обеспечения национальной безопасности Республики Казахстан в условиях участия в Евразийском экономическом союзе

The article examines the problems of functioning of the mechanism for ensuring the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a participant in the Eurasian Economic Union. The activities of the EAEU as an international organization for regional economic integration are aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development and increasing the competitiveness of the economies of its member states. At the same time, a single economic space, a common external customs border, and the competence of supranational bodies of the Union lead to challenges and threats to the national security of its members. Effective counteraction to these challenges and threats is impossible without an effective mechanism for ensuring national security, which, under the conditions of Kazakhstan’s membership in the Union, is ensured not only at the national (domestic) level, but also at the international (at the EAEU level) levels. In the process of research, an idea was formed of the legal mechanism for ensuring the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the conditions of membership in the EAEU, a systematic and comprehensive analysis of its basic elements was given, and shortcomings in the functioning of this mechanism that pose threats to the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan were identified. The authors proposed recommendations for improving the mechanism for ensuring national security of Kazakhstan in order to respect national interests in the context of participation in integration processes.

БІЛІМ БЕРУ САЛАСЫНДА ВИРТУАЛДЫ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛАРДЫ ҚОЛДАНУ ӨЗЕКТІЛІГІ

This article discusses the relevance of using virtual technologies, namely virtual reality (VR) technologies and virtual laboratories, and identifies scientists who have conducted research in this area. In addition, the article reviewed laboratories for the implementation of virtual online experience in the modern field of knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of using virtual laboratories in training are given. Purpose: Organization of educational programs in accordance with modern requirements and improvement of motivation and focus of students, training of competitive specialists. Objectives: To study and analyze the state and relevance of the use of virtual technologies in the field of education. As a general discussion, the reflections of a number of Russian scientists on virtual laboratories are given. The influence of virtual laboratories on the direction of improving the cognitive process of students is described. The structure of a virtual laboratory created by scientists is proposed, using the example of which the stages of creating such innovative and large-scale software complexes based on virtual technologies are shown. The conditions and status of the use of virtual technologies in the universities of our country were determined. The possibilities of using virtual technologies in the field of education are revealed. The basics of using virtual reality as a teaching tool used in education are presented. The world's research on virtual reality conducted in recent years was cited. A survey was conducted at universities in Kazakhstan in order to determine the level of use of virtual laboratories and appropriate conclusions were drawn based on the results of the survey.

Особенности правового механизма обеспечения национальной безопасности Республики Казахстан в условиях участия в Евразийском экономическом союзе

The article examines the problems of functioning of the mechanism for ensuring the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a participant in the Eurasian Economic Union. The activities of the EAEU as an international organization for regional economic integration are aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development and increasing the competitiveness of the economies of its member states. At the same time, a single economic space, a common external customs border, and the competence of supranational bodies of the Union lead to challenges and threats to the national security of its members. Effective counteraction to these challenges and threats is impossible without an effective mechanism for ensuring national security, which, under the conditions of Kazakhstan’s membership in the Union, is ensured not only at the national (domestic) level, but also at the international (at the EAEU level) levels. In the process of research, an idea was formed of the legal mechanism for ensuring the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the conditions of membership in the EAEU, a systematic and comprehensive analysis of its basic elements was given, and shortcomings in the functioning of this mechanism that pose threats to the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan were identified. The authors proposed recommendations for improving the mechanism for ensuring national security of Kazakhstan in order to respect national interests in the context of participation in integration processes.

EFFICIENCY RESULTS OF THE CATALYST FUNCTIONING OF A CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT

The article considers possibilities for solving the urgent problem of increasing the depth of refining of Kazakhstan oil fields Kumkol and Western Kazakhstan in order to increase the volume of oil products demanded for the country - gasoline, paraffin and diesel fuel.

ON SOME THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF DISCLOSURE OF DOCUMENTS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS IN ENGLAND AND KAZAKHSTAN

The article deals with the institution of disclosure of documents in civil proceedings in England and its borrowing into domestic civil proceedings. Disclosure of documents is a distinctive feature of civil proceedings in common law countries, its existence in the legal systems of civil law countries is the result of borrowing. From this perspective, the effectiveness of introducing disclosure of documents into civil proceedings in the Republic of Kazakhstan is of interest. The author cites the results of a sociological survey among civil litigators, the results of which demonstrate an incomplete awareness of the essence and meaning of documents disclosure procedures in civil proceedings. The purpose of the research is to determine the essence of documents disclosure, with a demonstration of its effectiveness and potential, by comparing disclosure in English and Kazakhstan law. The author attempts to highlight theoretical aspects of English documents disclosure with a focus on the main objectives and role in civil proceedings. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulation of documents disclosure in England, including objects, subjects, limits of disclosure, as well as liability for non-compliance with disclosure rules. Drawing a parallel between the legal regulation of disclosure in England and the existing legal regulation of disclosure in civil proceedings in Kazakhstan, the author demonstrates the existence of gaps in the rules of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the elimination of which can contribute to the effectiveness of documents disclosure. As a solution of problematic issues it is suggested to introduce amendments into the norms of the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as recommend to issue a normative resolution of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to establish a unified procedure for disclosure of documents.

A FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CADMIUM-BASED ELECTROPLATING COATINGS

The rapid economic, scientific and technical development of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to achieve the modern level of technological development requires a wide production of metal products and equipment, using technically and economically effective methods. For this purpose, one of the main ways of producing corrosion-resistant and efficient metal products and parts is cadmium plating. Cadmium plating is flexible, easily amenable to rolling, stamping, bending. Freshly prepared sheathing is better welded on acid-free fluxes than zinc. Goals and objectives. A study of the technology of cadmium tape, made of stainless steel, grade 2X18Н10T. A comparative analysis of the types and composition of cadmium electrolytes has been carried out. The factors affecting the quality of the resulting packaging are investigated, the calculation of the observed main indicators of products after electrolysis has been carried out. Results. Before coating the surface of metal products, geometric calculations of the surface of the coated products have been carried out, and their results have been processed to correctly select the density and current strength for a given operating mode. It has been established that the quality of the coating undergoes changes depending on the composition of the electrolyte, its temperature and current density. The surfactant has contributed to the production of a durable packaging layer with the possibility of increasing potency during use, including the work with such surfactants as dextrin, gelatin, carpentry glue. Conclusion. It has been shown that the cadmiumcoated tape has no gloss unless a surfactant is used. It has been found that when the current is overvoltaged, the tape is covered with fine-grained granules and darkens. When the tape has been cadmated, the cadmium layer has deposited on the surface of the tape increasing with a time increase.

Assessment of Quality of Life in Patients with Colorectal Cancer in Kazakhstan.

The problem of quality of life (QOL) of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is particularly relevant due to the dynamics of CRC incidence growth. This study aims to assess QOL of patients with CRC in the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to give an idea about the impact of burden on QOL of patients. A total of 319 patients diagnosed with CRC participated in this one-stage cross-sectional study. The survey was conducted between November 2021 and June 2022 at cancer centers in Kazakhstan. Data were collected using the valid and reliable European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30, version 3.0). The average age of respondents was 59, 23 (SD=10,604) years. The main age group 50-69 years old accounted for 62.1% of the total sample. Among all ill respondents, 153 (48%) were male and 166 (52%) were female. The mean global health status was 59.24 ± 22.62. Two of the five functional scales were below the ≥66.7% threshold, namely, emotional functioning 61.65 (28.04) and social functioning 61.96 (31.84); while scores for the other three were: physical functioning 69.38 (22.06), role functioning 69.69 (26.45), and cognitive functioning 74.60 (25.07). This study gives an indication of good life functioning among our participants on the functional and symptom scales. However, they reported inadequate global health status.

Mechanisms for social infrastructure development of the rural areas of Kazakhstan for the improvement of demographic situation

Despite the presence of favorable conditions for successful farming, the pace of the ongoing process of migration of rural residents to large cities of the republic is not decreasing. The relevance of the research topic is explained by the need to identify the causes of this paradox in Kazakhstan and create a set of necessary measures to eliminate them. The severity of this problem is also aggravated by the insufficient degree of implementation of state measures to develop the social infrastructure of rural areas. The purpose of the study is to analyze indicators of the level of economic development and the level of provision with social infrastructure that affect the demographic situation in rural settlements. The research methodology uses a systematic approach to the study of indicators characterizing the well-being of the rural population, the quality of life and the evaluation of the effectiveness of programs aimed at improving the rural economy. The issues of analyzing the current state of rural settlements in Kazakhstan in order to take the necessary state measures in the direction of improving the infrastructure of rural settlements are considered. The analysis of state programs for the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan allows us to identify the types of problems that arise in the socio-economic development of rural areas. It is recommended to develop new ways to solve problems in the development of rural areas through the use of innovative methods to stimulate the rural population to increase effective employment, the development of mass entrepreneurship in villages.

Review of citizens’ letters to authorities on interethnic relations in Kazakhstan in 1985-1990s

There was a practice of ordinary citizens addressing the authorities about acute problems through letters in the Soviet Union. The authorities emphasized letters as important sources of social information. Letters were on a par in importance as citizens' meetings, voter orders, print, radio and television. The issues of interethnic relations, nationalism, chauvinism, Russophobia, problems of the use of Russian and national languages, Russification in the Union republics occupy a special place in the appeals/complaints during the perestroika period. Letters on the situation and development of the Russian population in the Union republics occupy a notable place. This article provides an overview of private letters from representatives of various nationalities to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in order to study public opinion about the state of interethnic relations in the Kazakh SSR during the perestroika period. Letters received by the authorities were conditionally divided into four groups according to their content. In the article, the authors made an attempt to construct the social reality, the worldview of citizens of the Kazakh SSR in the field of interethnic relations in the second half of the 1980s. After reviewing the letters/complaints/statements, the authors concluded that the grievances were mutual. The article uses published and unpublished archival materials of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Archive of Astana, the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History of the Russian Federation

Review of citizens’ letters to authorities on interethnic relations in Kazakhstan in 1985-1990s

There was a practice of ordinary citizens addressing the authorities about acute problems through letters in the Soviet Union. The authorities emphasized letters as important sources of social information. Letters were on a par in importance as citizens' meetings, voter orders, print, radio and television. The issues of interethnic relations, nationalism, chauvinism, Russophobia, problems of the use of Russian and national languages, Russification in the Union republics occupy a special place in the appeals/complaints during the perestroika period. Letters on the situation and development of the Russian population in the Union republics occupy a notable place. This article provides an overview of private letters from representatives of various nationalities to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in order to study public opinion about the state of interethnic relations in the Kazakh SSR during the perestroika period. Letters received by the authorities were conditionally divided into four groups according to their content. In the article, the authors made an attempt to construct the social reality, the worldview of citizens of the Kazakh SSR in the field of interethnic relations in the second half of the 1980s. After reviewing the letters/complaints/statements, the authors concluded that the grievances were mutual. The article uses published and unpublished archival materials of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Archive of Astana, the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History of the Russian Federation

Cluster analysis of the effectiveness of management of higher education institutions

The object of research is the internal structure of management in universities. The research problem is to confirm the causal relationship between management and rating. Higher education is one of the most important indicators of the level of development of the state. That is why many countries of the world attach great importance to the issue of the quality of higher education. Different international and national university ranking systems of universities were created to reflect the quality of education in the corresponding higher educational institutions. Currently, university ranking includes such criteria as quality of education, indicators of employment of university graduates, the demand for the graduates in the labor market, the symbiosis of science, education and business, and mobility of students. These indicators are a direct result of effective management in universities. Based on this hypothesis, the paper makes an assumption about the possibility of clustering universities in the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to determine the effectiveness of management. The authors consider three clustering models: clear and fuzzy clustering based on k-means and agglomerative cluster analysis. It should be noted that the clustering of universities makes it possible to determine some consistency in relation to the organization of university management. The division of universities into clusters according to the degree of deterioration in management makes it possible to create a kind of hierarchical ranking of the organization of management of university activities. This creates prerequisites for analyzing the internal structure of management in leading universities with the purpose of studying and adopting these practices by universities in lower clusters

Features of the implement of cadmium-based Electroplating coatings

The rapid economic, scientific and technical development of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to achieve the modern level of technological development requires a wide production of metal products and equipment using technically and economically effective methods. For this purpose, one of the main ways of producing corrosion-resistant and efficient metal products and parts is cadmium plating. Cadmium plating is flexible, easily amenable to rolling, stamping, bending, freshly prepared sheathing is better welded on acid-free fluxes than zinc. A study of the technology of cadmium tape made of stainless steel grade 2X18Н10T. A comparative analysis of the types and composition of cadmium electrolytes was carried out. The factors affecting the quality of the resulting packaging are investigated, the calculation of the observed main indicators of products after electrolysis is carried out. It is established that the quality of the coating undergoes changes depending on the composition of the electrolyte, its temperature and current density. The surfactant contributed to the production of a durable packaging layer with the possibility of increasing potency during use. Including work with such surfactants as dextrin, gelatin, carpentry glue. It was seen that the cadmium-coated tape has no gloss unless a surfactant is used. It was found that when the current is overvoltage, the tape is covered with fine-grained granules and darkens. When the tape was cadmated, the cadmium layer deposited on the surface of the tape increased with increasing time.

Survived and disappeared intra-oceanic arcs of the Paleo-Asian Ocean: evidence from Kazakhstan.

This paper reviews published and presents new data on U-Pb detrital zircon ages, and petrographic, geochemical and isotope (Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf) compositions obtained from greywacke sandstones of Kazakhstan in order to reconstruct fossil intra-oceanic arcs that once existed at Pacific-type convergent margins of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) in Paleozoic time. We focus on orogenic belts of central Kazakhstan (Itmurundy and Tekturmas) and eastern Kazakhstan (Zharma and Char) in the western Central Asian Orogenic belt. These orogenic belts host accretionary complexes with greywacke sandstones of early Paleozoic (central Kazakhstan) and middle-late Paleozoic (eastern Kazakhstan) ages. First, we evaluate general perspectives for studying sandstones to reconstruct survived and disappeared magmatic arcs, taking into account episodes of subduction erosion. Then we discuss the analytical data from sandstones to make conclusions about the ages and formation settings of their igneous protoliths and define maximum deposition ages. Finally, we discuss the role of serpentinite mélanges in tectonic reconstructions. We argue that sandstones hosted by accretionary complexes are typically greywackes deposited close to their igneous sources and buried rapidly. The provenances of the studied greywacke sandstones of central and eastern Kazakhstan were dominated by mafic to andesitic igneous protoliths derived from juvenile mantle sources. The igneous rocks in the provenances were emplaced in an intra-oceanic arc setting. The sandstones were deposited in fore-arc/trench basins or, to a lesser degree, in back-arc basins. The data from both sandstones and serpentinite mélanges reconstruct middle-late-Cambrian, Ordovician, late-Devonian and Carboniferous arcs of the western PAO. The middle-late Cambrian arcs were fully destroyed by subduction erosion, whereas the Ordovician and Carboniferous arcs survived. The late-Devonian arcs were also eroded, but partly. Both the early and late Paleozoic active margins of the PAO were characterized by alternating periods of accretionary growth and subduction erosion.

Grain quality of spring wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L.) cultivars developed in Western Siberia under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

Background. Environmental testing is the first stage of wheat breeding, the purpose of which is to identify wheat samples suitable for local environments and capable of forming a fairly stable yield and high-quality grain. The proposed study presents the test results for spring bread wheat cultivars of Russian breeding grown in arid environments of Northern Kazakhstan in order to preserve their yield and baking qualities.Materials and methods. The material of the study included 15 spring bread wheat cultivars. Protein and gluten content and the quality of gluten were determined using an infrared analyzer; the physical properties of the test were assessed using a Chopin alveograph and Brabender farinograph.Results. As a result of biochemical assessment, increased protein and gluten content and grain weight were observed in cvs. ‘Tyumenskaya 30’, ‘Aviada’, ‘Lutescens 585’, ‘Serebrina’, and ‘Tyumenets 2’. Dough deformation energy (W) characteristic of high-quality wheat and the balance in the P/L ratio (elasticity/elongation) were shown by cvs. ‘Tyumenskaya 33’ (290 a.u.; 1.15 P/L), ‘SKENT-3’ (307 a.u.; 0.89 P/L), and ‘Lutescens 585’ (374 a.u., 1.10 P/L). In laboratory baking, the volume of bread ranged from 620 ml (‘Tyumenskaya 27’) to 768 ml (‘Tyumenskaya 29’) with an average value of 707 ml. A baking quality analysis of the cultivars grown in the Northern Trans-Urals and Northern Kazakhstan demonstrated that the conditions in Northern Kazakhstan were more favorable for obtaining bread with an increased volume. On the basis of environmental tests and an assessment of a set of biochemical and technological indicators, cvs. ‘SKENT-3’ and ‘Tyumenskaya 29’ were selected. It makes sense to continue studying wheat cultivars that can be sources and donors of high-quality grain for the development of cultivars for the arid steppe of Northern Kazakhstan.

A comparative analysis of intraocular pressure measurement results by the TVGD-02 tonometer (EASYTON) and the Goldman tonometer in ethnic Asians residing in Kazakhstan

Purpose. To compare the results of IOP measurement by the TVGD-02 transpalpebral tonometer (EASYTON) and the Goldman to­ nometer in ethnic Asians of Kazakhstan in order to assess the influence of epicanthus on the results of transpalberal tonometry. Material and methods. A total of 150 patients (150 eyes) aged 39 to 65years were examined, including 120 patients (120 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and 30 patients (30 eyes) with high astigmatism and no POAG. All patients had their (IOP) measuredfirst with a Goldman tonometer, and then with a TVGD-02 transpalpebral tonometer (EASYTON). The correlation between the two methods was determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. According to the EASYTON tonometer, the average IOP over the whole group was 20.20 ± 0.45 mm Hg, whilst the respective figure for the Goldman tonometer was 19.90 ± 0.43 mm Hg, the difference being statistically insignificant (p&gt;0.05). In both groups and in varied IOP ranges the results of Easyton and Goldman tonometer data were comparable. No peculiarities in IOP mea­ surements taken from patients with epicanthus have been revealed. Conclusion. The absence of statistically significant differences between the data obtained by EASYTON and the Goldman tonometer in Asians implies that epicanthus does not affect the results of transpalpebral tonometry. The EASYTON tonometer may be considered an effective screening device in routine clinical practice. It is easy to use and can be recommended to ophthalmologists, general practitioners, nurses, optometrists, as well as glaucoma patients for IOP monitoring at home.

Development of an interdisciplinary module of the educational program of the field “Pedagogical Sciences” at the Master’s level (Module on the effective communication and conflict management)

Abstract Socio-economic, political, cultural transformations in Kazakhstan place great demands on each person, his knowledge, personal qualities, social skills. In this sense, what we want to highlight is the fact that the role and value of the modern educational system is growing, in which human capital becomes important as it is a criterion for the level of social development, also measuring the standard of living of society. Therefore, in such conditions, the essence of the concept of educational leadership proves its effectiveness. In this regard, the relevance of the above concept is emphasized by the practical value of the accumulated experience of highly developed foreign countries in ensuring high-quality education, focused primarily on the development of leadership qualities of students / teachers / managers, the introduction of innovative ideas into educational practice. The paper is aimed at developing and modernizing curricula for professional development and teacher training in Mongolia, Kazakhstan in order to expand the competencies of target groups in the field of leadership. The results of the project include an interdisciplinary modular program for the master's degree level, which combines pedagogical, sociological, psychological, legal, economic and managerial elements, and a professional development program “Teachers-leaders”.